سمیه شهبازی

This study analyzed the trust network among the forest and pasture users of  Naghareh Koub village in Ghaleh Shahin watershed of Sarpol Zahab Township. Parallel mixed method was used for this study. The statistical population was forest and pasture users of Naghareh Koub village, Ghaleh Shahin watershed, Sarpol Zahab Township (534 people), who were randomly selected according to Karjesi and Morgan’s table (223 people). Then, using the whole network approach and the snowball technique, 39 users were selected. Structured interviews and network analysis questionnaire were used for collecting the data. The indices of density, size, transmission, ambidexterity, centrality and concepts of intersection points and structural holes were studied. The data were analyzed using UCINET and NetDraw, and SPSS software. The results showed that the level of trust among local users was an average level, and among the types of trust, communication trust and procedural trust were more than other types of trust, and the lowest type of trust was dispositional trust. In the trust network with low density, the stability of the network (reciprocity) is average and fewer people are connected through intermediaries (weak transmission); therefore, the balance of the network is weak and information circulation in the network is medium to low. The results confirmed the high percentage of concentration in internal links compared to external links. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively manage conflicts in this area by forming a balanced and stable network of trust and considering key actors.

In this experiment, the effect of salt stress on the root proteome pattern of Arg (tolerant to salinity) and Moghan3 (sensitive to salinity) cultivars of wheat was investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Salinity was applied at two levels of 0 and 150 mM in the third-leaf stage for three weeks under greenhouse conditions. The proteome analysis of the roots revealed 120 reproducible protein spots, among which 15 spots showed significant changes in expression. In Moghan3, four protein spots with a significant reduction in expression were identified. In the tolerant cultivar of Arg, 11 protein spots showed significant changes in expression, among which five protein spots had an increased expression and six protein spots had a decreased expression. These proteins were classified based on their function into several groups such as the proteins involved in metabolism and energy, reactive oxygen species scavenging and detoxification, the proteins associated with cell walls, and the proteins involved in folding and degradation. Probably, the tolerance to salt stress in the Arg cultivar was related to the increased expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate mutase, catalase, and malate dehydrogenase proteins. While in the sensitive variety of Moghan3, the decrease in the expression of enolase, peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase proteins under salinity stress conditions probably caused oxidative stress in the plants due to increased production of reactive oxygen species. These findings can be useful for improving the salt tolerance in the breeding programs of wheat.

In this study, the effects of free and microcapsules extract of white tea on physicochemical properties, particle size, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), total phenolic compounds, antioxidant properties and sensory properties of dark chocolate were investigated. The white tea extract at 1, 3, 5, and 7% concentrations (based on pretreatment) was added as free and microcapsules form to the dark chocolate formulation. All experiments were measured in three replications using a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design and the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The findings indicated that the size of the microcapsules particles were in the range of 2.3-157.23 μm. The SEM examination revealed that the dark chocolate particles containing the white tea microencapsulated extract were smaller in size and more uniform compared to the control sample and sample containing free extract of white tea. Increasing the extract concentration from 1 to 7% in both free and microcapsules forms significantly increased the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of the dark chocolate (p< 0.05). Regarding the results of evaluating the sensory characteristics, the samples containing 3% white tea extract and 1% white tea microencapsulated extract received the highest acceptance by the panelists. In terms of the color features, the samples containing microencapsulated extract had the highest brightness level (L*), redness level (a*), and yellowness level (b*). Increasing the amount of the free extract and white tea microcapsule increased the moisture content, however stiffness and pH showed a reverse trend.

Iran is located in the alpine-Himalayan seismic belt and is considered as one of the seismic countries in the young and developing mountain range and by large seismic activity, very large earthquakes with long recurrence period.The earthquake in Kermanshah province, which occurred on November 12, 2017, had dire consequences and this caused the earthquake-stricken community not to show the necessary preparation and planning to deal with such an event. Therefore, non-resilience to earthquakes is the main subject of this study, which was conducted in a qualitative approach and based on fundamental theory. The study population was the key informants of Ghaleh Shahin village of Sarpol-e Zahab city (15 people) who were selected purposefully according to the nature of qualitative research. Data were collected using semi-structured individual interviews, focus groups, direct observation and field notes. For the validity and reliability of the research, the validity of the findings was obtained by using multiple methods in data collection in qualitative research. The results showed factors such as; Lack of social capital, poor economic situation, lack of awareness about earthquakes, loss of life and property, psychological problems, ethnic and tribal disputes and lack of access to equipment and facilities have caused the earthquake victims consequences such as family problems Health, acute psychological problems, loss of work motivation culture, loss of privacy and violence against women and children. Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities should use psychologists to create a sense of intimacy and empathy to be able to increase brotherhood and solidarity among earthquake victims and strengthen social capital.

