سید محمد علی هاشمی

Citizenship is the relationship and credit belonging of a person to a certain government that has legal and political effects and requirements. The issue of acquired citizenship and the effort of a Muslim person to obtain and acquire the citizenship of non-Islamic states is the focus of discussion and investigation and the problem of this research. This research is done by using linguistic analysis and avoiding the atomic understanding of religious texts and propositions by systematically rereading these texts while paying attention to the understanding of reason. Based on the results of this research, it seems that it is permissible to acquire the citizenship of non-Islamic states and countries if it is possible to preserve the Islamic identity and follow the Islamic duties as much as possible. As in some cases, according to different conditions and situations, it is necessary to understand the sanctity or the necessity of acquiring the citizenship of non-Islamic states. Therefore, in each case, attention should be paid to the requirements of the understanding of reason, and a general and absolute ruling on the permissibility or sanctity is not correct. In other words, this issue has a floating ruling.

Philosophy of law is a science that examines "law knowledge" and "legal research" with an analytical and rational method. This method of parascientific study is the basis for understanding and explaining the dimensions of that phenomenon. The philosophy of the law of modern technologies is a field of philosophy of law that has made the law of modern technologies the subject and focus of study with an analytical and rational approach. The philosophy of the law of modern technologies is a suitable background for the formation of the geometry of the knowledge of the law of modern technologies and research policy in the fields of legal investigations related to law and technology. Therefore, "Ontology of the Philosophy of Modern Technologies Laws" is the title of research whose main issue is to explain the nature and core of the philosophy of modern technologies laws and to lay the groundwork for the systematic formation of the knowledge of modern technologies laws. The present research, using the criteria and literature of the philosophy of method, has studied conceptually the phenomena created by the philosophy of the law of new analytical technologies and the philosophy of the law of new normative technologies. As in completing the course of the research, from the idea of philosophy as a method to the methodology of the philosophy of the laws of modern technologies and the geography of the problems and the structure of the philosophy of the laws of modern technologies have been investigated. Providing a different understanding of the concept of the word philosophy in parascientific philosophies and the formulation of this knowledge with the initial discourse of Muslim philosophers is one of the outputs of this research. The method of this research is evaluation and analytical judgment.

 Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ranks as one of the most substantial risk factors associated with Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). At the core of this intricate relationship lies the EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) protein, a central figure with a remarkable ability to regulate the expression of both cellular and viral genes. This research delves into the impact of EBNA1 on the expression patterns of four cellular genes - MDMX, MDM2, MYC, and BIRC5 in the U87MG cell line.

 We divided U87MG cells into two distinct groups. The first group involved cells that were transfected with a plasmid containing the EBNA1 gene, while the second group consisted of cells that were transfected with a control plasmid. To evaluate the transcriptional activity of MDMX, MDM2, MYC, and BIRC5 genes in both sets of cells, we employed a real-time PCR technique. Any observed differences were considered statistically significant if the associated P-values were less than 0.05.

 Our findings demonstrated a substantial three-fold increase in the expression of the MDMX gene when U87MG cells were transfected with EBNA1 plasmid (P=0.02). Although the cells transfected with EBNA1 plasmid displayed great elevations in the expression levels of MDM2, MYC, and BIRC5 genes, these alterations were not statistically significant.

 The outcomes of this investigation have unveiled that EBNA1 has the ability to trigger the expression of four crucial cellular genes, which wield substantial influence in the genesis of GBM within glioblastoma astrocytoma cells. This underscores the potential impact of EBNA1 on the evolution of GBM, particularly in individuals harboring EBV.

The open reading frame 9 (ORF9b) proteins, which is an accessory protein of SARSCoV- 2, can play a role in the virulence of the virus through mechanisms. Mutations in this coding gene region can affect protein function. Therefore, the present study investigated mutations in the ORF9b gene of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from Iran.

Methods and Materials:

 ORF9b sequences of SARS-CoV-2 viruses isolated from Iran, which were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database; moreover, the ORF9b sequence of the Wuhan strain were extracted as a reference strain. The amino acid changes were investigated and the phylogenetic tree of the extracted sequences with Wuhan reference strain was drawn using Mega software version 7 and neighbor-joining (NJ) algorithm.

Finally, 24 complete genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 were extracted from NCBI. Analysis at the amino acid level showed that ORF9b related to newly isolated viruses has undergone changes compared to the Wuhan reference strain. Three of these changes were in the binding region of this protein to Translocase Of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 70(TOM70). Furthermore, the drawing of the phylogenetic tree showed that the ORF9b gene of SARS-CoV-2 has become different over time in the isolated strains.

Considering the role that the ORF9b protein has in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and mutation occurs in this protein, it is suggested to monitor the changes in this viral protein in new variants that were detected.

