سید امیر حسینی

In many studies at the nature of stocks, the legal issues of the countries of origin of the concept of stocks have been referred to, however, the capacity of Legal foundations based on Islamic jurisprudence in studies the nature of stocks has been neglected in this category of studies and has caused some interpretations of the nature of stocks to be in conflict with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence and it to be a matter of serious disputes in terms of Shariah results, so first the nature of the stocks is checked to find out which of the types of property or rights or other titles the stocks belong to, and then after explaining the nature of the stocks It is possible to jurisprudence scrutiny and explain its results.In this article, nine possibilities in the nature of stocks have been explained, after the initial explanation of each, the Strengths and weak points of each possibility have been explained. , After the explanation, in conclusion, the possible state of the nature of stocks that have the best conditions based on the acceptability of the jurisprudential explanation, are the ninth, third and fourth possibilities, respectively; and the explanation of the nature of stocks(ninth possibility): credit property as a common share of the market capitalization (where the market capitalization is the general credit property in common), independent of the company's legal personality, in addition to The best jurisprudential explanation is also the most acceptable in shareholding custom

Iran's high export value of saffron, the world's most expensive spice, is attributed to its cultivation in dry and semi-dry areas, which face moisture and soil organic matter deficits. To improve saffron yield, factors such as bulb size, planting time, fertilization, irrigation, and hormonal and organic treatments must be considered. Humic acid, an organic fertilizer, has positive effects on soil structure and plant growth, improving plant metabolism and resilience against drought and salinity. Salicylic acid, an organic fertilizer, induces plant responses to adverse environmental conditions, increasing plant growth and flexibility. This study aimed to determine the combined effects of soil-applied humic acid and salicylic acid pre-treatment on saffron's morphological and phenological traits.
 
A study was conducted at Payame Noor University's research farm in Marvast, using high-quality saffron corms from Torbat-Heydarieh. The experiment involved three replications over the 2019 and 2020 agricultural years. Treatments included four levels of humic acid (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg per hectare) and three levels of salicylic acid (0, 1, and 2 millimolar). The corms were planted manually in August 2019, and humic acid was applied with the first irrigation. Salicylic acid was pretreated for 8–10 hours in the dark. The study measured traits such as cormel number, leaf length, fresh and dry weights, flower and stigma yield, and phenological traits like sprouting and flowering times. Results showed that humic acid and salicylic acid treatments positively affected saffron growth and yield, indicating potential for improved cultivation practices.
 
The application of humic acid and salicylic acid significantly enhanced the total weight of corms, as well as the number and weight of cormels, particularly when used together. The highest total corm weight observed with the combination of 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 5 kg/ha humic acid was approximately 133% higher than the control. Similarly, the highest number of cormels was achieved with the 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 10 kg/ha humic acid treatment in the first year, around 108% more than the control. Increasing levels of humic acid at all salicylic acid levels resulted in higher average corm weights. Adding 15 kg/ha humic acid to 0, 1, and 2 millimolars of salicylic acid boosted average corm weight by 30.7%, 57.3%, and 83.4%, respectively, compared to control without humic acid. Synergistic effects were also noted on leaf traits. The greatest leaf length occurred with 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 5 kg/ha humic acid in the first year (38% increase) and with 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid in the second year (46% increase). The highest dry leaf weight was observed in 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid in the first year (79% increase) and in 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 10 kg/ha humic acid in the second year (103% increase). The maximum stigma length was recorded with 1 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid, showing a 52% increase compared to the control. The combined treatment of 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid led to the highest fresh stigma weight in the first year (132% increase) and the highest dry stigma weight in the second year (300% increase). Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between qualitative and quantitative traits of saffron. A positive correlation was observed between dry stigma weight and the weight of both mothers (r = 0.76) and cormels (r = 0.74). Conversely, fresh style weight had a negative correlation with time to sprouting (r = 0.56) and flowering (r = 0.43). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the most influential traits on dry stigma weight were the weight of mother corms, days to flowering, and daughter corm weight. These factors explained 76%, 82%, and 86% of the variance in saffron performance, respectively.
 
This study showed that humic acid and salicylic acid had significant effects on the growth and flowering of saffron. Specifically, these compounds caused a notable reduction in the vegetative growth phase and flowering time of saffron. This result meant that the use of these compounds could lead to significant improvements in the morphological and phenological traits of saffron, ultimately increasing the number and quality of daughter corms and overall plant yield.

