سمیه قاسمی

Considering the economic, political, social, cultural and environmental value of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and however the production of more stability and yield through proper crop management, it seems to use new technologies in production and increasing of the yeild of saffron is inevitable, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of substrate type and depth of coriander cultivation on some morphophysiological characteristics of saffron in the hydroponic system. This experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized factorial design with four replications. Experimental treatments included three types of culture medium (cocopeat, soil and soil compost) and two depths of coriander (5 and 10 cm). Based on the results of this study, the type of cultivation bed had a significant effect on all traits except stigma dry weight and picrocrocin, so that the amount of Total chlorophyll (1.82, 1.06 and 0.75) and the amount of safranal of saffron stigma (19.1, 18.9 and 17) The order was higher in sawdust, cocopeat and sawdust compost beds, respectively. The interaction effect of cultivation bed type and cultivation depth on number of flowers, dry weight of flowers, stigma dry weight and crocin content was significant. The mean of highest number of flowers (29.5) and dry weight of saffron flowers (3.32 gr) were observed in sawdust compost bed and cultivation depth of 10 cm. The dry weight of saffron stigma at both cultivation depth in sawdust compost treatment was significantly higher than cocopeat and sawdust substrates. The highest amount of crocin (the value of 230) was observed in sawdust bed and planting depth of 10 cm. In general, due to the positive effect of sawdust compost in improving the yield and quality of saffron, the use of sawdust compost and cultivation depth of 10 cm for saffron production in the hydroponic system is recommended.

Recently, industrial development and high growth of constructions have increased the need to pay attention to the improvement of construction sites. Meanwhile, soil biological improvement as a new, low cost and environmentally friendly method has been considered by many researchers. On the other hand, the use of micro piles by cement or chemical grout injection as one of the methods of soil improvement has been proposed since almost the middle of the twentieth century. Of course, one of the disadvantages of micro piles is the use of cement or chemical grouts, which have both limited resources and environmental pollution. The use of biological micro piles is one of the new and economical solutions to solve these problems.

Today, due to high prices and destructive effects of uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers on the environment and the quantity and quality of agricultural products, use of sulfur as a micro element and also acidifying agent in soil is too important and necessary.  

In order to evaluate and compare the effect of sulfur on yield and the ability to micro elements absorption with oilseed safflower, canola, corn and fodder plants sorghum and pigweed in a calcareous soil a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The experimental factors were contain sulfur fertilizer in two levels (without application and consumed 500 kilograms per hectare).  

Results showed that the use of sulfur caused a significant increase in wet and dry weight in all plant species and the maximum increase was observed in corn and sorghum species. The use of sulfur causes significant increase absorption of iron and zinc in roots and shoots of all species of plant.

Among the oilseeds, the effect of sulfur application on corn and canola was higher than safflower and the sorghum forage had better performance than the pigweed.

Increasing world population, along with climate change and environmental stresses, has posed a serious challenge to adequate food supply. Salinity is one of the most important stresses affecting the reduction of agricultural products. In recent years, the use of new strategies for sustainable production of food products under salinity stress has been considered, including plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria. Due to the strategic importance of wheat in food security, this study was designed and conducted with the aim of increasing the salinity resistance of wheat (Var. Narin) using plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of several halophyte plants in Yazd province.

Plant growth promoting traits such as ability to produce auxin, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, and phosphate solubility and salinity resistance of isolated bacteria from rhizosphere of halophyte plants (Atriplex lentiformis, Seidlitzea rosmarinus, Halostachys belangeriana and Tamarix ramossima) in their habitats in Chahafzal in Yazd Province were investigated. Then, wheat seeds were inoculated with the best three bacteria in terms of plant growth-promoting traits and salinity resistance, and then was irrigated with water with salinities of 4, 8 and 16 ds m-1. After the growth period, total biomass, seed weight and spike components and seed amylose and amylopectin were measured.

