سید مجید موسوی

The entry of heavy metals into the soil through fertilization is one of the most important challenges of agriculture. The present study was conducted to investigate the accumulation of some heavy metals in plots treated with different levels of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) for 4 years at the Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2021. The studied treatments were T1: control (application of NPK based on soil testing); T2: 20 tons/ha MSWC every two years + T1; T3: annual application of 20 tons/ha MSWC + nitrogen chemical fertilizer; T4: annual application of 20 tons/ha of MSWC; T5: application of 20 tons/ha MSWC every two years + T1 + application of plant growth biological stimulants. Based on the concentration of the studied metals in the soil, their status was checked using HYDRUS-1D and MACRO models. The estimation results of the models at the depth of 0-45 cm of the soil showed that the most problematic treatment was the T3 treatment. So its application after 50 years will result in the highest accumulation of heavy elements. Therefore, to take advantage of the significant potential of MSWC in increasing the yield and also reducing the risk of heavy metals entering the food chain as a result of using MSWC as fertilizer, it is suggested that after the quality control of the MSWC used, regarding the content of heavy metals, its application is proportional to the plant's nutritional needs and soil characteristics.

The present study aimed to determine the Effectiveness of Compassionate Mind Group Training on disturbing indecision and hostile documents in adolescent boys prone to addiction. The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all male secondary school students of Mahalat City in the second half of 2022-2023. The sample of this research included 30 male adolescents prone to addiction who were selected as available. Then, among the research sample, 15 people were randomly replaced in the control group and 15 people in the experimental group. Data were collected using Freestone's Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) (1994) and Hostile Documents (HDS) (Arentz et al., 2003). The group training intervention of Mendan Mushfaq was carried out during 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The research data was analyzed by mixed variance analysis (repeated measurement). The results showed that in the variable of hostile documents, the difference between the pre-test and post-test stage (p<0.05) and the follow-up pre-test (p<0.05), and In the distracting uncertainty variable, the difference between pre-test and post-test (p<0.05) and pre-test and follow-up (p<0.05) was significant. According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the group training of Mushfiq's mind is effective in disturbing indecisiveness and hostile documents in adolescent boys who are prone to addiction.

"Right" and "law" are considered as the key words of jurisprudence. These two basic notions should be consistent with each other, but in many cases despite the claims of political systems in the compatibility they are not compatible.. This article aims to answer the question what are the justification aspects of the supremacy of the right over the law? The findings of this research indicate that the right has been superior to the law not only from the point of view of philosophical approach but also with historical approach is also defined the superiority of law over right as the counter point of the debate, has its roots in the theory of "collectivism" of ancient Greece, and this has always been considered regardless of the o individuals and the superiority of the right. At the same time insisting on the collectivism providing a specific interpretation of words such as society or "people" is considered as a solution in the hands of the rulers to express their will in the name of society and people through formalism resulting from the superiority of government institutions. Bringing the law to the final result indicates that the laws are made based on the will of the rulers and not the "will of the people and their "needs". Therefore the emphasis on the superiority of individualism and rejectionism of formalism are considered as the justifying reason for the supremacy of right over law.

Personal unity of existence means that the concrete and real existence outside is merely one, i.e. there is nothing outside but the dependent manifestations and epiphanies of that one existence. This theory is one of the highest and deep doctrines of Islamic mysticism; it came across diverse interpretations and obstacles, though. One obstacle in the way of such a lofty doctrine is the theory of interpenetration of existence according to which Allah’s existence is interpenetrated with that of abodes of creatures so that while keeping the distance between the creator and the creatures, maintains the infinity of Allah Almighty.
The “specific gradation of existence” theory which says there is only one identical existence appearing in different states and various multiplicities i.e. unity is running through multiplicity, can be considered a weak obstacle to the personal unity of existence, for it is open to some particular interpretation.
In their efforts, the authors try not only to show the correct interpretation of the “specific gradation of existence” theory which is the other side of “personal unity of existence”, but also to take a critical look into the “interpenetrated existence” theory as per rational arguments and firm evidences from the Qur’an and traditions.