Vitrification is one of the most important topics in the field of assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Integrins are important factors in implantation. Considering the importance of embryo virtification, the present study was performed with aim to evaluate the effects of vitrification on the expression of integrins of αν & β3 in the implantation process of mice.

In this study, in order to obtain 50 blastocysts from the uterine horn of 6 to 8 week old female mice, after stimulation of their eggs, the mice were placed one night next to 8 to 12 week old male mice of the same race. The next morning, mice with a vaginal plaque were separated. 98 hours after HCG injection, by flushing method, the obtained embryos were divided into two groups of freeze (n=30) and control (n=20). Afterward, the blastocyst embryos were subjected to a freezing process consisting of two stages: dehydration and freezing, using a freezing solution. Following the thawing and dilution stages, the expression level of the obtained embryos was determined using the RT-PCR method. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24) and Paired-t test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The results showed the amount of αν and β3 integrins after freezing and melting had a significant difference compared to the ACTB reference gene with the control group (p<0.01).

This study showed that the vitrification by cryotype causes damage to the blastocysts by reducing the rate of integrin expression.

Architects use different media to represent and display their ideas. These media include a wide range of architectural volumetric models, hand drawings, verbal allegories, sketches and recently computer modeling. Among these media, hand drawings have always been important in architectural design and have played a pivotal role. This role has become more important in architecture since the Renaissance with the emergence of perspective. Before the spread of such drawings around the 15th to 17th centuries, drawing in architecture was common in previous periods. Until then, drawing was a tool for conversation and media between the employer and the architect. But after that, drawing is a tool for thinking and a tool for pre-designing, modifying and correcting the pre-construction form. It can be said that the methods of representation, image and perception of architecture have always had a reciprocal relationship with our perception of space and also with the spatial organization of architecture.So far, only a few studies have been done on architectural drawings and their relationship with the Iranian architectural organization of space. These few studies have focused more on the typology and classification of drawings left over from Islamic Architecture and have questioned their application in the Iranian architectural space organization. Iranian painters, especially after the Ilkhanate period, have represented architectural and urban spaces in paintings. Compared to the European perspective and tradition of drawings, Iranian painters represented architectural and urban spaces differently. Most of the research in the field of Iranian miniature has dealt with philosophical foundations, especially around the concept of the imaginal world, or the methods of representation in the form of analytical-aesthetic methods. The purpose of this study is to understand the structure of miniature representation. In this regard, it deals with two aspects of the content of representation and the way of representation of miniatures and analyzes them. The emphasis of the article is to find out how Iranian painters have portrayed the world around them.In this research, forty miniatures belonging to the Seljuk, Ilkhanid, Timurid and Safavid periods have been studied. This research can be considered as a historical study that uses an analytical-aesthetic method to discover how architecture is represented in Iranian miniatures. The findings of this study show that Iranian miniatures include three independent systems of architectural, landscape and behavioral representation. These systems overlap to form a miniature. Each of these three systems of representation has its own rules.The findings of this study show that the method of composing the page in a miniature follows three general principles: (a) organizing the general space with clear lines and framing (b) independent spaces and their collage (c) intensive space narration (collage of space units) and high horizon. This research showed that the way of representing the architectural effect in miniature includes (a) isometric or flat display of side surfaces, (b) special rules of displaying the floor and interior surfaces of the porch and (c) simultaneous display of interior and exterior of a building. These findings have been achieved by focusing on the architectural representation system.

Iranian architecture has been studied from different aspects. Shape Grammar is an analytical tool for studying the styles and history of architecture that has the ability to provide a common language and conceptual framework, a coherent and integrated form to study the geographical differences and evolution of Iranian architecture.In this research, the first step to compile this common grammar of Iranian architecture has been taken by compiling a grammar of a specific form related to the traditional houses of Kashan.

Out of 100 heritage houses, 19 samples were selected by random / judgmental sampling method. By analyzing the samples, minimal rules are presented.

The grammar presented in 4 steps produces the formal structure and the spatial relationships between the forms. A valid range of variables and an algebraic expression are presented. Also, with the help of grammar, the spaces in the samples have been typologized. In Kashan houses, the most important spaces, spaces with a width of 5, can be divided into 8 types based on the shape structure. In terms of spatial relationships between components, 6 specific types of relationships between the internal components of each of the previous form structures can be identified, which are described in the findings section.

