فهرست مطالب سید محمد مرندی

Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway (1925) is a critique of post-World War I England depicted in the image of a young veteran’s suicide. His death has been a topic of debate covering a wide range of concepts from tragedy to the scapegoat. Using Gilles Deleuze’s third synthesis of time and double death, this paper investigates Septimus Smith’s death in Woolf’s novel. As a symbolically charged event, the First World War has split Septimus’ subjectivity into two unequal halves, a former and an after. The split subject dissolves the self, and there is no longer an “I”. The dissolution of the self, however, has a positive side as well, which is liberation from law and identity. As the representative of social norms and authority, Bradshaw tries to hospitalize Septimus and restrict his mental and bodily freedom, which results in Septimus’ suicide as a liberating act. His death is the end of his life, yet it has a direct effect on Clarissa, who is restrained in a wealthy political class. The news of Septimus’ death interrupts her party and emancipates Clarissa’s thoughts, which is itself a form of “becoming”. For some moments, Clarissa gets away from her party and her guests and sees through the fake façade of her life. Thus, Septimus’ physical death causes an impersonal death in Clarissa and liberates her as well. It is an affirmation of life in a Deleuzian sense, since to Deleuze, life means the disruption of all that is repressive. Similarly, in Mrs. Dalloway, the repressed Clarissa and her double Septimus are both liberated.

The debates concerning Orlando’s magical sex transformation and its main concern with gender trouble are ever growing. Yet it seems a very significant fact is neglected in this debate, the extent the male Orlando is different from the female. Till Orlando is a man, he holds a very rigid and sedentary view of gender roles and reproduces the old cliché about men and women. As soon as he becomes a woman, she starts to view the world in a nomadic distribution. The present paper uses Deleuze’s theory of time and his notions of sedentary and nomadic to represent how time and sex transformation are connected to a split subjectivity and the birth of a new female subject/artist. The sex transformation is a tremendous event that splits Orlando into a before and an after. The male Orlando is not equal to "the act" which is to go beyond the spirit of his age and become an artist who is able to affirm androgynous and nomadic worldview. Through "becoming woman" Orlando abandons his sedentary view of the world and becomes nomadic and at last, completes her poem "The Oak Tree". Through metamorphosis and a split subjectivity, Orlando becomes equal to "the act".

The increasing prevalence of obesity has affected millions of people across the globe, leading to various diseases, such as prediabetes, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and muscle disorders. One of the therapeutic interventions in the prevention of diabetes is the use of herbal supplements, such as green coffee and its phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitive properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of green coffee and chlorogenic acid on glycogen content in the muscles of prediabetic mice.

A total of 20 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to two groups: normal diet mice (5 mice) and high-fat diet mice (15 mice), which were fed for 12 weeks. After the induction of prediabetes by Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and Glucose tolerance test (GTT) tests, this group was divided into three subgroups: prediabetes mice (5 cases), prediabetes mice with diabetes with green coffee consumption (Prediabetes - Green Coffee, 5 cases) and prediabetes with chlorogenic acid consumption (Prediabetes - Chlorogenic Acid, 5 cases) which were treated for 10 weeks. In the end, the mice were sacrificed, and the relative level of expression of genes involved in the glycogen content of the Gastrocnemius muscle, including PI3K, AKT, GSK3, GYS1, as well as the LRRC8A gene, was measured through the Real-Time PCR technique. The data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test by GraphPad Prism software (version 8).

The results pointed to a significant increase in the blood glucose level in the HFD group (129.9±5.4 mg/dL) compared to ND (95±3.3 mg/dL) and a significant decrease in the PD-GC group (103.5±8.16 mg/dL) and PD-CA (99±8 mg/dL) compared to the PD group (129.5±9.4 mg/dL) (P<0.001). The periodic acid-Schiff ( PAS) staining technique demonstrated a significant decrease in the level of glycogen content in the rats of the PD group compared to the ND group. While in the treatment groups, a significant increase was observed in muscle glycogen accumulation compared to the PD group (P<0.001). The expression level of PI3K, AKT, LRRC8A, and GYS1 genes decreased, and GSK3 significantly increased in the PD group compared to the ND group (P<0.001), indicating a disturbance in the signaling pathway of glycogen content in the PD group. Nonetheless, in the treated groups, a significant increase was observed in the expression level of PI3K, AKT, LRRC8A, and GYS1 genes compared to the PD group (P<0.001).

