سهیلا اسدی

Postmodernism is the third period in the history of human thought. In this period, which spans the end of the 19th century to today, the creation of reality replaces the discovery of reality. Many contemporary story writers in Iran have also written this story style under the influence of the works of the postmodern writers of the West. One of these writers is Sara Salar, who introduced her art as a post-modern writer in the novel "Hast Ya Nist" with elements such as denial of truth, skepticism, uncertainty, contradiction, giving originality to the reader's mind and passing the time while listing the postmodern elements in the novel or not. This research tries to provide a reasoned answer to this question:" Which postmodern elements did Sara Salar use more in this novel?" And what is her place among postmodern storytellers? In this research, the authors specifically defined the characteristics of postmodern stories and their categories using the analytical descriptive method, and the findings of the study showed that the change of perspective and uncertainty are the most important features of postmodernism in this novel.

Plant residues can contribute to nutrient fertility in soil, increase soil organic matter concentration, maintain water in soil, reduce evaporation, stimulate microbial activity, increase grain size, decrease temperature fluctuations, improve the characteristics Physical, chemical and biological properties and improve soil plowing power. Crop residue burning is the factors affecting the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. It is one of the fast and low-cost land preparation methods. This action causes environmental issues, as well as leads to changes in vegetation and soil. Hence, attention to this issue can be important in raising awareness and preventing the increase of its disadvantages. This research was carried out in order to estimate the area of agricultural land that post-harvest crop residue was burned, in the province of Kermanshah, Sarapul-Zahab

Field sampling operations were carried out on burned and unburned fields and their geographic coordinates were recorded. As a result, 255 burned fields and 163 non- burned fields were recorded. Considering the size of the grazing area of the study area, which is often smaller than 5 hectares, in this research, the images of LANDSAT 8, OIL / TIRS sensor with 30 m spatial resolution were obtained from the studied area. After atmospheric correction by FLAASH method, for selecting the best contrast, the contrast enhancement methods of optimum index factor (OIF), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) were used. The classification of images was done using the maximum likelihood method.

The results showed that the minimum values of the bands 1 and 2 were negative, so the data were normalized and the negative values of the bands was corrected. Based on the results obtained from the optimum index factor (OIF), the combination of bands 7, 5, 1 for all the examined dates, was chosen as the best band combination. After band combination based on the OIF index the burnt lands were separated by dark gray color and the vegetation of the cultivated lands were also separated by green color. The city and water could also be recognized in this image. The results of PCA and MNF Contrast enhancement methods also showed that the use of these methods, like the OIF band combination method, leads to a good enhancement of ground features in the images. After applying the maximum likelihood method to objects classification, The accuracy of the classification was evaluated by checking the correlation between the observed values (burnt and unburnt fields) and the classified values (burnt and unburnt places resulting from the image classification process). The methods of OIF and MNF (coefficients of Phi= 0.80, Cramer's V= 0.80 and Contingency Coefficient = 0.62) had significant correlations and more accurate than the PCA method (coefficients of Phi= 0.68, Cramer's V= 0.68 and Contingency Coefficient = 0.56). Accordingly, the area of irrigated agricultural field which burned after harvest was estimated at 7380 hectares, which included 56 percent of the County’s total irrigated field.

Based on the obtained results, the use of LANDSAT 8 satellite images can be used with high accuracy to identify burnt lands using enhancement methods OIF and MNF. A high percentage of irrigated lands in Sarpol Zahab city were burned in late spring and early summer for the next cultivation land preparation. In the long term, this can endanger the stability of production in agricultural ecosystems and also cause the release of greenhouse gases and various pollutants into the atmosphere, which in turn can cause air pollution and increase health problems for the inhabitants, which requires more attention of managers in this regard.

The aim of this study was to Comparison of cognitive and non-cognitive skills of 18-24 year old male student athletes and non-athletes. A total of 200 students from different field of study at Mazandaran University were selected using random sampling method and then 60 students(30 athlete and 30non-athlete) fill the Parkers Problem Solving Questionnaire, Martin and Rubins cognitive flexibility , Helmrich & Spences Motivation for Progress and Abedis creativity .The Data analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and U Mann-Whitney .Results showed that there is difference between problem solving cognitive skills in male students of athletes with non-athletes of Mazandaran University, and there is superiority with athletic students. And also results showed there is difference between non- cognitive skills of motivation progress in male student of athletes with non-athletes of Mazandaran universities, and also there is superiority with student of athletes. But there is not difference between cognitive flexibility and non-cognitive skills of creativity in male student of athletes with non-athletes of Mazandaran universities. Findings showed that physical activity and sports can as effective factor on skills of problem-solving and motivation for progress.

The use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost is a major component of organic farming practices. Vermicompost can provide the essential plant nutrients and enhance crop productivity, but also leave a beneficial residual effect on succeeding crops. Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops in such a way that they interact agronomically. Intercropping legumes with non-legumes is particularly important in organic farming because it enhances yield stability, concentrations and uptake of nutrients and on the other hand reduces disease and weed pressure. There is no information available about the effects of fertilizer source in intercropping system on the ecophysiological characteristics of linseed and chickpea in dry conditions. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to contribute to a better understanding of the eco-physiology responses of linseed and chickpea plants to fertilizer source and cropping pattern.

