سیدمحسن محسنی

This article is about Ostad ῌasan Mi‘mār Qomī in the era of Qājār (circa 12271312- AH), one of the conspicuous architects of Qom that some people from his lineage also had the occupation of architecture. The author enumerates his architectural works, whether extant or destroyed, based on observing, interviewing, or using the print or manuscript references. Moreover, he mentions the works in which Ostad ῌasan, whether certainly or probably, participated. He describes Ostad’s other skills such as composing poems and assessing estates. Then the author elaborates on the Grand Arcade of Qom which is a remnant by the Ostad and belongs to years before 1285 AH and provides the whole text of his architectural couplets.

The author believes that the consistent composition of the Islamic era architecture of Qom faced substitutions or destructions during Pahlavi reign, which resulted in its estrangement and discontinuity. As an introduction, the article describes this modernization – that was undertaken during the Qajar reign under the title of innovation – and evidentially delineates these multiphase development changes, which included the establishment of rest areas, roads, and markets. The author elaborates on ten old neighborhoods of Qom in the past that now exist only in the history books, and shows their original span through the comparison of the new streets with those old neighborhoods. The article describes the destruction of the historical district of Qom during the Pahlavi reign using the state documents, globe trotters› accounts, oral history and elders› memories, the existing images and maps, and other evidences. Then it criticizes some of those development programs.

Progress in nanotechnology in the past decayed has created various opportunities for evaluation of biological effects such as anti-bacterial effects of nanoparticles. This study was aimed to examine synthesis and the antibacterial effect of Nano-Polyamidoamine-G5 (NPAMAM-G5) dendrimer on Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Shigella Dysenteriae and Bacillus Subtilis. NPAMAM-G5 dendrimers was synthesized by Tomalia’s divergent growth approach. The antibacterial effects of NPAMAM-G5 dendrimer were studied by disc diffusion and micro-dilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze morphology and size of NPAMAM-G5. Zone of inhibition in concentration 25μg/ml of NPAMAM-G5 dendrimers for Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Shigella Dysenteriae and Bacillus Subtilis were 27, 13, 30 and 18 mm, respectively. There was a significant difference regarding the zone of inhibition between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (p<0.05). Remarkably, the MIC for Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Shigella Dysenteriae was 2.5μg/ml and for Bacillus Subtilis was 25μg/ml. The MBC for Shigella Dysenteriae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 50 and 200 μg/ml, respectively and for Klebsiella Oxytoca and Bacillus Subtilis was100 μg/ml. It was found that NPAMAM-G5 particles had a spherical shape with a mean diameter size of 10 nm. According to the results, the NPAMAM-G5 dendrimer with end amine groups displayed a positive effect on the removal of standard strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

This article investigates the history of the changes of Maydān Nou of Qom from the old times to the end of Qājār era. The author puts forth explanations about the entry path of Lady Ma‘ṣuma (a) to Qom in the year 200 AH, the residence place of that revered lady, the location of the holy shrine of Lady Ma‘ṣuma (a) and its effect on the geographical changes of Qom, mansions around the Qom river, Ash‘arī Qomī family, Ṣadr al-Mamālik Ardabīlī›s activities during Qājār era, Sāvah Gate, Qom Bāzār, Maḥmūdiyya, Muhandisiyya, some important old buildings such as water reservoir, public bath, caravansary, and bridge, out of which some are extant and some have been ruined. In addition to the books, the primary resources used by the author also include deeds of endowment, resources on the ancient history and geography of Qom, biographies of the scholars and poets of Qom, and field studies and observations.

Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method for the treatment of water and waste water. Water disinfection by electrochemical methods has been increasingly carried out recently. The aim of this applied research is to investigate the removal of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria from drinking water by using Electrocoagulation (EC) - Electroflotation (EF) with Stainless Steel - Graphite felt electrodes parallel with the monopole mode.
An experimental study was conducted in a batch system. In this study, the contaminated water samples were prepared by adding104, 105 and 106 CFU/ml E. coli and S. aureus. Independent variables Including: different concentrations of E.coli and S. aureus bacteria (104, 105 and 106 CFU/ml), reaction time (5, 10, 15 and 20 min), initial pH (7, 8 and 9), electrode gap (1, 2 and 3 cm), current density (0.83, 1.67 and 3.3 mA/cm2) to determine the optimum conditions were investigated. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results.
The results show that in the optimum conditions with increasing the pH from 7 to 9 removal efficiency of bacterial strains of E.coli and S. aureus were decreased significantly from 100% to 80% and 100% to 83%, respectively. In initial concentration of 105 CFU/ml, optimum conditions were obtained for current density, reaction time and electrodes gap; 3.3 mA/cm2, 20 min and 2 cm, respectively.
According to the results, E.coli and S. aureus removal efficiency in optimum conditions was obtained, 100%. Thus, the EC/EF process can be used for removal of pathogenic bacteria from drinking water.