The critical global environmental degradation that day on the depth and scope of this crisis increases. If are not serious consideration to solve its, human will face disaster. Higher education institution is expected to provide appropriate training, knowledge to change attitudes and behaviors of students to provide environmental protection.

This research is qualitative and based on Grounded Theory approach, protective attitude towards the environment is studied. Sampling method was purposive and agriculture students were selected and they were interviewed. Central question of this research include aspects of how students? What are their strategies for environmental protection?

The results showed explain the attitude of students towards environmental protection, "environmental  destructive activities", "a little knowledge and awareness of environmental," "culture of respect for the environment", "consistently look the environment "," programs that support environmental protection "and" environmental protection educational programs " is.

The results also showed that one of the students strategies to protect the environment, changing attitudes through educational programs of protect the environment. Therefore, it is suggested that universities establish curricula and courses to promote a culture of respect for the environment.

Rural tourism is a new approach in development theories for building empowerment and capacity for rural areas. The present research was done in a spring and summer of 2017 to identify the challenges of rural tourism of Kermanshah province by applying qualitative paradigm and fundamental theory method (Grounded theory). Tourism experts and specialists of Kermanshah province make the study population in which 15 subjects were selected using purposeful combination sampling method. Data collection was carried out through an in-depth and semi-structured interview, which continued to reach theoretical saturation level. Data analysis was performed through three open, axial and selective coding steps. The phenomenon of the environment in rural tourism of Kermanshah province remaining unknown was the main issue that the researchers repeatedly encountered in reviewing and revising their field notes. Moreover, the underlying conditions; causal conditions (the inefficiency of the process of guiding investors and entrepreneurs in rural tourism and the lack of infrastructure facilities in rural areas); interventional conditions (aging and rural population decline, land ownership and security problems); strategies and outcomes related to this phenomenon, such as an increase in urban migration, demands for unprofitable or false jobs, rural depopulation, dissatisfaction with living conditions and economic inhabitancy, and unidentified natural, cultural and tourism potentialities of the villages were explored by the use of the paradigmatic model in this study.

Social health is essential to social development of rural communities, especially rural women, in order to promote their welfare as well as their human and social capital. The present research was applied in terms of objective, and it was implemented using different approaches to examine the social health of rural women and its determinants in Kermanshah Province, Iran. The research method was descriptive-correlational conducted based on documentary and field method (questionnaire was used as the research instrument). The statistical society consisted of rural women (N=209) of Ghale Shahin County, which is located in the west of Kermanshah Province, out of which 209 women were selected by multistage sampling method. 209 questionnaires were distributed among the study population, and 187 complete questionnaires were analyzed. Return rate of the questionnaires was equal to 89%. The results showed that the majority of women had a moderate level of social health, communication skills, and social support. It was also found that there was a positive significant correlation between TV watching, the amount of leisure time, the level of communication, and social health of rural women. Results also showed that leisure time, TV watching, and communication skills altogether explained 49 percent of the social health variance of the rural women in the study area. As communication skills and social health of rural women were at the moderate level, and considering the results of the study, it is recommended that organizations in charge of social health of the rural women, such as rural women's social health bases, national youth organization, social affairs deputy of municipality and/or rural development agents as social worker, develop educational content of social health promotion courses with participation of rural women.

Social health is essential in the social development of rural folks, especially rural women, in the welfare and promotion of their social and human capital. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of social health and its challenges from the perspective of rural women in the Kermanshah province. The research method used is descriptive-survey based on documentary and field method (using a questionnaire tool). The statistical population consisted of rural women in the Ghalaeshahin district in the province of Kermanshah (5561 people). 209 such women were selected according to Bartlett et al. Chart by two-stage cluster sampling. The results showed that most of the subjects studied had a moderate level of social health, communication skills and social support. Among the variables studied in the research, watching TV, active recreation, communication skills and social support with social health of rural women had a significant relationship. Finally, 49 percent of the variance was for the variables of active recreation, watching television and communication skills. In order to identify social health challenges, exploratory factor analysis was used and finally the five challenges namely economic, cultural, individual, institutional and management were determined. The most important challenge was the economic challenge that covered 13.43 percent of the total variance. Since communication skills and social health of rural women is moderate, we recommend that social health centers of welfare organization, national youth organizations and or rural extension agents as a social worker, with the participation of rural women to develop the educational content of communication skills and social health promotion.