Considering the complications caused by prediabetes disease, in addition to early diagnosis of prediabetes, it seems to control weight and increase insulin sensitivity, the consumption of green coffee and chlorogenic acid can improve the prediabetic condition caused by the signaling pathway of glycogen synthesis in the muscle tissue of prediabetic rats.

Objectices:

skeletal muscles play an important role in the homeostasis of the whole body.Any dysfunction of skeletal muscles can cause problems such as prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.MondoA is a transcription factor that is activated under normal conditions by increasing the amount of glucose inside the cell and transcribes its target genes(TXNIP/ARRDC4).The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic training on the level of MondoA transcription factor activity and the expression of its target genes in the skeletal muscle of prediabetic model rats.

Methods & Materials:

In order to induce prediabetes15 male C57BL/6 mice,(aged four weeks and weighing between 12 and 14 g)were fed with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks.After induction of prediabetes mice were divided into two groups of high fat diet(5 mice/no exercise) and aerobic training group (5 mice/10 weeks of aerobic training)The aerobic exercise protocol was performed in the form of running on a treadmill 5 days a week and 45 minutes a day.The velocity also increased from 15 to 23 m/min with moderate intensity.

The results showed a significant decrease(p<0.001)in blood glucose level and insulin resistance in the PD-Ex group compared to PD. Also exercise training decreased the relative level of expression of TXNIP(p<0.01) and ARRDC4(p<0.05)genes, the presence of transcription factor MondoA in the nucleus, and increased the expression of Glut4 protein in the cell membrane(p<0.01).

In general, aerobic exercise can be effective in lowering blood sugar by decreasing the activity of MondoA in the nucleus and increasing the presence of Glut4 in the cell membrane

Oxidative stress is involved in occurrence and side effects of many diseases .Considering the high prevalence of diabetes in the society and the economic and health consequences caused by it, the present study tries to evaluate the effect of endurance exercise and chlorogenic acid on some pressure indicators.35 4 weeks male C57BL6 mice were randomly assigned to two groups of high-fat diet to induce pre-diabetes and normal diet. After induction of prediabetes,after 12 weeks of high fat diet consumption the samples of this group were divided into groups without intervention, chlorogenic acid consumption, endurance training, endurance training and chlorogenic acid (n=7). The training protocol was performed incrementally . Chlorogenic acid at the rate of 110 mg per kilogram of mouse weight was given to the groups . 24 hours after the last training session and consumption of chlorogenic acid, tissue removal was done from the quadriceps skeletal muscle and after weighing, it was taken to the laboratory to measure GPX, NO, TAC and MDA. One-way ANOVA test at 0.05 level was used to analyze the data. Findings Endurance training decreased GPX, NO, TAC, and MDA. Chlorogenic acid decreased GPX, NO, and increased TAC and MDA, and their simultaneous intervention increased GPX, TAC, and MDA and decreased NO.According to the findings of this research, it seems that endurance exercise and chlorogenic acid consumption can be used as a non-pharmacological intervention to prevent oxidative stress in the body and its complications. It can also play a preventive role in diabetic patients.

The present article opens, by way of introduction, with presenting the Frankfurt School of critical theory, of which Erich Fromm was an active member until his break from it the late 1930s. Fromm has been relegated to oblivion both in the West and in Iranian academic circles, where his views are seldom taught at universities and applied to works of literature. Fromm’s strong belief in the existence of a human essence proves to be unpopular nowadays among post-structuralist thinkers, and the eclectic nature of his work is similarly problematic in today’s specialized world. To fill this void, this article first elucidates key Frommian concepts such as the social unconscious, the social character and sheds light on non-productive character structures such as the hoarding orientation, the exploitative orientation, the marketing orientation, the necrophilous-destructive orientation as well as the productive character orientation. It then applies these concepts to Anne Landsman’s debut, postmodern South African novel The Devil’s Chimney (1997) which remains relatively untouched by scholarship. This article focuses furthermore on the Jacobs family and Miss Beatrice who embody the marketing orientation. September, by contrast, is posited as the epitome of the productive orientation who deeply loves people as well as animals and, as an artist, engages in creative activity.

