فهرست مطالب سیداکبر بیان زاده

The objective of this study was to identify and determine coping styles, locus of control, and irrational beliefs in prostitutes in comparison with normal women. In this cross-sectional study, 60 subjects (30 prostitutes and 30 normal women) participated by filling out Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, Moos and Biling's Coping Style Questionnaire, and Johnn's Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire. Prostitutes were selected based on convenient sampling and normal women were selected from vocational school students. Both groups were matched by age and edu- cational level. Collected data were analyzed using t-test and c2 test. The results showed no significant correlation between locus of control and delinquency. Coping styles focused on problem solving and rational beliefs were similar in both groups. However, prostitutes relied on emotional coping style in stressful situations more frequently than non-delinquent women did (p<0.05). Prostitutes rely on emotional manipulations and emotional coping style more than non-delinquent women when encountering life difficulties. They feel more helplessness and show higher levels of worry with anxiety in response to changes.

Drug abuse in prisons is a serious problem and the high risk methods of drug abuse are even more dangerous, causing greater threats such as the outbreak and spread of HIV/AIDS in the prisons. This indicates the need for treatment of drug abuse and harm reduction in prisons. The aim of this study was to examine the role of medical and psychological interventions in reducing the risks of drug abuse and improving the psychological status of prisoners. Patients and The effects of methadone maintenance therapy(MMT) and other traditional methods of treatment were compared in a case-control and qualitative study to examine their role in reducing drug use, drug dependence, needle sharing, injections using un-sterilized objects, high-risk sexual behaviors, as well as the psychological well being of the prisoners and their statisfaction with the treatment process. The instruments used in the study were SCL-90-R(farsi version), Highrisk questionnaire,Drug dependence scale, Anger scale and client statisfaction questionnaire. The experimental group(n=38) was provided with MMT and psychological and psychiatric treatment while the control group(N=31) received only the usual psychiatric treatment. Data were analyzed using independent T and Chi-square tests. Six months into the project, the results showed significant changes in the amount of drug use and the extent of needle sharing in the experimental group. However, high-risk sexual conduct remained as prevalent as before. Methadone maintenance therapy also greatly improved the psychological health indicators. In addition, the subjects in the MMT group were considerably more satisfied with the services they received. The findings of this study revealed the advantages of MMT over the traditional psychological and psychiatric approaches in the imprisoned, in helping drug addicts in prisons to overcome their addiction. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that not only providing methadone to addicted inmates is safe and harmless, but also can lead to harm reduction and solve many dangerous problems which they face.

This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the effect of musical activities on the memory and attention of patients with schizophrenia. 28 men with schizophrenia took part in this research and were studied in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group took part in music therapy sessions. Data were gathered using Weshsler Digit Span Scale, Lezak Letter Cancellation Test and Andreason Scale in the pretest and post-test stages. Music therapy was effective in elevating memory scores (p<0.05, t=-2.18) and attention scores (p<0.01, t=2.5), and its effects were not different in patients with negative and positive symptoms. Adjusted musical stimuli could reduce lack of attention and absent -mindedness in patients with schizophrenia.

Background and Particular attention is paid to relation between emotion and cognition and complementary aspects of them has found a new dimention in both theorethical and practical domains which introduced by a concept called "Emotional Intelligence" (EI). An important aspect of this subject is to survey the relation between EI and marital adjustment (satisfaction). The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of EI and marital satisfaction, and their correlation among discordant and well-adjusted couples. This study was a descriptive-analytical research designed to compare the levels of EI and marital satisfaction and relation between them in two groups of discordant (25) and well-adjusted (25) married couples. All subjects completed EQ-i, ENRICH, and a demographic sheet. Statistical analysis were done by ANOVA, Tukey and Pearson,s correlation coefficient (r) using SPSS-10 program. A significant difference was between EI and marital satisfaction and their component scores among discordant and well adjusted couples. Moreover, there was only a significant relation between EI and marital satisfaction of the well adjusted couples, this was also observed in well adjusted wives and husbands scores. This project demonstrated the relation between EI and marital satisfaction as well as the different levels of them in both groups of discordant and satisfied couples. Also, the study indicated that the EI competencies are a basic and efficacient construct for improving the quality of satisfied marital relationships. Therefore, considering the efficacy and role of EI in the domain of interpersonal and marital relationships, it may aid to resolve or eliminate the problems of discordant couples.