A sound lifestyle depends on doctrinal and philosophical principles such as rationality, spirituality, moderation and the like. With Western scholars, rationality is interpreted as a means for meeting material needs, capitalism, negation of metaphysical power, opposing religion and religious devotion; therefore, it cannot be used as the foundation for a sound religious lifestyle. However, were rationality regarded transcendent and comprehensive, it would lead to a progress in all dimensions of individual and social lifestyle thus to the realization of Islamic civilization.     In their paper, the authors have explained transcendent rationality and its deference from current rationalities. The characteristics of such rationality are clarified at three levels. At the cognitive level, they are: maximum use of the sources of knowledge, truth-centeredness, security, peace and certainty, the authority of logical rules, consideration of well-founded science-data, the choice of best explanation, reliance on self-evident knowledge, and demarcating borders between the scope of experience and the revealed and philosophical teachings. At the moral level, they are: a wide system of values, internal coherence, capability of rational explanation, considering both good act and good intention of the agent, and that the system of values is hierarchical. At the instrumental level and livelihood, they are: purposefulness, the choice of proper means for aims, the choice of rationality in the case of different probabilities, considering the expected profits, and moderation. The adopted method is analytic-descriptive.

The goal of any greenhouse owner is to adopt strategies that can maintain the plant's yield under temperature stress conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of potassium salicylate C7H5KO3 (0, 0.5, and 1 mM) and potassium silicate (0 and 4 parts per thousand (ppt)) on the yield and nutritional status of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under cold stress conditions (in the temperature range of 15-17 ͦC). This experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications under greenhouse condition in Karaj, Iran. The results showed that the treatments significantly affected the concentration of nitrate and nutrients in the plant tissue, quality, and yield of cucumber. Also, simultaneous foliar application of potassium salicylate and silicate significantly affected the total yield and marketable yield of cucumber. The highest increase in total yield and marketable yield compared to the control (94.91% and 96.01%, respectively) were measured in 0.5 mM potassium salicylate treatment. Also, concentrations of N, B, and Mn in leaf significantly increased compared to the control (P<0.05). Furthermore, compared to the control treatment, the spray treatments significantly reduced nitrate content of leaf dry matter: 11% in 1 mM potassium salicylate+4 ppt potassium silicate and 78% in 0.5 mM potassium salicylate+4 ppt potassium silicate. Generally, the findings of this study showed that application of potassium salicylate and potassium silicate can increase the yield and promote the marketable yield of greenhouse cucumber under cold stress conditions.

Spirituality is an inner impulse and impressive factor with the Islamic lifestyle. Due to the rise of deviated movements of mysticism and the spread of their misleading lifestyle, it is necessary to explain well-grounded and rational spirituality as per Imamiyyah doctrines and its tie to some of those doctrines such as Ahlulbeit’s authority over creation. Spirituality may come out of one’s belief in the authority over creation, since it has its roots in the proximity to Allah as the zenith and outcome of genuine spirituality. One’s belief in the authority over creation is the starting point of one’s movement towards spirituality and its criterion for assessment. The indexes of such spirituality are: that it is comprehensive, that it has its source from divine revelation, that it produces movement, and the like. Impressive samples of Ahlulbeit’s lifestyle in various aspects are: being mindful of God, sincerity, imploring for assistance, morality, justice and equity, coming together over the sovereignty, and paying attention to the causes of social spirituality.    The method of collecting data is library references and of their processing is description, analysis, and examination.