The genetic status of athletes plays a significant role in their success. Considering the importance of NRF2 gene polymorphism in aerobic capacity as one of the success factors of athletes, the purpose of this research Comparison of NRF2 gene polymorphism rs12594956 in elite and amateur karate-kas vs. non-athletes. Blood samples were collected in tubes, after DNA extraction, PCR for determining the type of A/C polymorphisms by preparation of primers, samples were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel using RFLP method via MfeI enzyme. To analyze the data, simple ANOVA, chi-square and logistic regression used in SPSS version 21 software. The significance level was also determined at p<0.05.

The results showed that there was significant within-group difference in distribution of A/C in amateur groups (χ2=8.667, P=0.013) and non-athletes (χ2=6.494, P=0.039). While this distribution did not show a significant difference between all 3 groups (χ2=3.121, P=0.528). Also, in elite athletes, compared to non-athletes, frequency of A/A is higher than C/C: with a coefficient of 1.049, and frequency of A/C is higher than C/C with a coefficient of 0.918 was less. In the case of amateur athletes, the frequency of A/A compared to C/C with a factor of 1.701 times that of non-athletes and the frequency of A/C compared to C/C with a factor of 1.312 times It was more in amateur athletes than non-athletes.

The results of the present research show the high previlance of genotypes related to the lower function of the NRF2 gene for the aerobic energy supply system.

Children with autism have weaker balance performance than their healthy counterparts. The ability to maintain balance is particularly important because it is a prerequisite for performing other movement activities. This research was conducted in order to determine the effect of square stepping exercises with a light screen on the static and dynamic balance of children with autism. In this semi-experimental study, 20 children with autism, aged 6 to 12 years, were randomly divided into two groups of ten (exercise group with light screen and control group). The exercise group with a light screen and the control group with a simple screen received square stepping exercises for 12 weeks in 4 sessions of 45 minutes per week under the supervision of their trainers. To evaluate static and dynamic balance, the foot scan device and the heel-to-toe walking test were used, respectively. The research data was analyzed by covariance test at a significant level (p<0.05). With the pre-test control, a significant difference was observed between the experimental group and the control regarding the static balance state (Displacement pressure of Center (p = 0.003) and Excursion Velocity of center of pressure (p = 0.007). Also, in the case of dynamic balance, a significant difference was found between the average groups (p=0.001). These results can provide a good basis for using this exercises method to increase the balance and motor functions of children with autism.

Pre-diabetic stressful conditions are status before the onset of type 2 diabetes, in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal and below the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on muscle glycogen storage in pre-diabetic mice. For this purpose, Fifteen male C57BL / 6 mice were randomly divided into two groups: mice fed a normal diet (ND, n= 5) and a high-fat diet (HFD, n=10) and then fed for 12 weeks. After diagnosing prediabetes induction by diagnostic tests in the HFD group, this group was into two groups: the pre-diabetic group (PD) and pre-diabetic mice along with endurance training (PD-Ex). The results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels and insulin resistance of HFD-Ex group compared to PD. The PAS technique showed an observational decrease in glycogen storage in the HFD group compared to the ND group, while endurance training increased it in the skeletal muscle of mice. The relative gene expression of the factors involved in glycogen storage such as AKT, PI3K, Gys1, and GSK3 as well as the gene LRRC8A showed significant changes (p <0.05) between the ND group compared to the HFD group, showing the glycogen storage signaling pathway is disturbed. However, endurance training (PD-Ex) has resulted in a significant improvement in glycogen synthase gene levels. In general, Endurance training seems to improve the negative effects of pre-diabetic conditions due to a high-fat diet.

Overweight and obesity in children are the underlying cause of cardiovascular problems that occur through Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) dysfunction, However, physical training has a beneficial effect on the ANS. These changes can be measured through Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indices. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of five weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on HRV and Rate Pressure Product (RPP) of overweight girls.

In this research, overweight students in the range of +2 < BMI Z- SCORE <1+ participated in the Experimental and the Control groups. Before and after five weeks of HIIT intervention, the participants underwent the Shuttle Run test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption and the Six-Minute Walking test to estimate maximal fat oxidation (MFO) during exercise. Root Mean Square of Successive Difference (RMSSD) of the R-R wave interval of the heartbeat was recorded to measure resting HRV and also systolic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded to measure resting RPP in the first and the last week. Data analysis was done using dependent t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with a significance level of p<0.05.

the results showed that in the training group, five weeks of HIIT intervention caused significant changes in RMSSD, RPP, and MFO of overweight girls (P<0.05). However, in the control group, the indices did not change significantly (P>0.05).