To compare some characteristics of social problem solving skills between normal schoolchildren and children with learning disabilities in the city of Tehran. Sixty primary school children (30 normal students and 30 students with learning dis- ability) from third, fourth, and fifth grades were assessed. The group with learning disabilities was selected using convenience sampling and the normal group was selected using randomized clustering method. The samples were matched for age, gender, grade, and IQ. The data were gathered using interviews with teachers, school and clinic files, Raven’s progressive Matrices, and the Test of Ambiguous Provocation Situations via individual interviews. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and c2 test. The two groups showed significant difference regarding problem-solving goal, un-pleasant feelings toward peers, and self-efficacy in maintaining an assertive reputation. The findings showed that children with learning disabilities do not follow sociability goals such as problem solving in social problem-solving situations. Their social goals and self- efficacy perceptions usually end in withdrawal or aggressive responses.

The objective of this research was to determine memory problems (episodic memory, memory bias and memory confidence) in checking type obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Sixty individuals with OCD (30 checking and 30 washing types) were selected, together with 60 control individuals (30 with generalized anxiety disorder and 30 normal). The groups matched the checking OCD group in demographic features and were assessed for obsession and compul-sion by the Maudsly Obsessive – Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and diagnostic interview. Memory was assessed by two computer-based word lists (recalling list and recognition/confidence list). This study revealed no difference in the amount of recalling words among the groups. Checking OCD, washing OCD and generalized anxiety groups showed memory bias in recalling danger associated words. The checkers had significantly less memory confidence than any other groups. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings were also considered. The memory problem in the checking type OCD could be described in the frame-work of psychological theories, particularly, with a cognitive-behavioral approach.

The aim of this study was to assess the semantic representation of depressed patients and also the efficacy of semantic differentiation technique for this kind of assessment. Subjects (30 depressed and 30 non- depressed persons) were selected through convenient sampling. The instruments used included a modified version of a semantic differentiation task, which�embodied four stimulus concepts of me, past, life and future, and Beck’s Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods, t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. There was a significant difference in the total semantic differentiation scores between dep-ressed and normal subjects.There was a positive correlation between the severity of depression and negative semantic representation. Negative representation of the concept “me” was the strongest predictor of depression. Depressed patients have a negative meaning representation of life, past, future, and in particular self that must be addressed by the therapists. The semantic differentiation technique is effective for clinical assessments.

This study was a comparative evaluation conducted to assess the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral religious-cultural therapy in addition to medication treatment versus medication treatment alone and cognitive-behavioral therapy in addition to medication treatment in improvement of anxiety disorder (obsessive-compulsive). 15 obsessive-compulsive patients (5 males & 10 females) with religious background were randomly assigned into three groups: 1) Cognitive-behavioral religious-cultural therapy in addition to medication treatment (CBRCT, add. M), 2) Medication treatment alone (clomipramine or Fluoxetine), 3) Cognitive-behavioral therapy in addition to medication treatment (CBT, add. M). The subjects’ religious affiliation was determined by religious attitude questionnaire. All patients were evaluated before the commencement of treatment and, once again, eight weeks after the treatment by Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scales, a checklist of obsessive behaviors, religious beliefs questionnaire and dysfunctional attitude questionnaire. The results were analyzed and further interpreted by chi-squared test(X2) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that both cognitive-behavioral religious-cultural therapy in addition to medication treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy in addition to medication treatment were effective in reducing the severity of anxiety symptoms, depression, obsession, and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes. Medication treatment alone was only effective in reducing symptoms of depression and obsession, while it was not effective in reducing anxiety or dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes. Cognitive-behavioral religious-cultural therapy in addition to medication treatment was more effective than medication treatment alone, but in comparison with cognitive-behavioral therapy in addition to medication treatment was less effective. Based on the statistical analysis of findings, the addition of religious cultural components to cognitive-behavioral therapy was not necessarily effective in improvement of religious patients with symptoms of obsessive- compulsive disorder however, the raw scores of improvement indices were higher in subjects receiving cognitive–behavioral religious-cultural therapy in addition to medication treatment than the other groups.

