سید احمد حسینی حاجی بکنده

Domestic violence can cause negative consequences for women’s mental and physical health. To plan a proper program to prevent and control this social issue, we need to know the nature of domestic violence and cultural themes that led to it. In this research information has been gathered through interviewing with battered women. Findings then got analyzed by thematic analysis method. As a result, main themes and sub themes got emerged. 31 women who had experience of domestic violence participated in this research and they have been chosen by purposeful sampling method. Women who suffered from domestic violence mentioned four characteristics for it. According to what they explained, domestic violence followed a cycle of specific phases and its severity increased gradually as marriage goes forward. Also, it is usually unavoidable for them and different types of violence are combined. Research findings also showed that there are two main cultural themes for violence against women; Patriarchy and inappropriate social attitudes. As a main theme patriarchy contains three sub themes of sexual socialization, depriving women from making decisions for their lives and internalizing oppression. Inappropriate attitude theme includes three sub themes. They are considering divorce as a social taboo, domestic violence as a private issue and tolerating domestic violence in any cost.

Domestic violence against women is an ancient and common problem in any society. Knowing the leading social themes may help us to prevent and control domestic violence against women. The current study aims to investigate the role of access or lack of access to the resources in domestic violence against women.

The thematic analysis applied as the research method. Thirty-one women who had domestic violence experience between 2015 to 2017 chosen by purposeful and snowball sampling methods as the research sample. Data has been gathered by interviewe and analyzed by the thematic analysis method. As a result, the main themes got emerged.

Women who suffered from domestic violence mentioned four important resources; social support, legal system support, economic resources, and personal resources. Women’s stories revealed family and friends did not support them as they were supposed to do. They mentioned a few reasons for it. Families were worried about divorce stigma, they were busy with their own problems and did not have enough economic resources to support the battered women. Also, some people consider it as a common private issue in all families. According to what women mentioned in the interviews, the legal system did not have effective performance neither. There are a few possible explanations for it including lack of supportive rules and ambiguous laws. Also, the process of proving domestic violence is time-consuming, hard and needs observable marks of violence as documents. Not having access to enough economic resources and not having a powerful personality are other factors of domestic violence.

Based on finding of this research to empower a domestic violence survivor, it is suggested to devise an action plan to increasing effective social support, economic independency, personality traits and level of self-confidence, at individual-level factors and passing clear protecting laws, facilitate the court-based process and social work intervention at level of social factor.

Governments are expected to adopt proper policies to promote health indicators and to control and decline social harms. However, current social harms statistics and types as well as age range of people who are involved in them show an unsuitable situation. Lack of convenient policy underlies poor interdisciplinary work, inadequate resource management, and arbitrary decision. There are many barriers which prevent social harms to be well identified and figured out: politicians and the public must intend and demand special consideration towards social harms; media activists should be concerned about it instead of focusing only on trivial or unsolvable topics; remarkable research evidence must be provided, and social harms must be well conceptualized as they vary time to time and place to place. The present study has been conducted to provide a list of recommended policies in order to control social harms in Iran, utilizing experts’ opinions. This is a qualitative and applied-developmental research study, conducted implementing a Delphi method. Delphi is a systematic data gathering method through which experts’ opinions are obtained as regards a particular subject or question. In this study, during three rounds, experts answered written questions anonymously. The participants could see feedbacks of others and change or insist on their viewpoints. Finally, the research team continued the procedure until they felt that relative consensus has been reached Twenty experts were asked to participate in the study. The experts were selected based on some criteria that could enable researchers to reach the study goals. They all had academic and scientific reputation, and they were also nationally known for their works on the topics related to the present study, either in social harms field directly or germane areas, such as sociology, social health, social work, social policy, economics, etc. They had also prominent practical experience in the fields that assured researchers that they are knowledgeable in the study topic. Since this method is inherently time consuming, the participants should have been provided with sufficient time to answer and get to know the topic. All recommended parts of Delphi method including controlled feedback, results analysis, and consensus were respected until  the best possible agreement was reached. Results were discovered differently in any round. In pre-round stage, one single open question was posed and 52 policies were taken out. In order to purify the received responses, 48 items were sent back to the participants. In the next rounds 31 policies were agreed upon and in the last round, experts noted that one of the items must have been divided into two, accordingly 32 policies were identified, and it was assessed and pointed out that the participants have agreed on 32 policies. Some of the most prioritized subjects were identified as, continuous monitoring of social harms, attention to community-based approaches, special attention to economic issues, attention to expanding alternative dispute resolution, developing happiness and hope, inter-organizational cooperation, attention to religious and social values, futurism, attention to high-risk areas, removing parallel and ineffective organizational structures, continuous assessment of social health, providing social and cultural attachment for programs, attention to educational centers, training specialized and professional persons, attention to virtual space and social media, healthy lifestyle, social identity, improving health-care, social support promotion, social inclusion, social responsibility and social demanding, attention to social responsibility of corporations, decreasing workplace stress, using mass media, using capacity of urban and rural management system, sense of social security, recreations, occupational training and empowerment, international communication and insurance coverage. Based on the findings, it can be claimed that despite all the efforts that have been made, there is still a long way to go to reach a satisfactory point to be able tackle social harms. Results of the present study revealed that except for addiction field that has already been made, macro-level social policy as regards social harms seems necessary to be built. Just by taking a macro-level policy into account, it will be possible to design pathways to avoid arbitrary decision making, to get all capacities, either in GO or NGO parts together, to begin an inter-organizational coordination, to manage sources effectively, to determine priorities for policy making, to administer programs comprehensively, inclusively, and adequately, and finally, to do a better work division among related organizations at different levels. It is, of course, a noticeable progress that high ranking politicians did acknowledge that we are still several years behind compared to the way social harms change, since it helps scholars and managers to address the problems and find ways to solve them. Since social issues are interrelated, governments are supposed to make policies by which all indicators of health, including social health indicators become continuously investigated and along with changes of social issues, particularly social harms, policies become flexibly modified. Media and civil society would be good partners for governments to adopt and implement policies against social harms.