RMSSD, RPP, and MFO indices can be used as suitable and efficient alternatives to identify children at risk and therapeutic processes before puberty.

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including atherosclerosis. Lipid profile conditions, oxidative stress and antioxidant imbalances play a major role in the development of the disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the different time course of concurrent training on lipid profile and total antioxidant capacity of cardiac patients.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study. Twenty male patients, mean age 56  ± 9.75, were voluntarily divided into the control and combination training groups The concurrent training group performed aerobic and resistance training for eight and three days a week. Aerobic exercise was performed for 15-20 minutes at 50-80% of maximal heart rate and resistance training program consisted of three upper extremity movements and two lower extremity movements with three sets and 10 repetitions. Blood samples were taken before and after four and eight weeks, and lipid profile and total antioxidant capacity were measured. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS version 16 software.

Concurrent training has reduced the significant levels in LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides after four and eight weeks, and has also reduced a significant increase level in HDL. Concurrent exercise had a significantly effect on the amount of total antioxidant after eight weeks (P <0.05).

According to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that with eight weeks of concurrent training, there is a significant difference in the levels of lipid profiles and total antioxidant capacity of cardiac patients.

Since many cellular and molecular pathways involve in diabetes are unknown, the aim of the present study was to study the effects of aerobic exercise on glycogen stores in pre-diabetic rats.

Twenty-one homogenous male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups including Mice fed standard diet (n=7) and Mice fed high fat diet (n=14). The mice were fed for 12 weeks and then the pre-diabetic conditions of the mice were assessed by fasting glucose and glucose tolerance tests. After confirmation of pre-diabetic conditions, mice fed a high-fat diet were divided into two groups as high-fat-sedentary diet, and high-fat diet-aerobic exercise. Mice in the training group were trained on a treadmill for 10 weeks, five days a week for 45 minutes in every session. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the rats were killed and blood was drawn from the rats’ hearts. Liver tissue was isolated and frozen to measure glycogen synthase gene expression (RT-Real time PCR) in liquid nitrogen.  The independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis at the p<0.05 level.

The glycogen synthase levels in the aerobic exercise group were higher than the prediabetes group and had a significant effect on glycogen synthase expression (p=0.001). Also, liver glycogen showed significantly increase (p=0.001) in the amount of hepatic glycogen stores in the exercise group compared to the prediabetes group.

Aerobic exercise can lead to the improvement of the condition from pre-diabetic to healthy condition.

Contemporary literature pursues within the anxieties of the present, a paradigm for being in this world. Robert Alan Jamieson negotiates a similar initiative amidst the collage of narratives comprising Da Happie Laand. Matters political, social and cultural mingle indiscriminately in this novel, proposing a complex multiplicity that relies on the reader for its articulation of plot arcs, themes, and resolutions. The co-creative approach adopted by Jamieson bears affinity with Félix Guattari’s writings on ‘partial enunciations’. Deferred and subsequently entrusted to readers, the arrangement of meaning becomes a creative endeavor. Tracing familiar uncertainties through partial enunciations, therefore, invokes not just another inspired reading of the status quo, but a creative confrontation with the lack inherent in social and personal expressions. The plights of the present, then, find mediation in the midst of yet another narrative; the stories told this time, however, are laced with the potency of multiplicity and the promise of emancipation.

The aim of this study was to construct physical fitness Norms for women aged 18-60 years of Isfahan and it was descriptive normative research.

 A number of 372 women, (Mean: 39.48 ±12.64 years; Height: 159.15±6.66 cm; Weight: 67.44±10.19kg; BMI: 26/71±4/27 kg/m2), were randomly selected as subjects. The measurement tools of this study were physical fitness standard tests including Flexibility sit & Reach, Rockport 1 mile walking/Running, curl up, hand grip and push up tests, that have been used for construction of norms. Descriptive statistics and computation of Z scores and point percentages were used to construct norms.

The analysis of research findings revealed that cardiovascular endurance means (38.34± 9.42ml.kg.min), body fat percent (30.30± 7.78), Handgrip (21.27±6.74kg), Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (6.87±7.75 push-up), flexibility (30.45±7.66 cm) and endurance of abdominal muscles of subjects (13.74±13.48 curl-up) were respectively.

