فهرست مطالب سمیه نظامی

The selection of elite parents and hybrids could be used for the genetic improvement of quantitative and qualitative traits in breeding programs of vegetables. In order to genetic evaluation of quantitative and qualitative traits of tomato lines, half-diallel crosses were performed among eight lines C.JPS3, S.2274, H.1370, K.2274, S.L, C20, Primoga and A13012. The obtained hybrids along with parents were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Traits including fruit shape index, no. of locules, fruit firmness index, brix, titrable acidity, pH of fruit juice, no. of inflorescence per plant, no. of flowers per inflorescence, no. of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and yield were measured. Parent K.2274 had the highest values of general combining ability (GCA) for the yield, number of fruits per plant and fruit firmness. The highest specific combining ability (SCA) was observed in C20xC.JPS3 and A13012xK.2274 cross for the average fruit weight, respectively. Among parents and hybrids, parent H.1370 and Primoga × H.1370 hybrid had the highest yield. The highest relative heterosis percentage for no. of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and yield were observed in A13012 × Primoga, C20 × C.JPS3, and Primoga × H.1370 crosses, respectively. Role of over-dominance and dominance effects were more than the additive effect in controlling of yield, no. of fruit per plant, titrable acidity, and brix. However, the additive effect was effective in the control of average fruit weight.

Shortage of water in arid and semiarid regions of the world can reduce growth and production of medicinal and aromatic plants, especially Mentha species. In order to evaluate response of mint species to water deficit stress, an experiment was carried out using a completely factorial-randomized design with five replications at College of Agriculturae, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The factors studied included three mint species (peppermint ‘Mentha×piperita’, wildmint ‘Mentha longifolia’, spearmint ‘Mentha spicata’) that were exposed to four levels of irrigation treatments (control (100%), 80%, 60% and 40% of field capacity (FC)). in this study in 100% of FC spearmint’ green area was 50% more than 80% of FC, while in wildmint and peppermint mentioned parameter in control treatment were 2.5 and 2 times more than 80% of FC, respectively. However no difference observed between 100 and 80% of FC on aboveground to underground dry matter ratio in spearmint, but this parameter in control treatment of wildmint and peppermint were 50% more than 80% of FC. Results showed that growth of all three species were significantly decreased when soil moisture reduced to lower than 100 of FC, but peppermint and wildmint were more sensitive than spearmint to depletion of soil water during growing season.