One of the duties of governments in each society is to create the necessary framework forthe realization of social security, which have different components in its creation. One of thecomponents that can influence the realization of social security is controlling and reducing socialharm. To this end, it is imperative that the government can take appropriate policies in this area toprovide security. The current situation in the country shows that in the area of social damage, weare seeing an increase in the number of social injuries, their variability and the reduction of the ageof socially damaged people. The purpose of this study was to elaborate proposed policies in thefield of control and reduction of social damages in Iran and its impact on social security. For thispurpose, using the views of the elites and experts of the country, macro policies are appropriatefor controlling and Reduced social damage. .

The research is a qualitative and applied research - an extension that has beendeveloped by Delphi. . Delphi is a systematic data making method by which experts’ opinionsare obtained regarding a particular subject or question. In this study, during three rounds, expertsanswered written questions, anonymously. The participants had seen feedbacks of others andcould change or insist on their point of view. Finally, the research team felt that relative consensushas been reached and it finished. 20 experts were asked to participate in the study. Reviewing therelated sources was also taken out.Results was discovered differently in any round. In pre-round stage, one single open questionwas posed and 52 policies were taken out. Purifying the received responses, 48 items were sentback to the participants. In next rounds respectively, 33 and 31 policies were identified and it wasassessed that the participants has agreed on 31 policies.Based on the findings, except for substance use that it has already been made in 2006, macrolevelsocial policy regarding social harms seems necessary to be built. Just by taking a macro-levelpolicy, it will be possible to design pathways for social harms not to disturb social security. To reachsocial policies which fits for social harms decline, so that social security become provided, adequatemacro level policies must be adopted to avoid arbitrary decision making, to get all capacities,either in GO or NGO parts together, to begin an inter-organizational coordination, to managesources in an effective way, to determine priorities for policy making, to administer programscomprehensively, inclusively, and adequately, and finally, to do a better work division amongrelated organizations in different levels, and finally, social security become promoted.

Drug addiction is a phenomenon which causes considerable physical, mental. social, economic and family problems. The purpose of this article is comparing the effective factors in the recurrence of addiction in two groups: patients who have had a history of drug abuse and patients who have not experienced a recurrence of addiction. The present method is of a semi-experimental type. Our society consisits of patients who underwent detoxification in January 2007, and their state of health is studied until June2008, for a period of six months. By using a sample volume formula, 73 patients were chosen through systematic statistical sampling for each of the above groups. In this research, question forms were used for gathering information. Results show that taking part in personal counseling sessions, avoiding addicted associates, and controlling the strong desire for drugs by the patients can decrease the recurrence of addiction. It seems different methods are required for the treatment of drug addiction and its recurrence in different groups of patients, where sufficient attention should be focused on age, sex, educational status, family conditions, cultural and social background, occupation, physical and mental conditions, as well as place of residence of the patients and also the methods they use to obtain drugs. Such patients should be supported and treated through application of deeper, more comprehensive methods.