The studied bacteria including Bacillus safensis, B. pumilus and Zhihengliuella halotolerans had the ability to produce auxin, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACC deaminase) and phosphate solubility. The highest amount of auxin production was measured in B. safensis (29.72 μg ml–1) and the highest amount of hydrogen cyanide production and phosphate solubility was in Z. halotolerans. The highest amount of ACC deaminase was measured in B. pumilus (8 μmol of α-ketobutyrate h–1 mg–1 protein). The results showed that increasing salinity levels decreased spike length, spike weight, number of spikelets, number of florets, number of seed, seed weight, amylose and amylopectin content of seeds. The length and weight of spikes at salinity of 16 dS  m–1 decreased by 36% and 18%, respectively, compared to the non-salinity control. Instead, B. safensis, Z. halotolerans and B. pumilus caused an average increase of 35, 22, and 17.6% of the spike length at salinity stress levels (4, 8, and 16 dS m-1), respectively, compared to the uninoculated controls. Also, B. safensis, B. pumilus and Z. halotolerans bacteria caused an average increase of 69, 43 and 30% of spike weight in salinity stress levels compared to the uninoculated control, respectively. The number of spikelets and number of florets at salinity of 16 dS m-1 decreased by 27 and 43%, respectively, compared to the non-salinity control. In all salinity stress levels, B. safensis, Z. halotolerans and B. pumilus caused an average increase of 48, 26 and 13% of total biomass, and an average increase of 59, 23 and 7% of seed weight in all salinity stress levels compared to control. B. safensis, more than the other two bacteria, improved the total biomass and seed weight of wheat.

Plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria in this experiment significantly improved the resistance of wheat to salinity stress. Comparison between the studied bacteria showed that B. safensis had a greater effect on the promotion of total biomass, yield and all traits of the studied components than B. pumilus and Z. halotolerans, due to the superiority of B. safensis in auxin production and increasing the ratio of potassium to sodium. It can be concluded that the auxin and the potassium are of key importance in increasing the reproductive performance of Narin cultivar. It is also concluded that the rhizosphere of halophytic rangeland plants can be a good source for the isolation of salinity-resistant bacteria to improve the resistance of wheat plants to salinity.

The growth and yield of plants in the arid and semiarid areas are limited by salinity stress. In these areas, salinity intensifies by high temperatures. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is of great economic importance in the most of world areas due to their valuable essential oils. This study investigated the simultaneous effects of salinity and heat on rosmarinic acid production and expression of three effective genes (C4H, HPPR, and RAS) in rosmarinic biosynthesis in peppermint.

The effect of two levels of salinity 60 and 120 mM of sodium chloride (irrigation water with salinity of 10 Mm as control) and heat stress at 35°C (25°C as control) at three interval times (24, 48 and 72 hours) after treatments were measured in a completely randomized design with three replications.

The results showed that salinity stress decreased the relative level of rosmarinic acid. The process intensified over time so that it reached its lowest level at salinity of 60 mM at 72 hours. RAS genes expression was significantly reduced under salinity of 120 mM and 60 mM under 25˚C and 35 ˚C. Changes in the expression level of C4H in peppermint seedlings at the salinity levels of 60 mM and 120 mM at 25˚C showed a significant increase (4.1 and 3.6 times respectively) at the first 24 hours compared to control. The expression of HPPR gene in peppermint seedlings at 35 ° C increased 2.68, 1.79 and 2.55 times at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively, compared to the control.

Simultaneous salinity and heat stress are a limitation factor for growing Mentha piperita L. These factors had a negative effect on the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid in this plant. Salinity and heat stress decreased the expression of some genes and increased the expression of others in peppermint.

