فهرست مطالب سپیده مجرب

The side effects of chemical drugs has resulted in more attention of human to use medicinal plants and extract their ingredients for treated of many diseases. Iranian plateau have been introduced as an origin of many medicinal plants and according to the needs of pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries to medicinal plants as a raw materials, necessity of cultivation of medicinal plant species in the country is quite clear, because dependency to natural products and the indiscriminate exploitation of them will be extinction of this species. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a medicinal plant of the family of Lamiaceae, which it is very important in pharmaceutical industry, food and traditional medicine. Due to serious problems in the past decades resulting excessive application of chemical inputs and plant growth regulators to enhance agricultural production, nowadays, the need for new technologies to produce safe food and to protect environment has been of great interest to the international community. In this regard, the application of alcohols, especially ethanol and methanol solutions, to improve the performance of plants in the agricultural systems are important. Alcohols are the most important compounds in organic chemistry and they have wide frequency in the nature and are easily produced in the industry and chemical laboratories. In addition, use of foliar application of methanol and ethanol on the aerial parts of different plants propound as one of the newest strategies to increase growth and their yield. The objective of this experiment was evaluation of methanol and ethanol spraying effects on morphological and biochemical characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.).
This experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2015. Plants were foliar treated with four levels of ethanol (0, 10, 20 and 40% v/v), methanol (0, 10, 20 and 40% v/v), the same mixture of methanol and ethanol (5, 15 and 25% v/v), and control (without spraying).
The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of foliar application had significant effect on measured indices, so that 40% methanol in the most of morphological characters is superior to the other levels. Alcohol treatments are effective to the growth and development of the vegetative organs of plants. Also, alcohol treatments can increase the carbohydrate accumulation and carbon dioxide concentration. Also, foliar application of methanol along with methanol that produces at leaves by pectin methyl esterase enzyme in cell wall development processes can increase cytokine in production and stimulation plant growth. In the biochemical traits, the most of antioxidant activity, phenol, carotenoids and chlorophyll b related to interaction of foliar application of methanol and ethanol 25%. Methanol increases turgor pressure, sugar content, cell swelling and helps to leaves development and increasing of chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Foliar application of methanol lead to increasing of FBPase enzyme activity such as enzymes that involve in control photosynthetic process. Ethanol converts to formaldehyde after penetrating to plant tissue and finally converts to carbon dioxide. Produced carbon dioxide increases internal concentration of that at leaf and causes to increase of photosynthetic efficiency. Also the most of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a with 20% ethanol treatment and the most level of sugar were achieved by foliar application with 10% methanol.
Generally in this study it can be concluded that foliar application of methanol and ethanol as a carbon source and biostimulant can increase the biomass and yield of Basil.

Seed pretreatment with salicylic acid plays an important role in improving germination and increasing resistance of plants to environmental stresses. Delay in germination, decrease in the rate and percentage of germination are from the effects of salinity stress in germination stage. In order to find out the effects of salinity stress along with salicylic priming on seed germination of Hairless Catmint (Nepeta nuda L.), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted using salt stress at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM), three levels of alleviators (0, 0.2 and 0.5 mM) and three times (6, 12 and 24 hours) with 3 replication at physiology laboratory of Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016. Indicators of germination with radicle exit at size 2 mm were evaluated for 21 days. After 21 days and completion of recording of germination indices, the plumules were separated for phytochemical evaluation; and determination of total phenol content and antioxidant activity by spectrophotometric methods were carried out by using methanol extract (extracted in a porcelain mortar), Folin-Ciocalteu method and DPPH free radical scavenging, respectively. According to experiment results, the positive effect of salicylic acid on improving germination of this plant in concentration 0.5 mM was more evident than concentration of 0.2 mM. With increasing salinity, the measured traits were strongly reduced. So that the lowest germination percent and germination rate were 0.81 and 0.02 in 150 mM salt stress, respectively. Salicylic acid is also used as an alleviator to improve germination in different levels of salinity. So that the highest germination percent (25.11) and germination rate (0.62) were obtained from pretreatment with salicylic acid for 24 hours. The highest amount of antioxidant activity (68.92%) and total phenol (1.2 mg.g-1 FW) was related to level of 50 mM stress and the use of salicylic acid at different salinity levels reduced the amount of these traits. In general, although salinity stress markedly reduced germination in Nepeta nuda, but using pretreatment with salicylic acid can significantly improve germination indices in these conditions.