Element efficiency is one of the most important characteristics of different plant cultivars for managing nutrition and fertilizer application in plants. This study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of silicon in different maize cultivars in a calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions. Treatments included five maize cultivars (single crosses 400 (ksc400), 410 (ksc410), 704 (ksc704), 705 (ksc705), 706 (ksc706)) and two silicon levels (0 and 100 mg silicon in 1 kg soil from potassium silicate source), which was performed in a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design. After eight weeks of vegetative period, plants harvested and factors such as shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, root volume and surface area and plant silicon uptake were measured. Efficiency element indices including adsorption and consumption efficiency of silicon and silicon efficiency of different cultivars were calculated. Among cultivars, ksc706 with 14.54 g yield, root weight of 6.7 g, leaf area of 173700 mm2 and root area of 185185 mm2 had the best results in terms of morphological characteristics and ksc410 cultivar with yield of 10.03 g, root weight of 5.25 g, leaf area of ​​2147900 mm2 and root area of ​​136284 mm2 showed the lowest desirable characteristics, compared to the control treatment. Yield increase of cultivars compared to the control treatment were: ksc400 (20.7%), ksc706 (17.8%), ksc410 (9.2%), ksc704 (8.9%) and ksc705 (4.8%). The highest silicon uptake efficiency was in ksc706 cultivar (85.7%) and the lowest in ksc704 (58.9%), and the highest silicon consumption efficiency was in ksc705 (12.52%) and the lowest in ksc400 (5.44%). With regard of increasing the area of root system in the treatment containing silicon compared to the control, and the effects of silicon on the uptake and transfer of more nutrients from the soil to the shoots, an increase in plant yield is evident. Accordingly, it is suggested to consider the development of planting the effective element plants with the aim of managing input consumption, soil fertility and sustainable agricultural goals.

Impacts of climate change on water resources will force decision-makers to adopt climate change adaptation policies in order to reduce social-economic problems and difficulties resulting from it and water resource sustainable development. One of the adaptation methods is to increase water use efficiency in agriculture that will adjust climate change impacts include decreasing runoff and increasing water demands. In this study, the impact of water use efficiency as a climate change adaptation approach is assessed in the optimal operation of JAREH dam. Fifteen climate change scenarios were generated by using downscaling technique on CMIP5 data for the near (2020-2044) and far (2070-2094) future. Based on these scenarios, time series of reservoir inflow and downstream water demand were projected for both future periods. An optimization model is developed considering the water efficiency coefficient parameter in order to define four water use efficiency scenarios (0-S1, 0.1-S2, 0.3-S3, 0.5-S4). Results show that reservoir inflow decreases up to 18.8% and water agriculture demand increases up to 29%. The amount of water allocation would increase up to 18.7% in the future periods than in the baseline period under S1 scenario to supply the increased water demand, which may decrease reliability of reservoir system for water allocation. Increasing water use efficiency coefficient up to 0.5 in the future periods would increase system reliability up to 20% that will reduce social-economic problems caused by climate change impact in this study area.

Recent advances in numerical weather and seasonal forecasts ,make the water resources manager and operators very interested to involve the forecasts in real operation.Generally in the studies, the skill assessment of the forecasts would be done by comparing the forecasts with station gauge or gridded data which maight not reflect the real skill of the forecasts in basin scale. In this paper , the forecasts generated by the Noaa climate forecast system version 2( CFSv2) were evaluated in the Dez dam basin. A combination of rain gauge data with satelite base precipitation estimates( Persiann-CDR) were used as the basis of evaluation. Result showed monthly precipitation forecasts with lead 1 has the best performance based on R and ROCauc although the underestimation is higher than other leads. Evaluation of the forecasts in 3 different percentile including below normal, normal and above normal, showed well performance in percentiles above 0.6 and below 0.4, also best monthly forecast performance with lead1 was 0.88 for Nov, 0.66 for Dec and 0.8 for Mar respectively for percentile of category 1 to 3 based on ROCauc. Winter precipitation evaluation based on the SPI with 5 category, suggested that 50 to 60 percent of the times, the exact category was truly predicted while with on category difference the accuracy imrove up to 80 percent of the times.

