سهیلا برزگر

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training with standard scientific principles and skill acquisition are among the most important issues for training people. Therefore, the current research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation training using "educational film" and "structured group using video self-evaluation" methods on the knowledge and skills of workers of the construction trade union.

 This research was conducted as a randomized and controlled clinical trial. 72 workers were selected by the available sampling method in 2023 and randomly assigned to the research groups. Participants in the experimental group received structured group training with video self-assessment, and participants in the control group received regular training and video training. In this research, we used a basic life support (BLS) knowledge questionnaire and a BLS skill checklist. SPSS-22 statistical software was used to analyze the data.

Based on the results of the paired t-test, there was a significant difference between the research groups in terms of BLS knowledge in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test stage (P<0.05). In addition, the independent t-test results showed a significant difference between the research groups in terms of BLS knowledge and BLS skills in the post-test stage (P≤0.005).

Therefore, based on the research results, it is suggested to use the structured group method with video self-assessment to train people as the first line of response to the treatment of cardiorespiratory arrest.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted pathogenic virus in humans that causes benign warts and, in some cases, malignant tumors in cutaneous and mucosal epithelia in various parts of the human body, including cervical and anal cancers. HPV is a member of the Papillomaviridae family that has a double-stranded DNA genome. Since HPV cannot grow in tissue cultures, molecular hybridization assays are used for detection. The virus is classified into more than 200 types based on DNA sequences. In most cases, infections with this virus are asymptomatic and benign, and can be eliminated by the host immune system within 1-2 years. In some conditions, the immune system cannot defeat the infection, leading to chronic infection and ultimately malignancy. Cytology methods such as papanicolaou-stained smears are frequently used to monitor and detect precancerous and cancerous lesions in cervix cancer cases.
HPVs are typically divided into low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) types based on their ability to cause cancer. Infection with HR-HPVs that contain approximately 12 types is the most significant risk factor related to cervical cancer in women, along with oral mucosa, oropharynx, penis, vagina, and anal cancers. Studies have shown that genotypes 16 and 18 are the most prevalent types of HR-HPVs and responsible for close to 70 percent of cervical cancers. Furthermore, these types are related to other neoplasia, such as head and neck, and anal cancers. The most prevalent LR-HPVs are genotypes HPV-6 and 11, which are most frequently associated with anogenital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP).
The main way that HPVs can easily spread is through skin-to-skin and skin-to-mucosal contact, and in order to infect a person, the virus must reach to the basal layer of the skin tissue. HPV uses its capsid proteins (L1 and L2) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the host cell to enter keratinocytes through endocytosis. In the first stage of infection, the virus uses E1 and E2 proteins and the replication machinery of the host cell to replicate and produce nearly 50–200 copies of virus particles. In chronic infections, HR-HPVs can integrate into the host genome, alter the normal cycle of cell replication, and lead to carcinoma. This is the key factor in the progression of infection to carcinoma. This integration leads to the overexpression of oncogenic proteins E6 and E7. These proteins have the main role in the progression of infection to malignancy. Protein E6 prohibits the blocking of apoptosis by binding to P53, while E7 deactivates retinoblastoma protein (pRB), which is necessary for suppressing the cell division cycle. These actions, along with some other circumstances, lead infected cells to transform into malignant cells.
HPV can evade the host immune system through the expression of its own proteins in the lower layer of the epithelium. Moreover, due to other factors including lacking viremia throughout its replication cycle, and lysing infected cells and escaping viruses only at the exterior layer of epithelium, it typically takes at least 2–3 years for the immune system to eliminate the virus.
HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, and 2–44 percent of women are infected with this virus. Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer affecting women, displaying a notably elevated mortality rate, particularly in developing countries. Globally, around 90 percent of cervical cancer cases are attributed to Human Papillomavirus.. In Iran, the prevalence of infection ranges between 7 to 24 percent, and HPV infection is identifiable in approximately 78.8 to 79.3 percent of cases involving cervical cancer. . Due to the lack of specific treatment against the virus and the direct connection between persistent infection with HPV and cervical cancer, comprehensive and constant vaccination is essential for effective disease control. According to numerous studies, vaccination against HPV significantly decreases the incidence of cervical, nasopharynx, anal, vaginal, and penile cancer and also reduces the incidence of vaginal warts.
The available vaccines contain capsid protein L1 of the virus and prevent the entry of the virus into the host cells. Vaccines should be given at young ages before first exposure to the virus because they have no therapeutic benefit and have no impact on the emergence of persistent infections. Likewise, vaccination is the most efficient way to control cervical cancer, and there are currently three types of vaccines against HPV: Gardasil, Cervarix, and Gardasil 9. Gardasil, the first commercially produced vaccine, is a quadrivalent vaccine and confers protection against types 6 and 11, 16, and oncogenic types 18 of HPV. Cervarix is the bivalent vaccine and provides protection against types 16 and 18. To make vaccination more effective and prevent more cervical cancer, the nine-valent Gardasil has been produced. Gardasil 9, in addition to the types of Gardasil, contains an additional five types, including 31, 32, 52, 45, and 58, and is generally used in double doses to prevent a higher percentage of cervical cancer.
Infection with papillomaviruses is increasing, which has caused concerns in Iranian society, and it seems vital to have a widespread plan to control the infection. Preventing the spread of infection with the widespread use of vaccines at young ages and the diagnosis of infection in the primary stage is necessary to prevent the spread of infection and its transformation into cancer. Global vaccination programs have demonstrated a substantial decline in cancerous lesions associated with HPV types 16 and 18, with a reduction ranging from 90 to 100 percent. Moreover, the incidence of cervical cancer has decreased by 70 percent, and genital warts in women and men have seen reductions of 77 percent and 62 percent, respectively. Consequently, vaccination emerges as the most effective and economically feasible approach to cervical cancer prevention, particularly in developing nations. With an increasing number of cervical cancer occurrences and the undeniable connection between this cancer and HPV, there is an urgent need to set up a widespread vaccination program in Iran, where there is currently no comprehensive HPV vaccination program. This study summarizes the general knowledge and new findings of virology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, and vaccination of Human Papillomaviruses.

