سید محمدعلی نوری

The biography of the Prophet Mohammad includes valuable instructions to learn and follow. There are three general views about the biography of the Prophet. Some people believe that writing a biography is impossible and forbidden. Some others consider biographical writing to be obvious and possible based on the present books, and some others prefer its writing in detail. Mohammad Arkun is one of the contemporary thinkers who believes in the impossibility of writing the Prophet's biography. This research aims to provide a methodological critique on Arkun's view concerning the prophetic life, which will be addressed in several stages. In response to the how of writing the Prophet's biography, various sources are considerable. Among them the Holy Quran as a suitable source has a central position. Moreover, the existence of historical books, the historical narrations, and the method of historical criticism are among the most important sources to criticize the historical method of Mohammad Arkun. Historical books as the favorable sources can considerably complement the content in this domain. Narrative works also include too many contents related to the biography, and they will clarify many ambiguities. Finally, the historian will be able to refine the biography through the method of historical criticism.

The aim of this research was to optimize the formulation of a functional drink based on sugarcane juice using the response surface method (RSM) and in the form of Box Benken design. The ingredients used in the formulation were lemon juice (0.3, 6), turmeric (0.6, 0.3) and mint extract (0, 250, 500) in percentage and their physicochemical properties (pH, acidity, soluble solids, turbidity, color, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity) and sensory characteristics were investigated. The results showed that increasing the amount of lemon juice increased acidity, turbidity, L index, b index, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and overall acceptance, but decreased pH, soluble solids and a index. The increase of turmeric caused a slight increase in the amount of soluble solids, b index and total phenolic compounds, while it decreased the antioxidant property and overall acceptance of the samples. With the increase in the amount of mint extract, turbidity, a and b indices, phenolic compounds and overall acceptance increased, but the amount of soluble solids and L index decreased. Finally, the optimization results showed that the sugarcane juice drink containing lemon juice (6%), turmeric (0.2%) and mint extract (418%) had the best physicochemical properties and the highest overall acceptance and can be recommended as a healthy drink in the industry.

In the medical fields, internship and field training play a very important role in the education of students. The purpose of the present study was to determine the status of education in the field for students and enhancing the level of health system accountability in Jundishapor University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz.

The current research was a descriptive-cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2019 in Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz. The study people includes 209 of senior students in all majors, 97 of faculty members, and 18 of non-faculty resident trainee instructors. The study tool was three researcher-made questionnaires, made available to the study subjects through the educational vice-chancellor of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Indices (CVI) as well as Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used for content validity and internal consistency, respectively. The evaluation of training in the field was done in six domains. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS24 software.

The number of participants in the study was 322 people. Examining the views of the participants showed that the state of education in the field was average for the six domains. In the comparison between different domains, 'content and compliance with the training curriculum in the field' had the highest average of the score (2.38 out of 4) and 'motivational and behavioral issues for training in the field' had the lowest average (1.98 out of 4).

The findings of the present study showed that from the point of view of the three target groups, the state of education in the field is still far from the ideal state. Therefore, it is recommended to plan in order to develop the necessary infrastructure for training in the field, provide motivational opportunities for faculty members, resident instructors and other staff involved in student training and improve the evaluation method.

Falafel is one of the most popular artisanal foods in Iran, especially inKhouzestan province. However, no comprehensive study has been performed to evaluate its microbiologicaland chemical properties. This study aims to evaluate microbiological and chemical properties offalafel samples collected from street food market in Ahvaz, Iran.

Microbiological tests including total viable count (TVC), psychrophilic count, Escherichiacoli test, staphylococcus aureus test, coliform count, bacillus cereus test, Salmonella test, andmold count were performed to evaluate microbiological properties of falafel samples (cooked and uncooked).The chemical properties were assessed by performing protein test, ash, carbohydrate, lipid,salt, peroxide, and acidity tests. All tests were done according to the methods described by the Instituteof Standards & Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI).

Microbiological tests revealed that TVC (108 cfu/g), coliform count (3.7×103 cfu/g) and mold count(1.3×103 cfu/g) were significantly higher than the amounts set by the ISIRI (P<0.05), indicating high contaminationof uncooked falafel samples. The major problems observed by chemical tests was the highcontent of lipid (20.11%) and peroxide value (47.85 meq/kg) which were significantly higher than thevalues set by the ISIRI (P<0.05).

Microbiological and chemical properties of falafel are poor, indicating the poor hygienic conditionsof its preparation in street food market. We recommend more attention to and supervision onthe preparation of artisanal foods such as falafel in Iran.

Muhammad ‘Abid al-Jabiri (1936-2010) is a contemporary Arab intellectual who particularly contributed to developments of understanding the history of Islam. Al-Jabiri’s Shiite studies are results of his research about Shiism which can be found here and there in his work. This paper seeks to answer the following question: What are parameters of relation between Shiism and Sufism in al-Jabiri’s view? The paper aims at providing an articulation of al-Jabiri’s view of the identity of factors leading to origination of Shiism and Sufism, as well as his identification of Shiism and Sufism. Then we embark on a critique of al-Jabiri’s view. The method of this paper is to formulate al-Jabiri’s view of Shiism-Sufism relation and to criticize it by providing an analysis thereof. Al-Jabiri has a flawed understanding of Shiism, and as a consequence, his account of Shiism is defective. He enumerates certain parameters of the two intellectual currents in order to ground their identification, but his parameters do not suffice to support the identification claim. Therefore, al-Jabiri’s conception of Shiism and Sufism is susceptible to serious objections.