The concrete structures exposed to the earthquake have the potential of cracking and reduction in stiffness and strength. Because of their low deformability, there would be some cracking and plastic hinging in the moment-resisting frame. The utilization of dampers is a solution to improve the behavior of the constructed structures. Dampers play a crucial role in improving structural performance level and bearing capacity. In the present study, 9 concrete frames were tested, and steel yield dampers have been used for the seismic rehabilitation of the concrete moment-resisting frames. The yield dampers elements are ADAS dampers (Added Damping and Stiffness) connected to the concrete frame using steel braces. The concentric-type steel braces connect the dampers and concrete beams. Furthermore, to investigate the influence of the braces on the structure’s strength and behavior three concentrated braces have been installed in the structure. The structure in which ADAS dampers was employed demonstrated more strength and less recorded damages than the simple moment-resisting frame. In the present study, the effect of braces and dampers have been investigated in the behavior of the structure, cracking, and strength. The strength of the frames was increased by 48% and 21% by employing steel braces and yield dampers in the concrete frames, respectively, comparing the control frame.

“Hajj and diplomacy” and “pilgrimage and diplomacy” are among the topics of discussion in the macro-subject of “Hajj studies”. Believing in the necessity of promoting diplomacy in Iran and focusing on a significant amount of failures due to misunderstanding of religion and religious teachings are among the justifiable reasons for discussing “Hajj teachings” in promoting diplomacy. Meanwhile, the religious, economic, cultural, and political dimensions of the Hajj teachings have significant potential for promoting Iranian diplomacy. This inferential-analytical research aims to review the Qur’anic texts and narrations on Hajj to discover and observe the potential of these teachings in promoting diplomacy. Thus, the Qur’anic texts and narrations on Hajj, under the themes of “annual conference on Hajj and the necessity of rethinking and promoting public diplomacy in a multinational and multicultural space”, “the joint plan of action of al-Ḥudaybiyyah peace and multilateral negotiation diplomacy focusing on the Hajj visa”, “teachings of Hajj and diplomacy for world peace”, “human rights diplomacy of Hajj”, “the Shrine and absolute security of man and animals: a foundation for the promotion of humanitarian diplomacy” and “teachings of Hajj and the need to pay attention to environmental diplomacy” were reviewed.

  Regarding the availability of an effective vaccine against hepatitis B virus, global vaccination is the best cost-effective strategy to prevent HBV infection. However, some people may not respond to the vaccine or the titer of antibody decreases by time. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the frequency of anti-HBs antibody (anti-HBsAb), among university students in Fars province, southern Iran.

 In this cross-sectional study, 825 medical students were enrolled. Blood samples were taken from the subjects, and the serum separated and stored at – 20 ºC until use. Next, HBs Ab titer was measured by ELISA method.

 Out of 825 students 54% was male and 46% were female. The mean age of the students was 19.5±1.9. The titer of anti-HBsAb in 529 (64%) of subjects was lower than 10 mIU/mL. Significant relationship was observed between age and the titer of anti-HBsAb (P=0.001), although no significant relationship was observed between gender (P=0.19), history of blood transfusion (P=0.58) and the titer of anti-HBsAb.

 Finding of this study showed that the titer of anti-HBsAb in more than half of students was lower than 10 mIU/mL and by time the anti-HBsAb titer decreased, indicating the necessity of measurement of anti-HBsAb titer in medical students.

The principle of Nafye Sabil which is sometimes referred to as «ÇáÚáæ», «ÇáÇÓÊÚáÇÁ» and «ÇáÅÓáÇã íÚáææáÇ íÚáì Úáíå» is one of the important Islamic principles that is documented by Qur’an verses, Al-Akhbar Al-Mustafiz and Ijma (Consensus). In many cases jurists have taken this law as the basis of inferring subordinate rules. According to the provisions of this principle, any action which paves the way for the enemies of religion or non-Muslims to have guardianship and domination over a Muslim or Muslims is forbidden by Islam (Hara’m). It has been said, “The goal of the principle of Nafye Sabil, is real domination over the primary case which means according to this principle, any contract, treaty, compact and agreement, leading to loftiness, honor and dignity of the faithless over Muslims, based on its initial nature, is negated and it has no legal credit. ” The subject of present study is the principle of Nafye Sabil. The author in this article discusses the concept and provisions of the principle of Nafye Sabil, its religious position, and documents, and finally analyzes some subordinate religious rules based on this principle. Adequately arguing about the evidence of this principle, the author believes that the only reliable evidence of this principle is the reason, and that it is absolutely necessary to consider the reason while documenting this principle.