Compared to available norms in this area and other countries, findings of results revealed that in cardiovascular endurance, endurance of abdominal muscles and handgrip strength, subjects were in weak conditions, also in endurance of shoulder girdle & body fat percent, subjects’ conditions were moderate, but in flexibility of body, they have nearly optimal conditions.  Generally, physical fitness status and regular physical activity of subjects were not optimal.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with altered levels of inflammatory cytokines and increased metabolic abnormalities. In this study, the effect of combined training on serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 18 (IL18), anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL10) and metabolic syndrome-related factors in elderly women with fatty liver was investigated.

twenty-four elderly women with NAFLD were selected purposively and were randomly divided into training (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. Combined training was performed for ten weeks. Using ZellBio kit, IL18 and IL10 levels were measured by ELISA and fatty liver levels by ultrasound procedure. Blood and anthropometric factors were measured as well. Statistical analysis was performed using paired samples t-test and Wilcoxon, covariance and Spearman correlation procedures.

Decreased and increased serum concentrations of interleukin 18 (P = 0.00) and interleukin 10 (P = 0.00) were observed in the training group compared to the control group, respectively. Also, weight, waist circumference (P = 0.00) and metabolic markers including triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.00), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.01), liver fat (P = 0.00), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.04) and glucose (P = 0.00) levels were significantly reduced. Moreover, there was no significant difference between insulin (P = 0.11) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P = 0.07) levels.

Combined training can improve the levels of inflammatory cytokines and reduce metabolic risk factors associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver and play an effective role in the health of the elderly by augmenting anti-inflammatory effects.

Prediabetes is a risk factor in diabetes and therefore a healthy lifestyle is important to prevent pre-diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effect of endurance training on hepatic lipid metabolism in prediabetic C57BL/6 male mice. 21 mice were randomly divided into two groups. One was fed a normal diet (n=7, ND), and the other was fed a high-fat diet (n=14, HFD) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of initial maintenance, HFD s were subjected to a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and they were divided into two groups: exercise (EX) and pre-diabetes (preD). The training group trained for 45 minutes, 5 days a week, for 10 weeks. 24 hours before sacrifice, weighing and GTT were performed, and then the plasma and liver were obtained. The values of acetyl cocarboxylase beta (ACC2), carnitine palmitol transferase 1 (CPT1) and peroxisome receptor alpha were used to evaluate beta oxidation. Data interpretation was done using one-way analysis of variance with a significance level of p<0.05. In preD, weight, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and lipid profile experienced a significant increase compared to ND. In the EX, the mentioned factors were associated with a significant decrease (p < 0.01). CPT1 protein concentration, as a key factor of β-oxidation, decreased in preD the group, and ACC2, which is its inhibitor, increased. Endurance training improved fatty acid metabolism in the liver by reversing the expression process of these factors. Generally, preD caused changes associated with β-oxidation in the liver, while it seems that endurance training improved all. These findings show that regular exercise is probably an effective nonpharmacological approach for pre-diabetes.

Recovery after intense interval training plays an important role in improving athletic performance, while the type of recovery and exercise background can affect athletic performance. The aim of this study was to compare the Response of blood buffering capacity to three types of recovery during Repeated High-Intensity endurance test in trained and untrained girls' students of Farhangian University.

30 female students of Farhangian University (mean age 22.49 ±.3 (year), weight 68.33 ± 7.31 (kg) and height 176.76 ± 8.32 (cm) were randomly selected in three recovery groups (active: N=10, passive: N=10, Stretching: N=10) randomly. The Subjects underwent three types of recovery during the repeated high-intensity endurance test after evaluating the maximum oxygen consumption according to a specific pattern in a crossover methods, three days in a week. Arterial blood sample were taken measured before and immediately after the test and buffering capacity and carnosine were analyzed by ABG and ELISA techniques. After 8-eight weeks of aerobic exercise (65-80% of maximal heart rate), the test and blood sampling were repeated with the same pre-test and at the same time.

In untrained girls, only significant difference was found between stretching and active recovery for oxygen saturation, and in trained girls' there was a significant increase in oxygen saturation for active and passive recovery. Significant increase in blood acidity, bicarbonate, base buffers and carnosine was observed in trained girls by active recovery (P ≤ 0.05).