Saffron ‏(‏Crocus sativus L.‎‏)‏ is one of the most expensive agricultural and pharmaceutical products in the world, which has a special place among export products. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of some chemical and biological fertilizers on the yield and quality of saffron, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included two levels of EM (Effective Microorganisms) fertilizer (With and without fertilizer), Two levels of selenium (0 and 1 mg/l) and Three levels of phosphorus (0, 25 and 50 mg/l). The studied factors included number of flowers, fresh and dry weight of flower, fresh and dry weight of stigma. Also, chemical analysis of stigma including crocin, picrocrocin and safranal was performed according to the national standard of Iranian saffron. The results showed that the application of EM fertilizer in selenium treated plants caused a significant increase in the number of saffron flowers. Stigma dry weight in EM fertilizer treated plants and concentration of 50 mg/l phosphorus in the presence of selenium was significantly higher than the absence of selenium. The results also showed that the application of selenium with EM fertilizer at the highest phosphorus level caused a significant increase in flower dry weight and fresh stigma weight. Based on the results of this study, the amount of picrocrocin in plants treated with a concentration of 50 mg/l phosphorus was significantly higher than the control treatment. Also, the use of phosphorus increased the amount of safranal.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sewage sludge on the uptake of some heavy metals by Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.) from the tailings of Mouteh Gold Mine. For this purpose, the effects of 0, 20 and 40 ton ha-1 sewage sludge on the concentration, uptake, bioconcentration and translocation factor of Pb, Cd and Ni in the three cultivars of Quinoa (Q29, Red carina and Titicaca) were investigated. According to the results, the effect of Quinoa cultivar, different levels of sewage sludge and the interaction effects of treatments on the Pb and Ni concentration of roots and shoots, root Cd concentration and bioconcentration and translocation factor of Pb were significant. In the Titicaca cultivar, application of 40 ton ha-1 of sewage sludge significantly increased root and shoot Ni concentration and root Cd concentration, and significantly decreased shoot Pb concentration and bioconcentration and translocation factor o Pb. In the Red carina cultivar, the concentration of root and shoot Pb, biological accumulation factor of Pb, root Cd concentration and shoot Ni concentration of plants treated with 40 ton ha-1 of sewage sludge were significantly higher than control treatment. Also, application of sewage sludge significantly reduced translocation factor of Cd and increased total uptake and biological accumulation factor of Ni. In general, the highest shoot Pb concentration, total Pb uptake, biological accumulation factor of Cd, and translocation factor of Cd and Ni were observed in cultivar Q29. Whereas, shoot Cd and root Ni concentrations of the Red carina and Titicaca cultivars were significantly higher than the Q29 cultivar. Based on the results, Q29 cultivar has good accumulation ability for the studied heavy metals and can be a suitable species for the remediation of contaminated soils.

The demand for wheat as the most important grain used by humans is increasing. Due to climate change and improper soil and water management, salinity stress reduces wheat yield. The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is a nature-friendly way to reduce the effects of salinity stress on wheat yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of several saline plants in Yazd province on total biomass and yield components of wheat (var. Ghods).

Plant growth promoting characteristics and salinity resistance of bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of Atriplex lentiformis, Seidlitzea rosmarinus, Tamarix ramosissima and Halostachys belangeriana were investigated. Wheat seeds were inoculated with superior bacteria including Bacillus safensis, B. pumilus and Zhihengliuella halotolerans and after planting in the pots in greenhouse conditions was irrigated with water with salinities of 4, 8, and 16 ds/m.

All three bacteria were able to produce auxin. The highest amount of auxin production was measured in B. safensis (29.72 μg / ml). All three bacteria were able to produce hydrogen cyanide and the highest amount of hydrogen cyanide production was observed in Z. halotolerans with grade 5 (very high). All three bacteria were able to produce siderophore. ACC deaminase production was observed in all three bacteria and the highest amount was measured in B. pumilus at 8 μg / ml. Ability to dissolve phosphate in Z. halotolerans was more than twice that of B. safensis. Salinity reduced all the measured indices in wheat. In bacterial inoculated treatments at all salinity stress levels (4, 8 and 16 ds/m), the average of total biomass, amylose and amylopectin increased up to 52.5, 21.3 and 10.3%, respectively, compared to the average of these indices in control treatments (without bacteria) in the same salinity levels. Also, bacteria in these levels increased spike weight, seed weight and number of seeds up to a maximum of 22, 74.6 and 66.6%, respectively, compared to the control (without bacteria) of these salinity levels.