Water is the most important factor for production of agricultural crops. Adequate water supply is necessary to obtaining maximum productivity of horticultural crops (Jones and Tardieu, 1998). According to Global Circulation Models precipitation scarcity might become worse in the near future over the world. Severe drought periods might decline yield and quality of crops (Delfine et al., 2005). Unfortunately, water deficiency is increasingly becoming a serious problem in agriculture in Iran whereas the national average annual precipitation is less than 249 mm (Baghalian et al., 2011). Therefore in our country, production of agricultural crops always accost many problems because of water scarcity (Hassani et al., 2009). Thus it is important to understand to what extent water stress impairs plant growth and yield in alternative crops (Delfine et al., 2005).
Plants respond quickly to water stress in order to prevent the photosynthesis. Stomata closure in response to water deficit stress primarily results in decline in the rate of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis limitation causes growth and yield decreasing (Alaei et al, 2013).
Shortage of water in arid and semiarid regions of the world can reduce growth and production of medicinal and aromatic plants, especially Mentha species. Frequent irrigation is necessary during mint plant growth, as mentha species need moist soil conditions in the 100 centimeters of soil where rhizomes are located. This layer of soil has the greatest root density and always must be kept moist (Mitchell and Yang, 1998). But excessive irrigation may decrease mints yield because of limitation of oxygen for plant roots, promoting root diseases, leaching of plant nutrients especially nitrogen and losing more leaves than normal (Mitchell, 1997). According to the results of statistical analysis of Alaei et al (2013), irrigation treatments had significant effects on growth and yield of Dracocephalum moldavica. In this experiment as the amount of irrigation water declined, the plant height, leaf area, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, root length, branch number, and yield per pot decreased. This was while root to shoot ratio, and days to first bloom, first flower and first fruit increased. Study on effects of water deficit stress on Balm (Mellisa officinalis L.) showed that the effect of this stress on shoot yield, leaf and stem yield, stem height was significant at 1% probability level. This was while the number of lateral stem was not significant (Ardakani, 2007). Petropoulos et al., (2007) showed that parsley growth (foliage weight, root weight and leaf number) was significantly reduced by water stress, even at 30-45% water deficit levels. Water deficit has been revealed as effective on growth parameters, yield and biomass. Water stress has decreased plant height, number of secondary branches, dry and fresh weight of shoot, root mass, dry and fresh weight of root and length root (Babaee, 2010). The study on the effect of different levels of water stress on moldavian balm demonstrated that there was not a significant effect of water stress on leaf area and number of leaves, but it was significant on fresh and dry herb (Gholizadeh, 2007).
Material and In order to evaluate response of three Mentha species to water deficit stress, an experiment was carried out in a factorial-randomized design with five replications in controlled conditions and Mentha longifolia (wildmint), Mentha spicata (spearmint) and Mentha piperita (peppermint) species were subjected to four soil moisture regimes (100 (control), 80, 60, 40 of field capacity (FC)) and studied characteristics were included percent of survival, number of branches and stolon, number of leaves, length of branches and relative chlorophyll content were measured every ten days Besides all characteristics that were mentioned before, total dry weights were determined after both harvest.
The results showed that soil moisture treatments had significant effect on survival of three mint species. Trends of branch’s number and length and number of leaves indicate that adequate soil water could achieved better growth in wildmint than two other species in control and 80% of FC, but number and length of stolon in peppermint were significantly excel as compare as two other species in all treatments. However reduction of soil moisture to the 60% of FC severely decreased number and length of branches, number of leaves and number and length of stolon in all species, but spearmint had better growth in this treatment. There were low differences among SPAD of these species in control treatment, though spearmint’s SPAD was higher than two other species in 60 percent of FC in whole growing season. Total dry weight of spearmint in 80% of FC was 31 percent lower than control treatment, while in peppermint and wildmint 40 and 61 percent reduction were observed, respectively. In 60% of FC leaf dry weight of peppermint and wildmint were 92 and 96 percent lower than control, but in spearmint the mentioned parameter in this treatment was 66 percent lower than control treatment.
Water deficit stress reduced growth characteristics of all three species, but growth of spearmint in 20 and 40% deficiency of soil water (as compare with control) was better than two other species. Although spearmint was more tolerant than two other species to water deficit stress, but more study must be achieved for better understanding of mint responses to water deficit stress.
Our results regarding the effect of water stress on dry weight were in coincidence with those reported by Simon et al., (1992) in basil; Ardakani (2007) in balm; Johnson (1995) in Spanish thyme and Safikhani (2007) in moldavian balm who confirmed that water deficit could affect yield by decreasing growth.

Calendula (Calendula officinalis) is relatively cold tolerant plant، but in some years plant seriously injured due to harsh winter. In order to evaluate freezing tolerance of calendula an experiment was carried out at college of Agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhadin a factorial-completely randomized design with three replications andplants of two sowing dates (summer and autumn) were exposed to12 temperatures (0، -2، -4، -6، -8، -10، -12، 14-، 16-، -18، -20 and -22oC). Seeds of calendula plants were sown in summer (summer plant) and autumn (autumn plant) in the bed and in six to eight-leaf stages were transplanted to the pots. After the cold acclimation in natural condition، freezing stress was applied with using a thermogradient freezer. To employ stability of cytoplasmic membrane، percentage of electrolyte leakage (EL%) was measured after freezing. Also survival percentage (Su%) and regrowth of calendula plants determined after three weeks recovery. Leaves EL% in autumn plants wassignificantly more than summer plants and autumn plants havehigher Su%، but plant height، number of lateral branches، numbers of reproductive traits، total dry matter، vegetative and reproductive dry matter in summer plants were more than autumn plants. However، there were no difference between calendula plants for LT50el in both autumn and summer plants،but there was significant difference between them for LT50su and total dry matter، and LT50su and reduced dry matter temperature50 (RDMT50) for summer plants were -18. 6 oC and -11. 3 oC and for autumn plants were -19. 4 oC and -13. 7 oC، respectively.