 Integrons play an essential role in disseminating drug resistance genes among bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of integrons, and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates collected from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) referred to teaching hospitals in Ardabil, Iran.

 In this descriptive, cross-sectional study (2017-2018), 163 isolates of E.coli were collected from patients with UTI. The drug susceptibility pattern of these isolates to 12 common antibiotics was investigated using the disk diffusion method based on CLSI guidelines. The prevalence of class 1, 2 ,3 integrons and ESBL genes was verified by the PCR method. Finally, the genetic variation of isolates was analyzed using the ERIC-PCR method.

 Of 163 isolates, 138 (84.7%) isolates were multidrug-resistance (MDR) strains. The lowest and highest antibiotic resistance was reported to nitrofurantoin and ampicillin, with a resistance rate of 1.2% and 89.6%, respectively. The incidence of class 1 and 2 integrons was obtained in 39.9% and 14.1% of the isolates, respectively. Class 3 integron was not found in any of the isolates. Based on the ERIC-PCR fingerprinting method, 4 ERIC types were detected.

 Our study showed that E. coli isolates taken from patients mainly were MDR strain and resistant to many of the common antibiotics used to treat urinary tract infections. Using the correct dose of medication and multidrug therapy would be effective in reducing the incidence of antibiotic resistance.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of stock market demand side shock on a selection of macroeconomic variables with the approach of stochastic dynamic equilibrium (DSGE) models. For this purpose, data from the period 1368-98 with seasonal frequency and Bayesian method have been used to estimate the model parameters, in which the initial values ​​for the parameters are determined as the previous distribution and these initial values ​​are combined with the results of maximum likelihood estimation based on real data. It becomes. If the initial information in the previous distribution is complete and accurate and the maximum likelihood estimate cannot help the model estimate, the Bayesian method becomes a calibration. But if the previous distribution information was completely incorrect and inaccurate, the Bayesian method becomes the maximum likelihood method. In the intermediate state, Bayesian method is a combination of two methods of calibration and maximum likelihood. In general, capital market shocks can affect macroeconomic variables in two ways. The first route is household consumption expenditures and the second route is corporate investment expenditures. Therefore, the direct effects of stock price fluctuations on total expenditures have made the stock market known as a leading indicator in the economy and therefore have been considered in experimental studies. In this study, the shock from the capital market area is considered based on the market demand segment, in which the tendency of households to keep their assets in the form of stocks increases. The results show that private investment, production, inflation and consumption expenditures increase and interest rates decrease with the shock of a measure deviation from the demand side of the stock market.