The results show that the response of buffering capacity to the three types of recovery was significantly higher in trained subjects. Which is more notable with active recovery.

Obesity leads to metabolic diseases, and adipose tissue considered as one of the regulator of metabolism. Recent researches has demonstrated that some stimulants cause beiging of subcutaneous adipose tissue, resulting in thermogenesis and some other features of brown adipose tissue. The activation of β3-adrenergic receptors in the adipose tissue that occurs as a result of exercise also leads to the activation of UCP1 and is one of the most effective methods to combat obesity. Becacuse exercise is known as a cheap lifestyle intervention and the benefits of using it as a non-pharmocological treaetment in improvement of metabolic diseases, including obesity, have been well illustrated, Examining the molecular mechanisms of exercise is essential. One of these molecular mechanisms is the increase in thermogenesis due to exercise, which can be caused by the release of various types of cytokines. Due to the physical activity of the UCP1, it increases as the beige process occurs in the subcutaneus white adipose tissues. Increase in various cytokines and important genes involved in this process, which occur with different types of exercises at various levels, is a promise that exercises could be considered as one of the possible treatments for obesity and metabolic syndrome.

This paper studies the landscapes in Ian McEwan’s Solar and examines the narrator’s epistemological lens in his description of the landscapes. The research draws upon David Harvey’s definition of built environment, which contributes to the generation of a more practical definition of landscape, and argues that the narrator and the focalizer’s realistic descriptions of the landscapes have their origin in their scientistic mindset and firm reductionist belief in (neo)liberalism. With regard to such descriptions, the paper focuses on how, since the late twentieth century, the earth, as the cradle of nature and location of countries with definite political borders, is transformed into a landscape of a (blue) planet without any political or spatial borders on it. Using Harvey’s Marxist critiques of capitalism and neoliberalism, this study also analyzes the narrator and focalizer’s belief in science as a savior and the single avenue towards understanding the world. It is concluded that the ecological stance in the story is grounded in the very epistemology from which the man-made climate change arises.

Aging and postmenopausal hormonal changes cause changes in the function of certain physiological systems of the body, and expose women to the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a unique manner. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic-resistance exercise on serum concentration of retinol-bonded protein 4 (RBP4), abdominal obesity, and metabolic markers in postmenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver.

Twenty-four 50-68 year-old sedentary postmenopausal women with fatty liver were randomly divided into exercise and control groups. Aerobic (at intensity of 50% to 75% of maximum heart rate) and resistance (at intensity of 50% to 75% of a maximum repetition) exercises were carried out over three sessions per week for ten weeks. The following indices were measured: liver fat by ultrasound, RBP4 by ELISA method, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and liver enzymes. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA, paired t, Wilcoxon, Pearson and Spearman tests.

Aerobic-resistance exercise significantly reduced RBP4 level, insulin resistance index, fasting blood glucose, Anthropometric characteristics, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), LDL, and fatty liver in the exercise group compared to those in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, RBP4 had significant relationships with fatty liver, triglyceride, abdominal obesity, and body weight (p < 0.05). No significant change was observed in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), fasting insulin, and HDL (P>0.05).

Aerobic-resistance exercise can reduce RBP4 level and insulin resistance, and improve NAFLD in postmenopausal women by reducing abdominal obesity and lipid profile.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on the expression of LXRa, PEPCK and G6PC2 mRNA in the liver tissue of obese prediabetic mice. 18 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: 1. Mice fed a high-fat diet (prediabetic obese mice) (n=12), 2. Mice fed a standard diet (non-obese mice) (n= 6). Prediabetic conditions were confirmed by glucose tolerance test (GTT). Then, prediabetic mice were randomly divided into two groups: the high-fat diet-Exercised (HFD-Exe) and the high-fat diet-Sedentary (HFD-Sed). Exercise group were trained on a motor-driven treadmill at 21 m/min, 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after last exercise session and blood was taken from the heart. The liver tissue was isolated and frozen to measure of LXRa and ABCA1 expression levels and was kept at -70 ̊C.Data indicated that the levels of liver LXRa and ABCA1 in trained mice were significantly higher than in untrained mice.The relative expression of key genes in gluconeogenesis, including G6PC2 and PEPCK in the liver of trained mice, was significantly reduced compared to untrained group. Also, aerobic exercise reduced steatosis and the liver enzymes in prediabetic mice.Following physical exercise, the expression of LXRa and ABCA1 mRNA expression in the liver of mice increases and protects mice from high-fat diet induced obesity and reduces the risk of NAFLD.