One of the pillars of sustainable development is pay attention to the physical and ecological aspects of rural. Human activities and changes in lifestyle and consumption patterns, resulteding in increased production of waste material. So is increaseding production of waste less material and how to disposal of the environmental challenges of human society, therefor, the aim of this study is to identify challenges and barriers to domestic waste from the perspective rural heads of households.
The investigation is descriptive and the survey was performed, The study sample was the heads of households Sarab- Ghalaeshahin Rural, Sarpole-Zahab Township that way was conducted in this study the census (N= 170), 110 questionnaires were completed and returned them (return rate = 70/64 percent). The research instrument was a questionnaire which content validity examined modified and approved by a number of experts and professors of Department of Agricultural Extension and Education Razi University in Kermanshah. The coefficient of reliability (Cronbach's alpha), was obtained by a pre-test 0/823.
Findings: According to the finding, it was 7 challenges domestic waste in the rural of study include. They are: the challenges of inter-sectoral of coordination, educatio - inform, financial, administrative, lack of compiled program, social and cultural.challenges were identified. By considering suitable place for disposal waste domestic, inter-sectoral lack of coordination, in exprienced management for disposal waste domestic and decrease ability management of goverenment (to settle different functions) challenge of inter-sectoral lack of coordination was acquaintanced challenge of disposal waste domestic rural.

Because of the great importance of the agricultural sector, governments have always tried to provide pervasive insurance programs to help and deliver a secure platform for farmers to produce more and better on the one hand and provide social justice on the other hand; however, rural communities resist acceptance of agricultural insurance. This qualitative research aimed to find problems of agricultural insurance system and prioritize its problems in Kermanshah City from the perspective of insurance experts. The present study was conducted using grounded theory. The study population comprised experts working in the agricultural insurance system in Kermanshah that 25 of them were chosen by theoretical sampling. Data were collected by in-depth interviews and focus group discussions through three open coding, axial, and selective analysis. Finally, 11 problems in the agricultural insurance system were identified. In the second step, the experts ranked these problems using appropriate tests. Based on the findings, lack of job security and policy experts, inappropriate administrators to the level (as the highest priority), problems of credit access, poor services provided by insurance system, incomprehensive insurance laws, using outdated technologies, low levels of institutional partnerships, as well as 5 other problems were detected in the agricultural insurance system.

One of the biggest challenges facing the youth, especially students career in field of study. The future also depends on the type of attitude and their willingness that if there is no appropriate attitude in field of study can not be expected to develop and improve his skills. This study, is conducted to graduate students of Agricultural Education and Rural Development at Razi University towards their prospective employment by using Q tecknique. Statistical population of this reearch consisted to graduate and post Graduates student of agriculture education and rural development majors at Razi University, 29 of whom were selected purposively with Snowball sampling. their prospective employment. Thirty five Phrases were extracted based on the interviews with selected this students in focus groups. A questionnaire consisting of 35 cards and an answer sheet(Q diagram) to graduate students of Agricultural Education and Rural Development was the extent of their agreement or disagreement. Data analyzed by Q exploratory factor. SPSSWin20software applied to process data. According to the results obtained from Q factor analysis, the mentality of the students participating were claified in mentality, entrepreneurial, passive and disappointed, Hopefully and searching for opportunity, Perspective discrimination and realistic, revealing the attitudes of students towards their career disciplines and the most important is the attitude of the students entrepreneurial attitude towards their future employment.

The Bashkand iron deposit is located in 16 km southwest of Soltanieh, in Central Iran Structural Zone. The rock units in the area include alternations of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the Kahar Formation, Khorramdarreh granite and an andesitic dike. The major alteration types are argillic, potassic, chloritic, sericitic and quartz-carbonatic in composition. N30-50W trend and S30-50W dip mineralization conforms primary bedding, foliation of phyllites as well as parallel faults. Mineralogical paragenesis includes: 1) Grossularite, pyroxene, idocrase; 2) Andradite, pyroxene, forsterite, phlogopite, magnetite; 3) Tremolite, serpentine, epidote, talc, biotite, magnetite, specularite and sulfides, and they have been cut by quartz-carbonate veins. The presence of magnetite synchronous with quartz and feldspar in the intrusive body, unconformity in behavior pattern of Fe2O3 with SiO2 and Al2O3, and its conformity with other major oxides as well as Cu and Zn, similarity of REE pattern in the ore, the intrusive body and skarnized host rocks as well as no similarity with the less altered host rocks, are the signs of sourcing ore from the intrusive-deriven fluids. Mixing of these fluids with meteoric water together with increasing in oxygen fugacity in the retrograde metasomatism stage led to ore mineralization.

The arial parts of Lavandula angustifolia were collected from Tazekand of Khosroshahr Essential oils were prepared by hydro distillation of air-dried plants and analyzed by GC/MS method. Four different kind of essential oil were studiedThe dominant constituents of first were: 1.8 cineole, Camphor, BorneolThe dominant constituents of second one were p-xylene, DocosaneThe dominant constituents of third type were camphor, Iso – BorneolThe dominant constituents of fourth kind were 1.8 cineole, unde decanoic acid