In order to study the nutritional status of orange orchards, Thompson navel sweet orange in north of Iran (east of Mazandaran province) through CND method, 133 orchards were studied in summer (August). After selecting and as signing 30 trees in each orchard, plant samples were taken from the trees in a proper time to determine concentration of the elements and their average yield was measured in the harvest season. By using the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of nutrients variance ratio model in this work, 27 orchards were considered as the high yielding group and 106 orchards were considered as the low yielding group. By solving the third-degree cumulative function equations related to the elements, the related yields were calculated and the cut-off yield was determined 58 ton ha-1. The norms were calculated for 10 elements from average concentrations of high yield groups: N 2.32±0.24%; P 0.17±0.01%; K 1.74±0.24%; Ca 3.38±0.94%; Mg 0.41± 0.08%; Mn 40±18 mg kg-1; Zn 45.8±25 mg kg-1; Fe 199.4±78 mg kg-1; Cu 14±6.7 mg kg-1; B 80±36 mg kg-1.  Measured norms showed that K, P and Mn showed more deficiency in the orchards, respectively.

Fertilizer recommendation in orchards based on soil testing is not accurate because findings showed that there is not significant correlation between nutrients concentration in the soil and plant. Therefore, studying the nutritional status in orchards is usually based on the plant testing. In order to evaluate the nutritional status ofplants, different methods, such as Compositional Nutrients Diagnosis (CND), Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP), Critical Value Approach (CVA) and Sufficiency Range Approach (SRA) were used. In the CND method, a determination coefficient measured which is considered as the relative superiority of this method to the others. Generally, through the CND method, a correct perception on nutritional status of plantsmay be obtained.
The nutritional status of orange orchards, Valencia cultivar, in south of Fars province (Darab town) was studiedusing the compositional nutrient diagnosis and multivariate statistical analysis methods. For this, 80 orange orchards, Valencia cultivar were selected and 30 trees in each orchard were signed. Plant samples were taken from the selected trees in the proper session and concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu and B weremeasured using the standard methods. Then the average yield was measured atharvest. Based on the CND method, total concentration of the nutrients in the plant was considered as a variable (Sd) plus a residual portion (Rd) that "d" is defined as the number of nutrients in the equation and Rd is defined as the residual value. Which sum of the equation equals 100 and it is based on percent. The residual/un measured nutrients and estimated by using the equation of " Rd = 100- (N㿢…)". Thereafter, by using the standard equations, which they were perfectly explained and presented in the material and methods section, the geometric mean of nutrients, nutrients index, nutrient balance index, and average yield and finally the reference norms were determined. In addition to the CND method, by using the Multivariate Statistical Analysis and PrincipalComponent Analysis methods, the effective and important nutrients in the yield were determined and also, ability of the CND method was evaluated. The SPSS software was used for variance analysis the data.
Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) analysis and multivariate analysis methods are used to study the nutritional diagnosis of Valencia orange orchards in south of Fars province. 80 valencia orange orchards were selected in the region and in each of them, 30 uniform trees were marked and sampled were taken in proper time and referenced method. Leaf elemental compositions and mean yield also were measured from selected trees for each orchard. Data analysis divided all orchards into two low and high yield groups.
The results showed that 11 orchards were as high yielding group and 69 orchards were as low yielding group and the average of optimum yields, 113 Kg tree-1, was determined as the yield goal. By using the average of measured nutrients norms for the high yielding community the concentration of the 10 studied elements was obtained which comprised: N 3.00± 0.18; P 0.17± 0.01; K 1.37± 0.12; Ca 3.32± 0.78; Mg 0.36±0.07; Mn 23± 3.35; Zn 17.3± 2.3; Fe 75± 7.3; Cu 7.81± 1.44; B 76± 19.4. Through comparison with the obtained reference norms of optimum yielding orchards, more than 50% of the studied orchards had lower N, Ca and Mn content than the obtained norm and B concentration in the high yielding group was more than 50% less than the low yielding group. Generally, the results of Multivariate Statistical Analysis and PrincipalComponent Analysis showed that N, Ca, Fe and Zn had the highest effect in changes of yield.
Resultsof this work showed that 13% of the studied orchards were in the high yielding group and 86% of themwere in thelow yielding group which shows the imbalance nutritional condition in the studied region. The positive effect of N and Ca on the yield may be due to the dilution effect which these nutrients can reduce the B toxicity. Abundance of Mn deficiency in the studied orchards may be due to the high concentration of Zn and Fe in the plants and antagonistic relations may be considered as the main reason. Multivariate statistical analysis methods may be used as an important tool to study the nutritional conditions of plants. Dominant percentage of the studied orchards showed low yield which may be due to the B toxicity which probably N and Ca application may be alleviated the negative effect of this element.

Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and vermicompost in agriculture as promoting factors to improve the soil quality and plant nutrition, plant growth and yield, is considered as an important and valuable findings in soil fertility and plant nutrition. In order to study the effect of vermicompost and Rhizophagus irregularis fungi on some growth and nutritional responses of two wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) in greenhouse conditions. Treatments were included: two levels of Rhizophagus irregularis fungi (with and without fungi), two levels of vermicompost (with and without) and two wheat cultivars (Bahar and Shiraz). The results showed that the application of vermicompost increased the mean grain and straw yields of wheat cultivars by 57.8% and 65.6%, respectively, compared to the control. So that, grain and straw yields, total uptake of P, concentration and total uptake of N, total uptake of K and the percentage of root colonization in Bahar cultivar were significantly higher than Shiraz cultivar. The same results obtained in Rhizophagus irregularis fungi treatment. Remarkable increase was observed in the concentration and total uptake of P and N in straw for Bahar cultivar compared to the control. Whereas there is no significant effect on Shiraz cultivar. Rhizophagus irregularis fungi also induced higher root colonization for Bahar cultivar (35.48% increase) compared to Shiraz cultivar. In general, Bahar cultivar was superior to Shiraz cultivar both in term of shoot yield and response to vermicompost and fungi application.

The present paper investigates turbulent flow of film cooling on model turbine blade leading edge using two scale-resolving attitude of turbulent flow modeling. In the first attitude the detached eddy simulation (DES) approach based on Spalart-Allmaras and in the second attitude the large eddy simulation (LES) approach will be used. Results show that the DES approach due to its hybrid nature and applying RANS models in near walls, predicts the Fluctuations of spanwise direction in coolant pipe lower. As a result, the coolant flow imports to the main flow with lower turbulence. Also DES approach predicts less turbulent kinetic energy lateral distribution and further turbulent heat flux in near walls. So, in DES approach the adiabatic effectiveness on turbine blade leading edge predicted lower than LES approach and experimental data. In addition, results show that mixture of coolant jet and mainstream hot gas in DES approach is estimated lower than LES approach. In total, it can be deducted that although DES approach provides acceptable results in far wall region, but in near wall region it has problems in correct prediction of turbulence Specifications. In addition, the main advantage of DES approach in comparison with LES approach is 40% reduction of computational cost that can explain using this approach.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of vermicompost and sodium chloride (NaCl) on growth of spinach cv. Viroflay and some chemical properties of post-harvest soil. The greenhouse experiment was factorial, arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included three vermicompost levels (0, 1 and 2% w/w) and four salinity levels (0, 1, 2 and 3 gr NaCl/kg soil, equivalent to 0.7, 4.5, 8 and 11.5 dS/m, respectively). The highest relative yield of spinach shoots was obtained by application of 10% vermicompost, whereas, application of NaCl had no significant effect on relative yield of spinach shoots. Application of vermicompost increased mean leaf area and chlorophyll of shoots, organic matter (OM), electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) of post-harvest soil. Addition of NaCl increased EC, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Cl of post-harvest soil, but had no significant effect on leaf area and chlorophyll content of shoots, OM and N of post-harvest soil. Addition of vermicompost had positive effect on spinach growth and plant nutrients availability in post-harvest soil. However, increased soil salinity, especially when high level of vermicompost is applied, should be considered. Application of NaCl, even up to the salinity of 11.5 dS/m, didn’t decrease significantly the spinach yield. Therefore, Viroflay cultivar could be introduced as a relatively resistant to salinity; although, before any recommendations, it is needed to do further experiments, especially under field conditions, to confirm the results of this study