the plant growth promoting bacteria increased yield components of wheat under salinity stress, therefore to reduce the effects of salinity on wheat under saline irrigation conditions; the bacteria studied in this experiment can be used. Z. halotolerans was more efficient than other two bacteria in all of the studied indices. Since the experiment was performed under greenhouse conditions, it is recommended that this experiment be performed in the field.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that reduce the growth and development of wheat. Reducing the effects of salinity with the help of plant growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria has been considered by researchers as an environmentally friendly solution. In the present study, some physiological responses of wheat cultivar of Narin to salinity-resistant growth-promoting bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of salt-tolerant plants) Atriplex lentiformis, Tamarix ramosissim, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Halostachys belangeriana) were investigated. Wheat seeds after inoculation with the identified bacteria (Bacillus safensis, B. pumilus and Zhihengliuella halotolerans) were planted in pots and irrigated with saline water of 0.2 (control) 4, 8 and 16 dS / m. The results showed all isolated bacteria had the ability to produce auxin, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACC deaminase) and phosphate solubility.With increasing salinity, chlorophyll content decreased in all treatments compared to the control. The use of bacteria increased 21 to 92, 6 to 175 and 21 to 52% of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content among salinity treatments, respectively. Increased salinity increased content of proline (136-136%), total phenol (11-92.5%), free radical scavenging capacity (12.5-89%) and total soluble sugars (7.5-1.5%) in salinity treatments inoculated with bacteria compared to control. The growth-promoting bacteria in this study with improved wheat resistance to salinity stress. Improving the physiological conditions of plant under the positive effect of bacteria eventually increased the plant biomass, in which the role of B. safensis was more than the other two bacteria. The results of this study showed that the plant growth-promoting bacteria of halophytic rangeland plants can play a role in improving the growth indices of wheat plants in saline conditions.

Increasing world population, along with climate change and environmental stresses, has posed a serious challenge to adequate food supply. Salinity is one of the most important stresses affecting the reduction of agricultural products. In recent years, the use of new strategies for sustainable production of food products under salinity stress has been considered, including plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria. Due to the strategic importance of wheat in food security, this study was designed and conducted with the aim of increasing the salinity resistance of wheat (Var. Narin) using plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of several halophyte plants in Yazd province.

Plant growth promoting traits such as ability to produce auxin, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, and phosphate solubility and salinity resistance of isolated bacteria from rhizosphere of halophyte plants (Atriplex lentiformis, Seidlitzea rosmarinus, Halostachys belangeriana and tamarix ramossima) in their habitats in Chahafzal in Yazd Province were investigated. Then, wheat seeds were inoculated with the best three bacteria in terms of plant growth-promoting traits and salinity resistance, and then was irrigated with water with salinities of 4, 8 and 16 ds/m. After the growth period, the ion content of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus in the leaves as well as some vegetative growth indices including stem length, stem and root dry weight and total biomass were measured.

The studied bacteria including Bacillus safensis, B. pumilus and Zhihengliuella halotolerans had the ability to produce auxin, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACC deaminase) and phosphate solubility. The highest amount of auxin production was measured in B. safensis (29.72 μg/ml) and the highest amount of hydrogen cyanide production and phosphate solubility was in Z. halotolerans. The highest amount of ACC deaminase was measured in B. pumilus (8 μmol of α-ketobutyrate h–1 mg–1 protein). The results of wheat leaf analysis showed that at salinity stress levels, sodium content increased and other measured items decreased compared to the control. The use of bacteria reduced the sodium content by 142 percentage and increased the content of potassium, calcium and phosphorus in wheat leaf under salinity stress by 70, 92 and 295 percentage, respectively, compared to the control. Also, stem length, stem dry weight, root dry weight and total biomass in treatments under salinity stress and inoculated with bacterial isolates increased to 44, 56, 117 and 61 percentage, respectively, compared to the control

Plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria in this experiment significantly improved the resistance of wheat to salinity stress. B. safensis, more than the other two bacterial isolates, improved the growth indices of wheat var. Narin under salinity stress. These results also show that the rhizosphere of halophytic rangeland plants can be a good source for the isolation of salinity-resistant bacteria to improve the resistance of wheat plants to salinity.