The proposed grammar can be a coherent structure for the study of Iranian architecture. It can also be used as a suitable tool for typology. Provide the possibility of comparison as well as the relationship between different species and make the studies coherent.

Low impedance differential relays are widely used in the protection systems of power transformers. While being highly reliable, differential relays can misidentify the inrush currents generated during the switching of power transformers as faults and issue a tripping command when one is not needed. Therefore, these protection systems need a mechanism to differentiate between inrush currents and faults in order to prevent unnecessary activation. Accordingly, this paper presents a new method based on a group method of data handling (GMDH) neural network for differentiating faults from inrush currents. The proposed method can quickly detect a wide variety of faults that may occur simultaneously with inrush currents and is perfectly noise-resistant. The proposed method is compared with the conventional methods used in the industry, namely second harmonic and zero-crossing methods. The results demonstrate the ability of the proposed method to outperform conventional methods under a wide variety of operating conditions.

One of the most effective ways to reduce power loss and improve voltage profiles in distribution networks is to reconfiguration or redirect network lines. Reconfiguration is actually the opening of some closed lines and the closing of some open lines in order to achieve predetermined goals such as reducing power loss. Accordingly, this paper presents a new mathematical model for reconfiguration of distribution network in order to improve the voltage profile and reduce power loss in the presence of distributed generations. The innovation of this article is the simultaneous optimization to reduce the voltage deviation of different parts of the network and the energy dissipation of the network by considering the network load distribution constraints, limiting the bus voltage range, limiting power transmission lines, relationships governing distributed generations and limiting power transmission from the upstream network. Also, one of the other innovations of the present article is the normalization of different parts of the multi-objective function, which makes all the cases as a percentage and the mentioned function is converted from a multi-objective state to a single goal, and therefore there is no need to define weighting coefficients. Also, since the issue of reconfiguration considered in this paper is nonlinearly intertwined with integers, it is recommended to use an evolutionary algorithm of new improved adaptive colonial competition to reduce the time to solve the problem. The new proposed method is implemented in this article on the 69 IEEE distribution network. The results show the success of this method in achieving the predicted goals. Accordingly, the network losses have been reduced by 57% and the network voltage profile is within the allowable framework, so that the minimum amount of voltage after the proposed method was 0.95 (pu). Comparison with previous studies shows that the results of the proposed method have been much more successful in improving the intended goals.

In today's societies, human beings always seek to provide security as an example of their basic needs. The concept of security is a fundamental category in every social system, and social security in society is one of the main priorities. Several factors interfere with the creation of a sense of social security that their lack of presence makes them feel or are prevented from achieving social security, which is one of these factors of social capital.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and social capital in terms of feeling social security. This study was applied in a descriptive and surveyed manner. The statistical population of the study consisted of all people over twenty years old in Shahin-Dezh city, using the Cochran sampling formula, 187 individuals were selected as sample size. In order to collect field data, a questionnaire was used and for analyzing the research data, structural equation modeling was used based on SPSS and Smart-Pls software. The research findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and social capital. There was also a positive and significant relationship between social capital and the sense of social security of citizens, because the greater the social capital in society, the greater the sense of social security.

The results of the test indicate that there is a direct effect between emotional intelligence and social capital; therefore, the greater the emotional intelligence of the people of the community, social capital will also increase, and the coefficients of the path that expresses the intensity of the relationship represents the effect of 324 / 0% emotional intelligence is on social capital and social capital is also affected by social security by 0.228%.

The eddy current non-destructive testing (ECT) is one of the electromagnetic methods that can be ‎used to evaluate and control the metallurgical quality of industrial alloys. The rapid implementation and digital nature of the answers have ‎led to its use in setting up automatic inspection and quality control lines . The purpose of this paper is to investigate the metallurgical quality control ‎conditions of 7075 aluminum alloy sheets after aging heat treatment ‎using the ECT method. For this purpose, the destructive tests of metallography, hardness and ‎electrical conductivity were performed along with the eddy currents non-destructive testing and ‎then their data were compared with each other. The sheet samples of this alloy were prepared in ‎the form of a 1.2 mm thickness. The solution heat treatment was performed at 470 centigrade ‎for 20 minutes and then artificial aging heat treatment was performed at different temperatures ‎and times. Microstructural studies were performed by optical and scanning electron ‎microscopes, standard conductivity (% ICAS) and Brinell hardness methods. Then, using a ‎eddy current apparatus at 8 kHz, the electromagnetic responses of the samples were evaluated ‎and compared. The results showed that to quality control and assurance of the aged products, ‎the use of hardness index alone can not suffice. In addition, the metallographic method has ‎executive limitations in production processes. It was found that the eddy current responses are ‎affected by microstructural changes resulting from aging process. Using this method, different ‎parts of 7075 aluminum alloy can be non-destructively separated from each other.‎