Considering this fact that natural disasters especially those ones that are followed by heavy damages and human loses demand an immediate interference and necessity of taking short term and long term steps to prevent socio-psychological damaging effects which are the consequences of such disasters. This research investigates the living conditions of Bam earthquake survivals and their satisfaction of the supports and aids sent to the area after the earthquake. This research which is done according to field method, tries to assess the living conditions of 363 family members (203 females and 160 males). Who are chosen with cluster sampling out of the total survivals of the earthquake and lived in tents. The results were achieved by doing a survey that included a questionnaire divided into four parts A: anthropological characters B: conditions of living area. C: socio-mental conditions D: People comments about the aids and consisted of 6 questions relating to reconstructions of quake hit area local and other people management and the government sectors roles. The collected-data was analysed with statistical methods.According to the results most of the participants in this research are 21-30 years old whom married with high school education and housewives the vast majority of them were displeased with the lack of facilities such as drinking water food cooking equipments toilets detergents materials tent and sleeping equipments and their residing area. Most of them complained about the education and entertainment limitations or shortage so that most of them had no access to newspaper or books or training courses of any kind such as physical equipments and facilities.An increasing rate in behavioral-mental disorders after the quake and abusing narcotic drugs were among the findings too.All the findings mentioned in this research claim an immediate attention to the survivals and providing them whit the basic living facilities such as educational and health ones and the most important of all job opportunities.

Objectives The aim of present project was to investigate efficacy of social skills training on adjusting behaviors of mild mentally retarded children. Method 28 students between the ages of eleven years to eleven years and ten months old were selected randomly and divided into two groups of study (N=14) and control (N=14). The subjects were mildly mentally retarded based on Wechsler IQ Test with the scores ranging between 63 and 67. They also obtained low levels of adjusting behavior in daily life skills and socialization skills in the subscales of Vineland Scale. At first all the sub-jects were examined with Social Skills Training Check List; then the study group was pro- vided with about 2.5 months of training (15 sessions) on social skills. At the end of the training period, and once again, two months later in a follow up assessment, all the sub-jects were evaluated by the spoken instruments. Findings The findings showed that the experimental group had significantly improved in adjusting behaviors and social skills (daily life skills and socialization skill).The follow up evaluation revealed that social skills training in experimental group was still effective two months after termination of training. The control group comparatively did not significant- ly improve on any of the variables.Results Social skills training improves adjusting behaviors of mild mentally retarded child- ren.

The present study was designed to compare the worries of anxious children to that of normal children in the town of Dashtestan in Booshehr Province. Method This was a post-hoc study conducted in two phases. In the initial phase, the validity and reliability of the research tools were assessed. In the main phase, the tests were administered on the subjects; next the collected sets of data were compared to one another. The anxious group was comprised of 30 subjects, (17 girls, 13 boys). In the normal group, there were 50 subjects(26 girls, 24 boys). Both groups were matched in terms of sex, age, and level of education. The age of the subjects ranged from 8 to 14 years, and their level of education ranged from the 2nd grade of primary school to 3rd grade of junior high school. The instruments used in the study were List of Children’s Worries, Children’s Worries Questionnaire, and Revised Children’s Anxiety Scale. Findings The study indicated a significant difference between the normal & anxious children in terms of anxiety indices; the anxious children were more worried than the normal subjects. Further examination of the impact of age and sex on anxiety indices showed that older children were more worried about their personal performance, whereas younger children were more worried about personal injury.The frequency of worrisome matters was greater among boys than girls. The review of anxiety indices in the different groups of subjects demonstrated no significant relationship between type of illness and anxiety indices.

The purpose of the present study was to depict the condition of chronic schizophrenic patients and their carers after discharge regarding functions and quality of life of patients as well as carers burden. To this end a series of questionairs including family experiences interview scale (FEIS), Morningside rehabilitation status scale (MRSS) and Wisconsin quality of life (WQL) were administered on 260 schizophrenic palients and 261 carers. Finding revealed that tensions (70%) and negative emotions (94%) were prevalent in the majority of the carers. The function of caring for the ill member of the family had intrupted the routine life of most carers, more than half of the patients were moderately dependent on others, they were redundent/jobless and had limited social interactions. As for avocation 72% of patients, listened to radio or audio cassettes and did walking. Over half of the patients experienced difficulties for conducting their different functions. This group have perceived their mental health status at undesirable level. However, the patients were content with their quality of life except for inadequate recreation and feeling lonely. These findings imply the necessity for the provision of psycho-social services for patients and their carers. An emphasized component of such programme should include teaching the nature of illness as well as life skills to both groups.