Grazing affects the nutrient cycle in the soil. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of rangeland utilization on vegetation and as a result of carbon mineralization kinetics, Sadrabad Nodoshan rangelands of Yazd province were selected.The canopy cover and production was measured in three areas of enclosure, medium grazing and heavy grazing. Soil samples were sampled from a depth of 0-15 cm in a systematic random method. First, nitrogen, carbon, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C / N) of plant samples, nitrogen, carbon, lime, soil texture, pH, soil EC were measured. Then the soils of severe grazing area were selected for treatment and by increasing by 1% the organic carbon of Artemisia sieberi and Peganum harmala including control of 100% of Ar.si, 75% Ar.si and 25% Pe.ha., 50 % Ar.si and 50% Pe.ha, 25 Ar.si and 75% Pe.ha and 100 % Pe.ha were treated. The results showed Pe.ha residues have good degradability due to having less C / N than Ar.si. In all treatments, the process of carbon mineralization in the two study areas had an exponential distribution. Organic carbon mineralization in the soil of the two areas under Heavy grazing and exclusion is similar during the first week, but over time, carbon mineralization in the heavy grazing soil treatment with 100% Pe.ha is higher than other treatments. Therefore, the rate of carbon to biodegradation in areas with heavy grazing, is high and these lands have less carbon stabilization.

Reducing wheat production due to salinity stress is one of the most important food security challenges worldwide. Plant rhizosphere bacteria reduce the effect of salinity stress on plants, including wheat, by mechanisms such as modulating plant hormones, making nutrients available to the plant, and combating pathogens. This study was designed and performed with the aim of increasing the salinity resistance of wheat (var. Ghods) using salinity-resistant growth-promoting bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of several halophyte plants in Yazd province.

Growth-promoting traits and salinity resistance of bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of plants Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson، Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Seidlitzia rosmarinus Ehrenb. ex Bois and Halostachys belangeriana (Moq.) Botsch. were investigated. Wheat seeds were inoculated with superior bacteria in terms of growth-promoting traits and salinity resistance, including Bacillus safensis, Bacillus pumilus and Zhihengliuella halotolerans. During the growth period, physiological parameters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, proline, enzymatic activity of antioxidants, phenol and total soluble sugars in the leaves were measured.

All three bacteria were able to produce auxin. The highest amount of auxin production was measured in B. safensis (29.72 μg / ml). All three bacteria were able to produce hydrogen cyanide and the highest amount of hydrogen cyanide production was observed in Z. halotolerans with grade 5 (very high). All three bacteria were able to produce siderophore. ACC deaminase production was observed in all three bacteria and the highest amount was measured in B. pumilus at 8 μg / ml. Ability to dissolve phosphate in Z. halotolerans was more than twice that of B. safensis. The results of wheat leaf analysis showed that with increasing salinity, (without bacteria inouculation) chlorophyll content in all treatments decreased, instead the amount of proline, antioxidant activity, the amount of phenol and the amount of soluble sugars decreased compared to the control (0.2 ds/m). The use of bacteria increases chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline, total phenol, total antioxidants and total soluble sugar compared to without bacteria inoculation treatment.

The growth-promoting bacteria under study with a set of growth-promoting mechanisms significantly improved the resistance of wheat to salinity stress. Therefore, the bacteria studied in this experiment can be used to reduce the effects of salinity on wheat var Qhods under saline irrigation. B. safensis, in salinity of 8 ds/m, more than the other two bacteria, improved the physiological indices of salinity resistance of Qods wheat. Since this experiment was performed under greenhouse conditions, it is recommended that this experiment be performed in field conditions to complete the findings.

Salinity stress is an important challenge for wheat production in the world. Plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria, isolated from halophytic plants, can increase the tolerance of crop plants to salinity by direct and indirect mechanisms. In this study, plant growth-promoting traits of bacterial strains (Bacillus safensis, Bacillus pumilus and Zhihengliuella halotolerans), isolated from the rhizosphere of several halophyte plants, were deterimined and their effects on some vegetative traits and ionic content of wheat plant irrigated with saline water ( 0.2, as control,  4, 8 and 16 dS/m) were measured. Result showed that all three bacteria were able to produce auxin, hydrogen cyanide, siderophore, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase and soluble phosphate. The increase in salinity levels caused increase in the concentration of sodium and decrease in the concentration of potassium, calcium and phosphorus in wheat leaves, as well as decrease in stem length, shoot and root dry weight, root to shoot dry weight ratio and total biomass. In wheat plants irrigated with saline water and inoculated with the bacterial strains, sodium concentration decreased up to 17.7% and concentrations of potassium, calcium, phosphorus and potassium to sodium ratio increased up to 33, 25.7, 200.4 and 41%, respectively. The most efficient bacterium was found to be Z. halotolerans. All bacterial isolates also increased stem length, shoot and root dry weight, root to shoot dry weight ratio and total biomass by 17, 58.6, 137, 88 and 66 %, respectively. The results of this study showed that the plant growth-promoting bacteria of rangeland halophytic plants potentionally improve the growth indices of wheat plants in saline conditions. These results also showed that the rhizosphere of halophytic plants in rangelands can be a good source for the isolation of salinity-resistant bacteria to improve the resistance of wheat plants to salinity.