Construction projects are one of the most important sectors of the economy of the country, which has a high capacity for job creation. Construction projects as part of a huge and strategic set of construction projects that unfortunately have a large share of work-related accidents due to the lack of attention to safety. One of the most important issues that can contribute to these events in construction projects is the weakness or lack of comprehensive and efficient risk management. The purpose of the present study was to identify and rank safety risks in construction projects with the combined approach of FUZZY FMEA and FUZZY TOPSIS

This study is descriptive-survey research in terms of purpose and terms of data collection The research was conducted by case study in the case of Qasrdaria town project in Mahmudabad city in 2015. Data collection was through a field study on the statistical population, including project managers, supervising and executive engineers, and building safety experts. The data were calculated in MATLAB and EXCEL software and the output of FUZZY FMEA and FUZZY TOPSIS methods were analyzed. This method for subsequent stages of risk assessment and risk control based on their priority, as well as cost savings.

The identified risks were given to the building safety specialists in the form of a questionnaire. The most important risks extracted from the FUZZY T.O.P.S.I.S method were related to the colliding crane arm with the building and then slipping and falling off the people from the stair ramp. In the FUZZY F.M.E.A method, the risks associated with falling from the edge of the pit, slipping and falling off the stair ramp, as well as falling from the scaffolding and workstations are the highest.

The most important identified risks in the construction industry based on these two ways are as follows: falling off the edge of a pit, slipping and falling from a stair ramp falling from a scaffold, workstations, colliding of crane arm with the building and slipping and falling people from the stair ramp

The sympathetic Inrush current that occurs in series and parallel transformers can cause the creation of two major problems in the protection of power transformers. The main problem is that the peak of the inrush current for this case is more severe rather than common inrush current that the protection system may mal-operate. Besides, when a common protection system is designed for parallel transformers, the line input current, the vector summation of the input currents, will be detected as a single-phase fault that can cause the incorrect operation of the protection system. For this purpose, this paper presents a novel approach based on Lissajous of current signal for detection of inrush current phenomenon. The proposed method detects the faults very quickly; as well as, this method has appropriate operation under noisy conditions, like white Gaussian noise. This method is evaluated using a network consist of 230 to 63 kV parallel transformers with vector group ynd11. The results show that the proposed method performs better than conventional industrial schemes, such as second harmonic, zero-crossing, and waveform analysis method.

In this paper, a microgrid including a solar panel, a battery energy storage system and a diesel generator as the backup source are optimally is designed. The microgrid is considered as a part of a distribution network, that could be considered as local area. As microgrids can operate in grid-connected mode, the proposed algorithm investigates the minimization of the distribution network power loss, the amount of imported power from the utility and the curtailed load in case of emergency. The main purpose of the proposed algorithm is to minimize the overall investment, replacement and operation and maintenance costs for a microgrid. This article suggests a Lightning Attachment Procedure Optimization Algorithm to optimally design the problem of sitting and scheduling of microgrids in distribution systems. Both problems are solved simultaneously. The proposed approach is applied on 33-bus test system, and the results are discussed. Fast convergence, best global answer finding, and robustness are the characteristics of the proposed method, which are concluded from the results and discussion.

One of the most important problems with the utilization of distance relays is wrong operation possibility during the power swing. The power swing is a transient phenomenon in the power system, which enters into the protective zones of distance relays and causes to mal-operation of them. In this paper, a new method needless to Fourier transform using Norm of sampled data from the current signal is proposed to proper detection of power swing and preventing the wrong operation of distance relays. Accordingly, a signal window is formed and begins to sampling from the current signal. Afterward, presence data in the window will form a matrix, which their Norm value will be calculated One of the advantages of the proposed method is independency from signal processing, fast detection of the power swing, detection of the simultaneous fault with power swing, and reduction of computations for ease of implementation. The proposed method has been evaluated on the standard 39-bus test system using the DIgSILENT and Matlab software. This method was also implemented by distance relay and tester device made by Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT) and Vebko Amirkabir Knowledge Base Company. Practical results of the proposed method are compared with the conventional methods which are used in protection relays especially Siemens protection relays. The results obviously show that the proposed method has better performance than the conventional industrial method.