To compare potential of two organic materials including sewage sludge (SS) and municipal solid waste compost (MSW) on micronutrients entry to soil، a research was conducted as split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Sari Agricultural University. Main-plot (fertilizer treatments) included 20 and 40 ton/ha SS، 20 and 40 ton/ha SS + 50% chemical fertilizer (CF)، 20 and 40 ton/ha MSW، 20 and 40 ton/ha MSW + 1/2 CF، CF and control. Subplot (years of application) comprised 3 treatments (1، 2 and 3 times of application). Results showed that both fertilizer treatments and application period treatments enhanced accumulation of micronutrients in soil significantly so that SS treatments had more influence compared to MSW treatments. The highest total and available Fe and Zn، total Mn and Cu were obtained in SS treatments. While، the most available Mn and available Cu was observed in 3 continuous years application of enriched 40 ton MSW and 20 ton MSW with CF، respectively.

In order to investigation influence of municipal waste compost on some agronomic properties، yield and yield component of rice (Tarom cultivar)، this research was carried out as split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2008. Main factor (municipal waste compost) added to soil in 6 levels، 20 and 40 ton. ha-1، 20 and 40 ton enriched by 1/2 chemical fertilizer، chemical fertilizer and control (without application of any fertilizer). Sub plot، (fertilization years) considered 3 treatments (1، 2 and 3 years application). Results showed that the maximum biomass (1343. 7 g. m-2)، harvest index (42. 5%)، total number of grain in panicle (111. 9) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) of flag leaf and other leaves belong to 40 ton enriched compost. The highest thousand-grain weight (23. 39 g) measured in 20 ton. ha-1 treatment. The maximum number of tiller (46. 22) was recorded in 40 ton. ha-1 treatment. Application of 20 and 40 ton enriched compost، concluded the most number of filled grain in panicle. During 3 continues years application of 40 ton enriched by 1/2 chemical fertilizer the highest plant height (161 cm) was obtained. The maximum number of unfilled grain in panicle، also، belong to 3 years application of 20 ton. ha-1. Application of 40 ton enriched compost after 3 years caused the maximum panicle length (27. 76 centimeter) and paddy yield (686. 7 g. m-2) which was equal to about 2 times of paddy yield in control.

In order to investigate distribution status of heavy metals in cropping systems of water logging and dry farming, an experiment was conducted as split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University. A paddy-soil considered for water logging system and the planted field with vegetables considered for dry farming system. Main plot (fertilizer treatments added to soil) included five treatments: 20 and 40 ton.ha-1 compost, 20 and 40 ton.ha-1 sewage sludge and control. Also, sub factor (application years) consisted three treatments comprised: one, two and three years fertilization. The results showed that in water logging system sewage sludge treatments had more influence on heavy metals accumulation in soil while, compost treatments had more influence than sewage sludge treatments in dry farming system. Also, in paddy soil the enhancement percent of available form compared to control treatment was much more than dry farming system.