This study investigated the effects of simultaneous salinity and heat stress on some physiological and vegetative characteristics in peppermint. The effect of three levels of salinity (0, 60 and 120 mM of sodium chloride) and two levels of thermal stresses (25°C and 35°C) at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatments were measured on some physiological and morphological characteristics of Mentha piperita L. in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that simultaneous salinity and heat stress increased the relative levels of phenolic and proline compounds. At 35 ° C and 120 mM salinity, the amount of proline increased by 2.32, 2.5 and 1.92 times compared to the control at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. The highest accumulation of phenolic compounds was observed at 35 ° C and salinity of 120 mM after 72 hours equal to 3.3 mg/g. The content of soluble sugar, carotenoids, total chlorophyll and calcium in peppermint seedlings had a decreasing trend. At 120 mM salinity, the ratio of K+/Na+ compared to the control decreased by 8.44, 10.37 and 9.35 times in 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Salinity and heat stress decreased the fresh and dry weight of shoots, but in contrast, the fresh weight and dry weight of roots showed a significant increase. Simultaneous salinity and heat stresses are limiting factors for the cultivation of peppermint. The simultaneous stress of salinity and heat increased the amount of phenol, which could improve the quality of peppermint..

Today, the use of organic wastes as fertilizers to improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil is common. In this study, to investigate the effect of the sewage sludge on the growth and concentration of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in quinoa plant, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in a calcareous soil with electrical conductivity of 13.1 dS m-1. Treatments included three genotypes of quinoa (Red carina, Titicaca, Q29) and three levels of sewage sludge (0, 20 and 40 t ha-1). The results showed that the effects of the quinoa genotype, different levels of sewage sludge and the interaction of treatments on the root dry weight, shoot P concentration and chlorophyll concentration were significant. Also, the sewage sludge had a significant effect on the shoot length, shoot dry weight and shoot nitrogen concentration. By increasing the level of the sewage sludge, root length, shoot length, shoot dry weight and shoot N concentration were increased, on average, by 44.7 %, 48.8%, 42.0% and 46.6%, respectively. Also, application of 40 t ha-1 sewage sludge significantly increased the chlorophyll concentration and shoot P concentration in Q29 and Titicaca genotypes. According to the results of this study, application of sewage sludge can increase the growth of quinoa by improving its nutrition.

The use of crop residues grown in contaminated soils such as iron mine soils can to some extent improves soil properties such as soil fertility, soil organic matter and soil microbial activity. Therefore, this type of soil can be used to supplying the plant's need for copper and iron elements. For this purpose impact of safflower, clover, corn, canola, amaranth and sorghum residues contains iron and copper (25 mg/kg) on growth of tomato and compensation of iron and copper deficiency (1/7 and 1 mg /kg) were investigated in soil with intense deficiency of microelements. This research was done in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The results showed that use of plant residues especially clover and corn Compared with control treatment improved optimum growth of tomato. Also the addition of rapeseed and clover residues increased the concentration of copper in the roots and shoots of tomato plant, respectively. Also greatest increase of iron concentration was observed in roots and shoots of sorghum. Therefore, application of plant residues containing nutrients as green manure while saving chemical fertilizers, will resolved the shortage of these elements (iron and copper) in agricultural soils and Due effect of plant residues on soil chemical and physical characteristics and their role in plant nutrition managing, plant residues can play an important role in providing organic matter, especially in arid areas.