Problems with the cost and pollution of fossil fuels have increased the incentive to operate on electric vehicles. However, the use of these vehicles is a challenge due to the additional loads which imposed on the power grid. Accordingly, a method has been proposed to improve the electrical parameters of the network including losses and voltage profiles by optimally managing the charge and discharge of plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The optimal management of the present paper involves the simultaneous management of active and reactive power of PHEVs. In order to implement the optimal management, in this paper, the probabilistic behavior of consumers and PHEVs are modeled on the factors affecting them. Regarding the multiplicity of factors considered and the non-convergence of the problem by conventional methods of optimization, a two-stage optimization method is proposed which provides the ability to achieve the desired goals by managing active and reactive power of PHEVs. The advantages of the proposed method can be to reduce the computational volume with respect to problem solving in each step of the time independently and thus reduce the optimization problem solving time. The proposed method is implemented by performing Monte Carlo repetitions on six power management scenarios implemented by GAMS and DIgSILENT software on real network of 20 kV distribution of Sirjan in Kerman province. The results of various scenarios show that the management of charge and discharge of PHEVs has smooth the voltage profile and reduced network losses. Therefore, using the proposed method, the additional loads imposed by the electric vehicle on the grid will not only increase the energy losses, but, with the proper management of the PHEVs, the network losses will be reduced compared to the absence of them.

Distance relays are widely used to protect transmission lines. Sometimes, in these lines due to the occurrence of the swing of the power, the impedance calculated in the distance relay enters into its functional zones and leads to the cutting off of the lines. This issue can cause global power outages. Accordingly, in this paper, a Clark-based method for detecting the swing of power and distinguishing it from simultaneous faults is presented. The proposed method operates based on the calculation of the average current signal in the Clark transform output. This method is independent of network parameters and it is capable of detecting various types of swings, including stable and unstable power fluctuations and all types of simultaneous faults. To evaluate the proposed method, different modes of power swing and simultaneous errors are simulated in DIgSILENT software and then using the matrix data obtained from the current signal, the proposed algorithm is implemented in the Matlab software using the Clark transform. In addition to software evaluation, the proposed method has been tested using a tester and relay made by the Vebko Amirkabir knowledge-based company. The results of the software and practical tests show the success of the proposed method in identifying the types of power swings. The results also show that the proposed method has a high speed in detecting simultaneous faults with power swings.

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive cocci that causes many diseases, such as food poisoning, risky shocks. Entrotoxins are the most important toxins of the bacteria. Among them, enterotoxin type B is the most common and important ones which is a super antigen. The aim of this study was the cloning and recombinant expression of seb gene in order to achieve a stable construct for the protein production and further use as a vaccine candidate in future investigations.
Subjects and seb gene was analyzed for rare codons and gene optimaztion was performed using bioinformatic softwares. Enzymatic digestion was performed to confirm the presence of the seb gene into pET28a() expression vector. Recombinant expression of SEB was induced by IPTG following cloning confirmation. Then, protein purification was done under non-denaturing conditions using a nickel chromatography column. Protein confirmation was performed by Western blotting analysis.
Codon adaptation index (CAI) of the native gene was 0.68, while the optimized sequence had a CAI of 0.82.Percentage of codon having high frequency distribution was improved to 57%. Restriction analysis confirmed the cloning of the seb gene into pET28a vector. The results showed that the cloning of seb gene in pET28a() vector was performed in an appropriate position between expected restriction sites. In addition, SEB had a good and significant expression after induction by IPTG. The total yield of purified protein was 22mg/L. Western blotting showed specific reactivity of recombinant protein with anti-his tag antibody.
Stable recombinant construct containing seb gene was constructed and appropriate recombinant expression of the protein was observed. So, this protein could be used in future studies as a vaccine candidate against SEB toxin of Staphylococcus aureus.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a group of subunit vaccines, which due to a stronger protective immunogenicity, are distinguished from soluble recombinant antigens. Like native viruses, virus-like particles can be both enveloped and non-enveloped. They are formed from the expression of one or more viral structural proteins in a heterologous system. Depending on the complexity of the VLP, the proteins can be produced in prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems, or in certain cases, they can be manufactured and assembled in the cell-free conditions. Virus-like particles can be produced in a range of cell culture systems, including mammalian cell lines, insect cells, yeast, plant cells and cell-free conditions. To date, a wide range of VLP-based vaccine candidates against viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens, as well as non-infectious diseases, have been produced in various expression systems. Some of VLPs have entered clinical development and few of them have licensed and commercialized.