The political thought of the “architect of democracy” and “the father of liberalism” prepared the theoretical ground for the formation of serious debates on concepts like natural law and law based on that, separation of powers, constitutional monarchy etc… in eighteenth century. Locke’s teachings created the ground for the growth of democratic movements and later liberals. These thoughts first led to revolution in England, the independence movement of the United States and French revolution and later they were approved in the constitution of most of the countries. They were approved in General Assembly of the United Nations and universal declaration of human rights in thirty articles. These thoughts had tremendous impact in the formation and foundation of democratic institution in the West. The present article wants to examine and explain the indexes of democracy in John Locke’s political thought. The finding of the study shows that John Locke while giving importance to the place of individuals, individual wisdom, good nature of individual and individual right to avail one of natural non-deprivable rights derived from natural law and such individual which is having the above rights is having precedence to primitive society and government. Locke believes that the legitimacy of government depends on the natural rights of the individual and for guaranteeing maximum adherence to these rights he formed the details of the thought of social contact theory. The result of this contract was the formation of rational government and an agent which the exercise of its authority is limited through different mechanism. In this way from epistemological point of view he laid the foundation of individualism. From epistemological aspect he believes in rationalism and collective wisdom and from political aspect he was the advocate of people’s rule and constitutional government.

In order to investigate the influence of vermicompost (VC) on the concentration of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) in soil and rice this research was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2008. Main factor (fertilizer) was added to soil in 6 levels, 20 and 40 ton ha-1 VC, 20 and 40 ton ha-1 VC enriched with 50% chemical fertilizer (CF), CF (based on soil testing comprise 100 kg. ha-1 urea, 150 kg. ha-1 triple super phosphate and 100 kg. ha-1 potassium sulphate) and control. Sub plot, were considered application periods that comprise 1, 2 and 3 years application. Results showed that the maximum available Ni (2.20 mg kg-1) belonged to 3 years application of 40 ton enriched VC. In 3 continuous years application of enriched 20 and 40 ton ha-1 measured the highest available Cr (0.109 mg kg-1). The highest concentration of Ni in root belong to 3 continuous years application of 40 ton VC +50% chemical fertilizer that was about 63% more than control treatment. With application of 40 ton VC per hectare during 2 and 3 years, measured the maximum Ni concentration in grain with about 2 times of control treatment. Also, the most content of Cr in root (8.43 mg kg-1) and grain (4.25 mg kg-1) belonged to 3 years application of enriched 40 and 20 ton ha-1, respectively.

Inflow forecasting plays an important role in reservoir operation and water resourcesmanagement. In this paper, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and multiple regression modelshave been used to forecast inflow into Dez reservoir using data from upstream hydrometric stations. The paper aims to define the best pattern of spatial and temporal correlations among the stations in upstream the reservoir. using the correlation coefficient and mean square of errors (MSE), The performances of different models were compared. The results indicited that the ANN forecasts the reservoir inflow better than the multiple regression models. The best one day prior forecasting was obtained using the data of the nearest station to the reservoir (Tangpanj station). Furthermore, the best three days prior forecasting model is obtained using Kamandab, Vanaee, Doroodtireh and Daretakht stations. Hence, by increasing the distance of forecaster stations from the target station, the forecasting time would increase from one day to three days, but forecasting accuracy would decrease by 42%

Youth are a significant proportion of Iranian population and one of the main problems of them is delinquent behavior. This study investigates the relationship between the socio-economic factors and high school student's delinquency in Abadeh County. Selection of variables was mostly based on the theories of social control as presented by scholars such as Gut Fredson and Travis Hirshi. The research is quantitative and uses survey method. The sample under study consists of about 500 male and female students were randomly selected. The related data was collected by self report questionnaires. By using SPSS package and inferential statistics, 16 hypotheses are tested. Using one-way analysis of variances and multiple regression techniques for explaining the data, the findings show that attachment to friends, religiosity and mass media use on the whole can explain 31 percent of variations of Juvenile delinquency in Abadeh County. The findings demonstrate that as friend ties become stronger and attachment to friend's increases, severity of acts of delinquency increase also religious beliefs prevent delinquency and reinforcement of religiosity identity can decreases delinquency rates. Also, reducing the aggressive content of mass media programs decreases delinquent acts in youth.