In the Muslim world, the unity between Shi'a and Sunni plays an essential role and it has particular importance. But without recognizing the factors of conflict between Shi'a and Sunni, cannot getting to a lasting unity. Therefore, it must scientifically recognize the ideological, historical and political origins of the differences between Shiite and Sunni.
The main subject of this paper is to analyze and critique the differences between Shi'a and Sunni in the New Motazalian. The main question of this study is what is analyzed and criticize of differences between Shiite and Sunni in point of new Mu'tazilites? Regarding the researches have done that by new Motazalians about the differences between Shiite and Sunni, the purpose of this study is to understand and study the factors of difference between Shiite and Sunni in terms of these scholars, which we will finally criticize their ideas. The method of this research is Analytical-Descriptive.
The present study aims at criticizing and analyzing the factors and roots of Shiite and Sunni differences from the new Motazalian perspective. The new view of the Mu'tazilites, like any other thinker, has the strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, we will criticize these views.
In this research, we at first studied the division of Shi'a and Sunni differences and then studied new views of the Mu'atzelians about the roots of Shiite and Sunni differences, and then we discuss the factors of difference between Shi'a and Sunni, and then analyze the factors we will discuss them.

Muhammad Abed al-Jaberi is one of the contemporary Arab thinkers who has a special contribution in the transformation of understanding and perception of Islamic history in contemporary studies. He criticized Islamic culture and civilization by offering the Critique of Arabic Wisdom and found a special position in the intellectual movements of Morocco and the Islamic world. This paper seeks to answer this question that what is Mohammad Abed al-Jabari's position in the intellectual movements of Morocco? Important currents in the Islamic world include nationalism, communism, Salafism, liberalism, Shiism, Islamic fundamentalism, Sufism, and in the west, are liberalism, Salafism and Sufism. Jabari is evaluated in the intellectual movements of Morocco in a mixed flow of these three streams. Our purpose in this research is to analyze the position of Jaberi among the mentioned intellectual flows in Morocco. The methodology in this research will be descriptive analytically.

Mohammad Arkoun is considered as one of the contemporary Arab thinkers being of significant part related to the development of conception and interpretation from history in the present studies. In this writing which is concerned with reviewing his method intended for the comprehension of history of Islam, it has been mentioned the concept of historical methodology and following the review of his general research methods, the way of his historical criticism has been studied.
Arkoun has developed this method for the purpose of investigating one of the most important era of history of Islam, Umayyad and Abbasid era, and the most important elements of this new method is the intellectual analysis and criticism of historical sources.

This study was carried out to evaluate shelf life, microbiological and chemical attributes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets treated by dipping in 1.5% lactic acid solution during refrigerated storage at 4 °C for 18 days. Mesophilic and psychrophilic counts, TVN (Total Volatile Nitrogen), pH, TBA and Expressible Moisture (EM) were carried out at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days of storage. The microbiological and chemical analyses demonstrated significant reduction in mesophilic and psychrophilic counts, TVN and pH in treatment group (p

Too much fat in the diet can cause insulin resistance. This study was conducted to provide a suitable experimental model of type 2 diabetes and to compare the potency of olive and rump oils in the induction of insulin resistance. The study was done in three phases، each with 15 male Sprague dawley rats. The control، olive oil، and rump oil، groups were fed the commercial diet، and diets supplemented by 31% olive or rump oils for three weeks، respectively (first stage)، and then diabetes was induced by IP injection of 35 mg/kg STZ (stages 2 and 3). The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed glucose intolerance in both oil groups، compared to the control group (p<0. 05)، in stage 1، but increases in blood glucose levels were higher in the olive oil group in the second stage. TC and LDL-C levels increased by both the oils، especially olive oil. Insulin level was higher in the rump oil groups، especially after diabetes induction. Insulin sensitivity، as shown by the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and HOMA-IR، were decreased by both oils، especially rump oil. Although both oils had significant effects on metabolism، olive oil use was accompanied by more dyslipidemia، whereas rump oil increased insulin resistance more effectively. It seems that rump oil may be a more appropriate model for studies investigating disorders of carbohydrate metabolism of type 2 diabetes and olive oil، for induction of dyslipidemia and probably the metabolic syndrome.

Muhammad Aabid Al Jabiri launching a series of researches in various fields has created some important works. He in his project called "criticism of Arabic intellect" has dealt with some significant historical issues. He employing the recent methods of history research started to criticize the Islamic culture and civilization in the frame work of history of Islam. His history research methods are generally of two kinds. The methods which are applied in his entire works such as (the theoretical foundations, ethics and his regional studies) and the methods which have been used exclusively in the history of Islam as: tribe, booty and belief. These were the new exclusive methods which Jabiri has utilized for recitation and understanding of the history of Islam. These three keywords (tribe, booty and belief) are the concepts which he borrows from the western intellectuals. He tries tocustomize and use these concepts in the history of Islam

Muhammad Abid al-Jabiri, the well – known contemporary Morocean writer, has produced many works. His theoretical philosophy of history is of particular importance among the existing theoretical philosophies. In comparison with contemporary theoretical philosophies, Jabiri's theory presents new concepts and approaches for the study and understanding of the history of Islam. By concentrating on the three elements of tribe, booty, and ideology, Jabiri embarked upon the study of Islam's history and presented valuable new ideas. Certainly, serious criticisms raised against his opinions are sometimes justified; criticisms such as incorrect references and flawed reasonings drawn out of historical data. Inherent contradictions in Jabiri's words and his prejudgments are among such criticisms that are dealt with in this article.