In order to investigation the effects of different manure and plant density and the interactions between manures and density on the growth and some quantitative characteristics of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) an experiment was conducted in a factorial layout based on a Completely Randomized Block Design in the experimental field, in College of Agriculture, of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The treatments were included of two factors. The first factor was included three different manure: cow, ship and mixed of them in the same ratio manure (1.65 kg.m-2) and the second factor was three levels of plant densities (5, 7 and 10 plant.m-2) with three replications. At the end of fullbloom stage, morphological characteristics include of plant height, number of shoots, number and diameter of capituls, percentage of leaf dry matter, per Agriculture Ferdowscentage of healthy and free seeds, 1000 grains weight of the main and secondary capituls and chlorophyll content of leaf were determined. Results showed that there was a significant difference between different treatments in terms of number of capituls and shoots and plant height. Increasing of plant density, decreased plant height, number of shoots, number of capituls and 1000 grains weight. The results showed that the best kind of manure and plant density were ship manure and 40 × 40 cm (5 plants per m2) plant density, respectively.

Ajowan is one of the endemic plants in Khorasan province، and there is a little information on its tolerance to cold stress. In order to study freezing tolerance of ajowan، an experiment was conducted in faculty of agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، based on factorial-completely randomized design with three replications and three ecotypes of ajowan (Neishabour، Birjand and Torbat-e-Heidarieh) were imposed on eight freezing temperatures (0 (control)، -1. 5، -3، -4. 5، -6،-7. 5، -9 and -10. 5 °C). Plants were grown in natural environment till 4-5 leaf stage، then for freezing treatments transferred to thermo-gradient freezer. The cell membrane stability was evaluated by electrolyte leakage index (EL) and temperature for killing 50% of samples according to the electrolyte leakage (LT50el) was determined. Furthermore، survival percentage، leaf number and dry weight، temperature for killing 50% of samples according to survival (LT50su) and reduced dry matter temperature 50 (RDMT50) were determined after three weeks recovery in the glasshouse. Response of ajowan ecotypes for electrolyte leakage was different and birjand ecotype had the lowest %EL، whereas the slope of %EL in mentioned ecotype was lower than two other ecotypes. However there were no significant differences among ajowan ecotypes on LT50su. Decreasing temperature to -7. 5 °C reduced survival percentage of Neishabour and Torbat-e-Heidarieh ecotypes to lower than 20 percent، whiles in this temperature Birjand’s survival percentage was about 60 percent. It seems that Birjand ecotype with the lowest electrolyte leakage، the highest survival and dry matter and the lowest LT50su was more tolerant than two other ecotypes.

Although mint species are very sensitive to water deficit stress، but their reaction may be different to reduction of water in soil during growing season. In order to evaluate response of three Mentha species to water deficit stress، an experiment was carried out in a factorial-randomized design with five replication in controlled conditions and Mentha longifolia (wildmint)، Mentha spicata (spearmint) and Mentha piperita (peppermint) species were subject to four soil moisture regimes (100، 80، 60، 40 of field capacity (FC)). Plants were on 70% of flowering at the harvest time. Characteristics were included percent of survival، number of total branches and stolon، number of leaf، length of total branches، green area and total dry matter. The results showed that soil moisture treatments had significant effect on survival of three mint species، because spearmint’s survival was 100 in 60 FC، while in wildmint and peppermint were decreased to 70 percent. In peppermint number of total branches and stolon were significantly excel as compare as two other species، however in spearmint number of total leaf، green area and total dry matter were more than two other species، whereas length of total branches in wildmint were higher than spearmint and peppermint. Spearmint had the greatest dry matter in 100 percent of FC and reduction of soil moisture to 80 percent of FC caused 35 percent reduction in previously mentioned parameter، while in wildmint and peppermint 62 and 56 percent reduction were observed، respectively. However spearmint was more tolerant than two other species to water deficit stress، but more study must be achieved for better understanding of mint responses to water deficit stress