The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Experimental in a farm located in Naqadeh, West Azerbaijan, Iran (longitude 45°24' E, latitude 38°52' N, altitude 1318 m) in 2017. The first factor included six cropping patterns consist of 1 row chickpea + 1 row lineseed, 2 rows chickpea + 2 rows linseed, 4 rows chickpea + 2 rows linseed, 2 rows chickpea + 4 rows linseed and monocropping of each crop and the second factor was included four levels control (no use fertilizer), 100% chemical fertilizers (NPK), biofertilizers (Azoto Barvar -1+ PhosphateBarvar -2+ PotaBarvar-2+ Sulfur Barvar -1) and vermicompost (10 t.ha1-).  In order to measure different elements in seed of linseed and chickpea, dry ash method was used. Concentration of potassium (K) was analyzed by a flame photometer. Nitrogen measurements by Kjeldahl and phosphorus were calculated by yellow method, in which vanadate–molybdate is used as an indicator. Phosphorus (P) content was determined at 430 nm using a spectrophotometer. To measure the microbial respiration of the soil, the Anderson and Dumasuch methods were used and microbial biomass carbon was determined by fumigation- extraction method.

Chickpea: According to the results of the experiment, intercropping and fertilizer source had a significant effect on improving nutrients uptake of linseed and chickpea plants. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were obtained from 1 row chickpea + 1 row lineseed and four row chickpea + two rows of lineseed, respectively and the lowest amount was related to sole cropping. The results of fertilizer treatments showed that the highest amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and carotenoid were obtained from vermicompost treatment and the lowest amount of these photosynthetic pigments was obtained in non-fertilized conditions. In addition, the results showed that nutrients uptake were affected by cropping pattern and fertilizer treatments. Among the fertilizer treatments, the highest percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in chickpea were achieved from vermicompost fertilizer and these values were obtained from control treatment.Linseed: Mean comparison of data showed that photosynthetic pigments were affected by different fertilizer treatments. So that the highest amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were obtained from vermicompost treatment and the least amount of these photosynthetic pigments were achieved from control treatment. Among the applied fertilizer treatments, the highest amount of phosphorus and potassium were obtained from biofertilizer treatment and the lowest values ​​were recorded from control (non-usage of fertilizer. Soil microbial respiration and microbial soil biomass were only affected by cropping patterns and fertilizer source. The highest Soil microbial respiration and soil microbial biomass were recorded in two rows of chickpea + two rows of linseed with vermicompost application.

The use of fertilizer source plays an effective role in increasing the uptake nutrients of chickpea and linseed, which is probably due to the supply of water and improved activity of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Soil respiration and microbial biomass increased under the influence of fertilizer treatments (both biofertilizer and organic fertilizer), however the activity of soil microorganisms was the main reason for the increased soil respiration under application of vermicompost fertilizer.

Determination of land suitability for specific productivity is considered as one of the land management tools that makes land use sustainable along with planning to increase production. Agro-ecological zoning refers to the recognition of a set of conditions that allows the economic planting of each crop with regard to the weather conditions of desired region. Alfalfa, as one of the most important forage plants with high quality forage, soil nitrogen fixation and soil erosion reduction, can play an important role in crop rotation. In Iran, alfalfa annual species have been distributed mainly to the northwest, west and south. Considering the good adaptation of alfalfa species to climatic and topographic conditions in western Iran, recognition of appropriate areas to cultivation of this product can lead to soil fertilization, rangeland rearing and forage production. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of identifying suitable areas for cultivating this plant based on climatic factors (rainfall, mean temperature of growth period, minimum temperature and maximum temperature) and topographic factors (elevation, slope and aspect) using Dynamic Analysis Hierarchical Process (AHP).

At first step, the response of the annual alfalfa to the climatic factors (rainfall, mean temperature of growth period, minimum temperature and maximum temperature) and topographic factors (elevation, slope and aspect) was determined and evaluated based on available resources. Then, the raster layers of the each mentioned factors were classified for Kermanshah province located in the west of Iran. To determine the importance of each of factors as criteria, scientific resources and the opinion of the experts were used as input in the AHP. In this regard, the weight of each layer was determined and accordingly, the integration of the layers was performed in the Geographic Information System (GIS). Finally, the final layers of the arable and pasture lands of Kermanshah province were classified into three highly suitable, semi- suitable and non- suitable zones.