Today, identifying and designing educational, low-cost and accessible exercise interventions for patients, especially those with Multiple Sclerosis appears to be essential. One potential approach may be to practice through media such asose of this study was to investigate the effect of two months pillates training with and without supervision on women with Multiple Sclerosis.

This study was semi experimental with pre-test and post-test design. Thirty women with multiple sclerosis (age: 43/6 ± 6/24 years, Height: 163/20 ± 5/40cm, weight 60/22 ± 6/52 kg) participated and divided into three groups: control, exercise with deliverd CD, and exercise with coach. SPPB test (balance, walking speed, lower extremity strength) was performed before and after training. The exercises lasted for 8 weeks, 1 hour,3 sessions per week. To analysis of data analysis of covariance (p < 0.05) was used.

Results showed that the SPPB scores of the CD group increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test but did not show a statistically significant difference. (p < 0.05, F (1, 13) = 3.52). However, the effect size was 21persent. That is, two months of selective exercise with a CD at home had a 21% effect on SPPB for women with MS. Also There was a statistically significant increase in SPPB scores in the training group (p = 0.005 and F (1,14) = 0 .11).

It can be concluded that selected Pilate's home exercise with CD on the SPPB of MS patients is 21% effective and can be easily accessed with very low cost and cost. Since this research is the first of its kind in the country, further research is needed.

Multiple Sclerosis is a myelin destroyer disease, which physical activity can be effective in improving it. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of swimming on oligodendrocytic cells and myelin tissue in rat brain of the Cuprizone model of MS disease is investigated.

In this study, 21 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into Control groups, Cuprizone and Swim + Cuprizone. For the induction of MS, Cuprizone 0.6% were gavaged for one month. The group of Swim + Cuprizone swam at the same time with gavage. The training program included 4 weeks of swimming for 5 sessions per week and 30 minutes. Immunohistochemistry technique was used to determine the percentage of immature and mature oligodendrocytes and Luxol fast blue solution for evaluation of myelin density. Image j software and One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the findings.

The mean percentage of immature and mature oligodendrocytes and myelin density in the Swim+Cuprizone group was significantly higher than that of the Cuprizone group (p≤0.05).

Swimming decreases destruction of the oligodendrocytes and myelin cells due to Cuprizone.

Ian McEwan’s Solar</em> has been the subject of many a debate, mostly due to its controversial representation of climate change’s cause and the solution offered for the global disaster. The paper explores the novel’s judgment over climate change’s fountainhead and the protagonist’s vain project to save the earth. The scope of the study encompasses the narrator’s accounts of the characters and events in the story. In the light of David Harvey’s notion of ‘spatial fix,’ the study, through a close reading of the novel, focuses on the context within which the story unfolds in order to elaborate on the transformation of the earth into a globalized monolithic built environment called ‘the planet’ for the sake of efficiency and free flow of capital and commodities. It also argues that the protagonist’s solar energy generation project is a neo-liberal initiative to replace a less lucrative production mode and tackle the system’s critical spell of overaccumulation, rather than global warming.

The aim of the present study is to answer the question "How does the peace literature, as an emerging element, help reduce the level of unrest and increase the level of integration and peace?". It is assumed that peace literature, considering peace as a cycle and process, for its different type of narrative and reading and a range of audiences it includes, promotes functions such as belief in the possibility of change, empathy instead of tension and type, friendship instead of discrimination limits rioters (Islamophobia) and thus increases the level of peace. This descriptive-analytical study using cultural materialism (combined approach of Williams and Sinfield) has provided an analysis of the relationship between literature, peace, and the reflection of the category of unrest in the Islamic world and its consequences. This analysis chronologically belongs to the period after September 11. Reading two works of Khalid Hosseini (Badbadkabaz and Hezar Khorshid Taban) shows how the components of peace literature can be extracted from these two works. The Islamic world needs to re-read its legacy to break the existing unrealism. The imagery of literary works, for its wide audience and deep durability, has special functional capabilities in contrast to the chaotic components.