Pilgrimage is one of the important devotions and branches of Islam that has multiple dimensions of individual and social. Hajj is a ritual centered worship and pilgrims only can perform such worship in the land of Hijaz. Thus, the Saudi government has special obligations to Muslim Pilgrims. This article shall ex plain the obligations and duties of the Saudi government for pilgrims from the perspective of international law. This important issue regulates in three discussions of “international law, obligations and duties of the host state for the pil grims “, “public commitment of the Sa’udi government establisher concerning the pilgrimage and shrine, in the founding of the State” and “relevant treaties concerning hajj and pilgrims or relations between Iran and Saudi”. This research process is loyal to the required methodology of international law knowledge, .as in the use of written documents, also will apply some historical reports .

In international norm “holy places” are places and sites located in a specific geographic area and one or more religions or sect considered it sacred. Holy places are human-built such as mosques, churches, temples and cemeteries, or natural phenomena, such as a tree or trees, rivers, hills and forests. Islamic teachings in addition to identifying the special places, have established particular protective status to them. Identifying, equality of human in efficiency and traffic and absolute security, are amongst Islamic teachings and law in support of Madani and Mekki shrine. Imperatives of international law, the international system of human rights and international humanitarian law in the system of regulations, norms and treaties in addition to identifying the specific locations supported them in varying conditions. “The Vatican and the Catholic Church” and “Jerusalem”, including lands that were in provision of holy places and the religious sanctities have received special recognition of international law. Jerusalem, according to UN General Assembly Resolution 181 on November 29, 1947, is a city with international nature of the competence of citizenship and international relations at the level of government which is a member of the international community.

In the Islamic Republic of Iran, there has been and there is a concern for demographical policies within the framework of the Law. A review of demographical policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran support the fact that these policies have passed through three stages. Regarding the importance of the quantitative aspect of the structure of demographical policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the fact that most of the debates over and concerns for these policies in terms of quantity, particularly of birth or population control, this article has dealt with the legal foundations and documents related to this aspect of demographical policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The study of legal foundations and available documents related to the idea of population and demographic policies provides support to the fact that demographic policies in its quantitative aspect, whether one takes the high birth rate approach or birth control approach into consideration, do not pose any legal obstacle, but rather they provide foundations and ample documents which are accepted by the Law, just as the variability of the policies in different phases have not posed and do not pose any obstacles given the subject being in the state of fluidity or multi-dimensional. This is in line with Supreme leader Ayatollah Khamenei’s jurisprudential thoughts and views, concerns, intentions as well as his adopted and proclaimed main policies. The emphasis on paying attention to the experts’ findings of demographic policies is among the article’s objects of interests.

Authors of this article have initially reviewed the constitution and its capacities concerning one of the highest levels of participation namely the presidency and have finally organized the process of research through the study of foundations and documents of different ideas in the field of women's political participation generally and women's presidency particularly with an emphasis on the nature of presidency in the existing constitution taking welayat-e faqih into account. This article studies and criticizes evidences put forth by opponents of women's presidency explaining the nature of presidency in a system built upon the idea of welayat-e faqih and it has been emphasized that in the light of political thought of Islam, women's presidency especially in the current structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran does not entail a constraint from the viewpoint of shariah rather the constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, from the viewpoint of its foundations and the trend of its ratification as well as discourse capacity of article no.115, has secured an especial potential to consider and recognize this right.

The rule of Rejection of Way is among important jurisprudential rules, which, according to dominant jurisprudential approaches, is based on the Quranic verses, authentic traditions and consensus. In many cases, jurisprudents consider this rule as a base of inference of Sharia decrees. According to this rule, any act that may pave the way for the domination of infidels over believers is impermissible (haram). According to this rule, any agreement, contract, transaction or pact that may lead to the superiority of the infidels over the believers is not legally valid. This paper is an attempt to study the concept and content of the rule of Rejection of Way, its jurisprudential status and documentations in the light of jurisprudential viewpoints of Imam Khomeini. Also the secondary rules based on this rule have been analyzed. The most important argumentative document of this rule is the rule of understanding of reason. The content of this rule which is definitely compatible with the two elements of Islamic dignity and independence are understood by reason and its conception leads to its confirmation. Hence the main concern of the present paper is to lay emphasis on the requirement of understanding of reason. Other issues discussed in this paper include the relationship between the rule of rejection of way and other arguments, the source of determination of referents of domination, the idea of rejection of way and life in today’s world and finally rejection of way and economic independence (necessity of national production and resistance economy) within the framework of Imam Khomeini’s thought.

One of the significant sources which help the researcher become familiar with the published works with regard to his/her field of research is bibliography. In the present study, the writer, first of all, comes up with a definition of bibliography. Following this, he is going to explore the significance of bibliographies, their development through history, their different types, and the way of providing the sources.