With attention to the native landscape design value and the using of grasses which play a crucial role in the urban landscape, we carried out two experiments in germinator condition. This investigation was conducted to explore effects of hydro and osmopriming on germination and seedling growth of Lolium rigidum. The first experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with 4 treatments and replications. The treatments include: dry seed (control) and seed soaking in distilled water in three times 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively. The second factorial experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with four replications.  First factors included three levels of priming (seeds treated with distilled water, seeds treated with KNo3 0.2% and NaCl 45 dS/m), the second factor included three levels of time (12, 24 and 48 hours). In this research some seed germination indices such as germination percentage, germination speed, length of root and shoot, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, mean germination time and vigor index were measured. The results of the first experiment showed that the effect of seed priming with distilled water was significant (P<0.01) than control at all times on most traits. The results of the second experiment showed that osmopriming especially KNo3 for 12 hours improved the rate and percentage of germination and growth of the seedling. Totally, osmopriming had more significant effect than control and hydropriming.

Rosmarinic acid, as one of the most valuable phenolic compounds in different plant species, has severalbiological properties, including antivirus, antibacterial, antitumor and anti-inflammatory. Elicitors, byproducing messages, can stimulate the production of secondary metabolites in plants. Nitric oxide (abioticelicitor) is a stable gaseous radical, which acts as a signaling molecule in plants and in many physiologicalprocesses, development and environmental stresses. Due to the lack of information on the amount of rosmaricacid and the use of SNP as abiotic elicitor in Nepeta nuda L., the effect of SNP on production of rosmarinicacid was investigated in four concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 100 μM) in vitro shoot culture of catmint hairless.The amount of rosmarinic acid was measured by HPLC after drying samples at room temperature. The resultsof the samples analysis showed that the content of rosmarinic acid increased 37.7% in treatment of nitric oxide(25 μM) compared to the control sample (without application of nitric oxide). Also, amount of rosmarinic acidreduced with increasing nitric oxide concentration in the culture medium. So that the amount of this compoundreached from 54.73 mg.g-1 DW in the control sample to 14.61 mg.g-1 DW in treatment of nitric oxide (100μM). The results of this study indicated catmint hairless plant has the high level of rosmarinic acid and theamount of this valuable drug combination improved with the use of abiotic elicitor nitric oxide at lowconcentration.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different treatments of growth regulators on the amount of shooting, rooting, callus production and plant regeneration of hairless catmint (Nepeta nuda), in vitro condition.
Material and The seeds of this plant were cultured in MS/2, and then the plantlets were sub-cultured. The obtained samples were cultured in different levels of BA and Kinetin, either alone or in combination with IBA. Leaves of explants were used for callus induction with BA and NAA treatments in both medium (light and dark). Also, for regeneration, the same calluses were used with BA and NAA treatments.
The results of this study showed that, in proliferation part, the highest fresh weight (2315.9 mg) and shoot number (15.22 per each bush) of each plantlet were obtained in 1 mgL-1 BA and 0.25 mgL-1 IBA. Moreover, the BA treatment with 2 mgL-1 concentration cause to produce the longest branches (50.5 cm) and the highest number of nodes (53.6 per plantlet) in each plantlet.
The highest length, number and percentage of root were obtained at MS/2 medium and 0.5 mgL-1 IBA. In callus formation part, the highest fresh weight of callus was related to application of 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.5 mgL-1 NAA. In addition, the highest percentage of callus formation was observed in dark medium and no significant differences were observed between the growth regulator treatments. Furthermore, the highest percentage of regeneration of callus related to both growth regulators treatments included 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.2 mgL-1 NAA (83.2 %) and 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.5 mgL-1 NAA (81.66 %) with no significant differences between them.
In total, the most useful growth regulator compound for micro-propagation of hairless catmint, which is endangered extinction species, were 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.5 mgL-1 IBA and NAA.