In liquid rocket engine design, because of the combustion due to the high temperatures and high rates of heat transfer (1MW / m2 to about 160MW / m2 ) of hot gases to the chamber walls, the cooling thrust chamber is of utmost importance. Also, the thrust chamber cooling design, the selection of appropriate methods, as well as the design and topics related to thrust chamber cooling ducts, double glazing and thermal coating are very important. Liquid propellant engine in the wall of the combustion chamber and nozzle is a necessary part in order to prevent the failure of a cooling system using engine block resistance. In this paper, the combustion process is investigated using a computational fluid dynamics method. To do this, first the similar works in the field are reviewed and then the equations that exist for this process are extracted to determine what equations need to be solved. By examining this method, it was determined that the chosen numerical method could be used to solve the combustion equation. Finally, the simulation results for the geometry in different fluxes are studied which led to acceptable outcomes

In recent years, low-impact development (LID) has been well established as a method to provide the best and most affordable solutions for managing and alleviating the negative impacts of urban floods. Application of this practical method is regarded as a major step toward sustainable development as it employs eco-friendly storage instruments, reduces the effects of urbanization on impervious surfaces, and helps water infiltration to recharge groundwater resuorces. Although low-impact development tools have proved effective in the management of surface water resources and conservation of water quality, finding proper locations for the deployment of the equipment and the optimal use of each tool are still questions of much controversy and no definitive solutions are provided yet as environmental conditions keep changing. The present study exploits bio-retention cells, rain barrels, green roofs, and vegetable swales as storage instruments under different rainfall scenarios with return periods from 2 to 100 years extracted from the statistical data of Sanadaj City to determine the flood volumes and hydrographs for each sub-basin before and after the low-impact development tools are employed. Moreover, SWMM 5.1 software developed by the American Environmental Protection Agency is used to develop hydraulic and hydrologic models of the basin and the changes are monitored with each development tool selected. The most outstanding results obtained from this study include the change observed in thet form of hydrograph, a reduction of 50% in time of concentration, and reductions of 35 to 50% in peak flow in the city of Sanadaj as a result of employing the low-impact development method. Classification of the equipment into infiltration and storage tools used for urban runoff control allows the best runoff control model to be developed such that the grounds are prepared not only for the return to the conditions before a certain development took place but even for flood management in challenging and riskful urban areas.

Tuberculosis (TB) infectious disease is caused by intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the major health problems throughout the world. Humulus lupulus (hop) is a species of flowering plant of the Cannabaceae family, which have sedative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Humulus lupulus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
In this semi-experimental research, the plant extract was produced by cold maceration method, then its MIC and MBC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was assessed using serial dilution.
The results were indicative of strong antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Humulus lupulus against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The antimicrobial effect of standard strain C was more than standard strain H37RV; The MIC and MBC levels of aqueous extract of Humulus lupulus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains C, were 7.8μg/ml and 15.7μg/ml, respectively. This amount for the ethanol extract of Humulus lupulus, was 15.7μg/ml and 31.2μg/ml, respectively.
The findings of this study showed that Humulus lupulus extract can be used as antibacterial agent in development of new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis infectious disease.

Adaptive protection coordination which realizes using communication links is an efficient method to solve problems in microgrid protection coordination. An issue that can affect the efficiency of this method is uncertainty in communication links. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of uncertainty in communication links on adaptive protection and reliability of microgrids, a new Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is proposed. In the proposed method, the probability of correct operation of circuit breakers (CBs) and communication links is not considered to be constant; it can vary according to the fault current flowing through CBs and the latency of communication links, respectively. The performance of the proposed method is tested on a sample microgrid equipped by central server and communication links. In order to assess the impact of uncertainty in communication links on the reliability of the microgrid, System Average Interruption Duration (SAIDI), Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS), and Expected COST of Interruption (ECOST) indices are used. Results prove that the traditional protection coordination schemes have more effectiveness of the uncertainty in communication links compare to schemes which use global decisions.