In order to evaluation of freezing tolerance in viola (Viola gracilis L.) under controlled conditions, a trial carried out in completely randomized design with six replications at college of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2008-2009. Seeds were planted in bed and seedlings were acclimated during natural conditions in autumn and at 5-7 leaves stage plants transferred to the thermo-gradient freezer to apply 12 freezing temperatures (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12, -14, -16, -18, -20 and -22°C). Leaf cell’s membrane integrity was measured through electrolyte leakage (EL) after the freezing and survival percentage and plant recovery (e.g. plant height and dry weight, number of branches and flowers and flower’s diameter) were determined after three weeks of plant re-growth in the cold frame. As temperature decreased, EL% increased significantly and reached to the maximum in -20oC. Survival percentage did not affected by temperatures between 0oC to -18oC but all plants killed in -22oC. LT50el and LT50su were -20.0°C and -19.4°C, respectively. Decreasing the temperature lower than -18 oC reduced plant dry matter severely and RDMT50 was -19.2°C.

The aim of this experiment was to study the freezing tolerance of Dianthus barbatus under controlled conditions and was arranged as a completely randomized design with three replications. After sowing and growing plants in the bed in mid of summer to early autumn, at mid autumn (after hardening under natural conditions), plants were placed in the thermo-gradient freezer at the 7-8 leaf stage with 12 freezing temperatures (0,-2,-4,-6,-8,-10,-12,-14,-16,-18,-20,-22 oC). Cell membrane stability after freezing was assessed through electrolyte leakage (EL), survival percentage and re-growth of the plants after 3 weeks in cold frame were measured by counting the number of plants and determining their proportion to the number of plants before freezing and measuring the dry matter, height and number of branches. The results indicated that the effect of different freezing temperatures were significant at all plant characteristics (P≤0.05). With decreasing the temperature, EL increased significantly (P≤0.05) and reach to the maximum at -22°C. Survival percentage of plants did not affect until -18°C, but all plants were died at -22°C. The 50% of plants lethal temperature (LT50) of samples according to the EL and survival were -21 and -20.3°C, respectively, while the 50% reduced dry matter temperature (RDMT50) was -16°C.

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is one of the development tools in all political, social and economic aspects and its purpose is spatial data coordinating, facilitating management, and geospatial data sharing in a participating environment. As producing spatial data demand is increasing by time, and chairmen and high managers’ information about using spatial data for proper decision making is promoting, a serious need to establish national SDI is felt. Therefore, national SDI establishment provides a proper foundation for sustainable development of countries. Thus, we have surveyed the national SDIs (NSDI) situation and their components in 10 selected Asian countries and we‘ve compared them in order to find out implementation challenges and obstacles and to predict future issues and problems to represent successful NSDI implementation solutions. In this paper, the evaluation of the NSDI situation of these countries specified that Iran is in her elementary phases of NSDI implementation and have compiled its strategy plan by this time. Thus the recommended solutions in the result of this article would help to accomplish this national project effectively.

The aim of this experiment was the study of freezing tolerance of Bellis perennis under controlled conditions and were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Plants after sowing and grow in the bed, at the middle of autumn (after hardening in natural conditions), in the 7-8 leaf stage put on the thermogradiant freezer with the 12 freezing temperatures (0,-2,-4,-6,-8,-10,-12,-14,-16,-18,-20,-22 oC). Cell membrane stability was measured through electrolyte leakage (EL) and survival percentage and regrowth of the plants after 3 weeks in cold frame were measured, by counting the number of plants and determining their proportional with the number of plants before freezing and measuring the dry matter, number of flowers and fully developed leaves. With decreasing the temperature EL increased significantly (P