The results of AHP showed that the important of climatic factors (weighs= 0.833) were more than topographic factors (weighs= 0.167) on the growth of annual alfalfa. Among the climatic factors, the highest importance was observed for rainfall, the mean temperature of plant growth period, maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively. Among the topographic variables, aspect, slope and elevation had vital importance, respectively. The results also showed that the suitable arable and pasture lands for growing alfalfa were 4570 and 6898 km2 , respectively, equivalent to 19 and 28 percent of the total land area of the province. In fact, considering the area of arable and pasture lands of Kermanshah province (9105 and 11849 km2 , respectively), the areas susceptible to growing annual alfalfa were 50% of the total agricultural land and 59% of the total rangeland lands of the province. These areas include parts of the northeast, center and parts of the west of the province in the agricultural land and the eastern, northeastern, parts of the center, west and northwest in the rangeland area. The rainfall of about 500-450 mm, the proper temperature and slope are characteristics of this area, which makes these areas suitable in terms of suitable ecological conditions for alfalfa cultivation. The most suitable agricultural lands within the province belong to the Songhor, Kermanshah, Islamabad and Javanrood, respectively, and the largest area of susceptible rangeland belongs to the Songhor, Kermanshah, Salas Babajani and Islamabad, respectively.

In general, the results indicate that annual alfalfa is suitable for cultivation in more than half of the arable and pasture lands. This results show the high potential of Kermanshah province for the cultivation of the crop as a suitable plant in crop rotational as well as rangeland regeneration. The use of this information could allow the selection of areas susceptible to annual alfalfa cultivation to improve crop and pastures management.

To study the effect of fertilizer and planting pattern on chickpea and linseed plant traits in dryland farming, a field experiment was conducted in factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Naqadeh, Iran during growing season of 2016-2017. Treatments were included six substitutive cropping patterns; sole cropping of chickpea, sole cropping of linseed, 1 row chickpea: 1 row linseed, 2 rows chickpea: 2 rows linseed, 4 rows chickpea: 2 rows linseed, 2 rows chickpea: 4 rows linseed and four fertilizer sources: control (without fertilizer; Control), 100% chemical fertilizers (NPK), biofertilizers (Azoto Barvar1+ Phosphate Barvar2+ PotaBarvar2+ Sulfur Barvar1) and vermicompost (10 t.ha-1).  Results showed that the effect of intercropping patterns and fertilizer sources on seed yield, biological yield, oil content and oil yield of lineseed and seed yield, biological yield, number of nodules and protein content of chickpea were significant. The highest seed yield of both species was obtained from sole cropping (linseed 945 and chicpea 629 kg.ha-1), but the mean seed yield of each crop in the same unit area was higher than sole cropping (linseed 161.5 and chickpea 128.5 kg.ha-1). The oil content of linseed (6.6%) and protein content of chickpea seed (20.2%) were higher in intercropping compared to sole cropping. Fertilizer resources, especially vermicompost, increased the plant traits of both species compared to control. The maximum LER (1.55) was obtained from 4 rows of chickpea + 2 rows of linseed in control (without fertilizer application) treatment that means 55% of profitability of intercropping compared to sole cropping. According to the objectives of sustainable agriculture concerning elimination in chemical inputs application, intercropping pattern of 4 rows of chickpea + 2 rows of linseed, without fertilizer application, was more suitable in this experiment.

Zinc is part of the antioxidant system, so zinc deficiency impairs the body's antioxidant defense system and leads to increased oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc oxide on the antioxidant status in rat.
Twenty-five male Wistar rats of 5-8 weeks’ old were divided into five groups of five animals each. Next, during the following 10 days, four groups (1-4) of the rats were exposed to different doses: 50, 00, 150 and 200 mg/kg of zinc oxide (ZnO) as the intraperitoneal injection; and, group 5 was considered as the control group. After this stage, 2 ml blood was collected from the jugular vein of the rats and oxidant and antioxidant parameters containing glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were assayed.
Activity of SOD increased significantly in the groups treated with different doses of ZnO (P The results of this study showed that the used concentrations of ZnO increased significantly SOD and TOS and reduced insignificantly GPX compared to the control group which can be a marker of oxidative stress induction.

AIDs is disease that can to have various psychological problems. However, reality therapy is amongst therapies that were used for treatment of behavioral disease patients. So, the aim of present study was determinant of effectiveness of reality therapy on reduce of anxiety and increase of hope in patient with HIV-positive refereed to the disease behavioral center Shemiran’s Health Network.
The study Done Semi experimental in partnership with population the patient with HIV-positive refereed to the disease behavioral center Shemiran’s Health Network that their anxiety range is middle anxiety (22 and above) and upper who in this population. 30 individual was selected by voluntary available sampling and were replaced randomly 15 individual in experimental group and control group. The experimental group was received reality therapy during 10 sessions and per week one session, but control group wasn’t received any intervention. Both experimental group and control group was collated to the Miller Hope Questionnaire and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Collected data were analyzed used covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and by SPSS-16.
The mean (SD) of participants age in experimental group equal to were 38.9 (6.9) and in control group equal to were 39.5 (5.2). The mean (SD) of anxiety of pretest in experimental group(16.5 (7.5)) was lower than control group(24.0 (2.8); p The Study showed Reality Therapy Training had effects on reduce of anxiety and increase of hope patient with HIV-positive in experimental group.