Ricin toxin is a disulfide-linked heterodimeric glycoprotein consisting of the toxic A chain and the cell-binding B chain that acts through the irreversible inactivation of eukaryotic ribosomes and inhibition of the polypeptide chain elongation, which finally leads to cell death. The toxin is extracted from castor plant beans (Ricinus communis) and it consists of 1–5% of the beans’ dry weight. Ricin is of concern in the area of biodefense because it is readily available to individuals or groups with little technical expertise or funding and its source is ubiquitous in the weed and in the cultivated crop in many countries. Since ricin can easily be distribute in the body, it has been classified by the CDC (US center for Disease Control and Prevention) as a class B biothreat. There has been much investigation on the diagnosis, treatment and production of a potent vaccine against this agent. For diagnosis of ricin poisoning in clinical cases, immunological techniques have been used for screening of samples and combination of high tech chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods could be used for poisoning confirmative analysis. There is currently no specific treatment available for poisoning with ricin but two closely related RTA-based subunit vaccines, contain RiVax and RVEc, are now under development. The aim of this study is presentation of ricin toxin, diagnosis methods, treatment and new vaccine candidates against it.

The goal of this paper is to study the effects of Cyberspace on geographical space and to recognize Relationship use of internet with two hazards: lack of Feeling of security and distrust among a crowd of 300 people aged 15 to 25 years. To achieve these goals, at first, the effect of cyberspace on geographical space was studied using library methodsand then a structured questionnaire was usedto identify the existence or absence of relationship between the use of the Internet and the lack of feeling of security and distrust among users.After collecting data using Chi-square test and Pearson correlation test in SPSS software,efforts have been made to evaluate the relationship between the use of the Internet and the lack of feeling of security and distrust. The findings of this study suggest thatnowadaysCyberspace is influential on human behavior and relationships. For the lack of feeling of security and distrust it became clear that In general, the lack of feeling of security and distrust towards this space and other users would increase with higher rate by increment of internet use among users.

Quality of DNA is usually determined by multiple factors such as pollution especially caused by RNA, protein, lipid and other structures that inhibit Taq polymerase enzyme in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and inhibit the cutting enzymes. The existence of phenolic compounds and other secondary metabolites has many effects on the quantity and quality of the purified DNA. At this investigation, in terms of quality and quantity with an efficient method for purification of DNA from S. marianum L. plant leaves, taking into account existing limitations to be provided.
Subjects and

In this study quantitative and qualitative comparison between two DNA extraction methods namely sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a modified cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), were undertaken. The quantity of extracted DNA was determined by measurement of the absorption rate in wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm and their ratios by spectrophotometer. For investigate DNA quality the existence of RNA fracture was evaluated by agarose gel.

In terms of quantity and quality, for DNA extraction from S. marianum Populations, CTAB method had low performance While, SDS method showed appropriate performance in terms of quantity, quality and purity of extracted DNA.

ANOVA of samples revealed that the purification method, races and their interaction is very significant and showed that the purification of the races and their interaction had an impact on the quality of purified DNA. The 280A/260A ratio that is more than 2 indicates the presence of RNA and DNA degradation. Also if this ratio is less than 1.8 Indicating the presence of protein contamination in DNA. In genetic engineering researches and genetic studies, the suitable methods for DNA purifying are those that get higher quantity and quality of net DNA. Many studies carried out on medicinal plants and plants which contain high level of polyphenol and polysaccharide compounds showed that CTAB method and other methods that are technically same to CTAB have better efficiency. CTAB as a detergent can form complex with the DNA and can separate it from carbohydrates and proteins. The remaining polysaccharides are removed by concentrated NaCl. Keywords: DNA extraction, DNA quantity and quality, CTAB method, SDS method, Medicinal plant, Silybum marianum, PCR. ►Please cite this paper as: Hoseini SA, Shams Bakhsh M, Alami Saeed Kh, Hedayat Manesh Z, Heidari A. Quantitative and Qualitative Comparison of CTAB and SDS Method for DNA Extraction from the Herb Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.).