A large number of studies has been conducted on applications of Polyamidoamine dendrimers, but their antibacterial activity has not been investigated extensively. The purpose of this study was synthesis and determining the antibacterial effect of nano polyamidoamine-G7 (NPAMAM-G7) dendrimer in the removal of Clostridium Perfringens, Bacillus Subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella dysenteriae bacteria from aqueous solution.
This experimental study was conducted in microbiology laboratory of Iran University of Medical Sciences (autumn and winter 2015). Initially, dilution of 103CFU/ml was prepared from each strain of bacteria. Then, different concentrations of dendrimer (0.025, 0.25, 2.5, and 25µg/ml), were added to water at laboratory temperature (23-25°C). In order to determine the efficiency of dendrimers in the removal of bacteria, sampling were performed at different times (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60min), and were cultured on specific medium for each bacterium.
In this study, the antibacterial property of dendrimer in aqueous solution had direct relationship with increasing concentration of dendrimer and contact time. The concentration of 25 μg/ml of dendrimer at contact times of 30, 50, and 60 min, 100% removed bacteria Salmonella typhi and Bacillus Subtilis and at contact time of 60 min, 100% and 98% removed Clostridium Perfringens and Shigella Dysenteriae bacteria, respectively, from aqueous solution. The concentration of 2.5μg/ml at 30, 50, and 60 min contact times, 100% removed Bacillus Subtilis.
The findings of this study revealed that Polyamidoamine-G7 dendrimers possess appropriate antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Rapid sand filter backwashing water typically consists of 2-5% of the total treated water and it has high turbidity. Therefore, effluent treatment of rapid sand filter backwashing is essential. This research aimed to survey turbidity removal from filtration effluent of Tehranpars water treatment plant using Electrocoagulation (EC)/Electroflotation (EF) process.
This practical study was done in a continuous system at laboratory scale. An electrocoagulation tank with the dimensions of 24×17×18 cm and volume of 7.35 l from plexiglass was used in this work. Inside the tank 4 Al or Fe plates (15×22×0.1cm) were used as cathode and anode. Each electrode was immersed up to 16 cm in effluent of electrocoagulation tank. 126 samples with turbidities of 320, 350, and 400 NTU were taken from effluent of rapid sand filter backwashing and the removal efficiency was tested at current densities of 4.16, 5.83, 7.5, 10, 11.66, and 13.33 mA cm-2 in detention times ranging from10 to 30 min. The space of electrodes is fixed at 1.5cm and pH at 8.2. Data analyzed by excel software.
The optimum pH of 8.2 was determined for this process. The optimum current density and detention time for both electrodes were the same and equal to 13.33 mA cm-2 and 30 min, respectively. At optimum conditions the respective highest turbidity removal by Al and Fe electrodes were 95.13 and 4.87%.
Regarding the results, using electro coagulation-electro floatation processes has an appropriate efficiency in turbidity removal. One can say that aluminum electrode has higher efficiency than iron electrode to remove turbidity.

Electrolysis is an electrochemical method for the treatment of water. recently water disinfection by electrochemical methods has been increasingly carried out. The aim of this applied research was to investigate the removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria from drinking water by using electrolysis method with Al-Fe electrodes parallel with the monopole mode.
An experimental study was conducted in the laboratory of microbiology, Iran University of Medical Science in May 2017. In this study, the contaminated water samples were prepared through adding 103, 104 and 105 E. coli and S. aureus bacteria per 1 milliliters (mL) of drinking water. Independent variables Included: different concentrations of E.coli and S. aureus bacteria (103, 104 and 105 CFU/ml), reaction time (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min), initial pH (7, 8 and 9), electrode gap (1, 2 and 3 cm), current density (0.83, 1.67 and 3.3 mA/cm2) to determine the optimum conditions were investigated. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results.
The results show that in the optimum conditions with increasing the pH from 7 to 9 removal efficiency of bacterial strains of E. coli and S. aureus were decreased significantly from 98 to 73% and 99.1 to 76%, respectively. In initial concentration of 104 CFU/ml, optimum conditions were obtained for current density, reaction time and electrodes gap, 1.67 mA/cm2, 20 min and 2 cm, respectively. With increasing current density and reaction time in both strains of bacteria, were decreased significantly. The electrodes gap do not have much impact on the efficiency of the process. The amount of electrical energy consumed in optimal conditions was calculated 0.5128 kilowatt-hour (kWh/h). Statistical analysis shows that exist significant relationship (P According to the results, E. coli and S. aureus, removal efficiency were obtained more than 98%, therefore electrolysis process can be used in the removal of pathogenic bacteria from drinking water.

Nano scale dendrimers are macromolecules synthetic which frequently used in medical and health field. Because traditional antibiotics inevitably induce bacterial resistance, which is responsible for many treatment failures, there is an urgent need to develop novel antibiotic drugs. This study was aimed to examine Synthesis and the antibacterial effect of NanoPolyamidoamine-G7 (NPAMAM-G7) dendrimer on Escherichia Coli, Proteus Mirabilis, Salmonella Typhi, Bacillus Subtilis and Staphylococcus Aureus.
In this experimental study that has been conducted in June 2015 in the Laboratory of Microbiology, Iran University of Medical Science, NPAMAM-G7 dendrimers was synthesized by Tomalia’s divergent growth approach. The antibacterial effects of NPAMAM-G7 dendrimer were studied by disc diffusion and micro-dilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. Standard discs were prepared using different concentrations of dendrimer on Mueller-Hinton agar plates.
Zone of inhibition in concentration 25 μg/ml of NPAMAM-G7 dendrimers for Escherichia Coli, Proteus Mirabilis, Salmonella Typhi, Bacillus Subtilis and Staphylococcus Aureus were 26, 38, 36, 22 and 25 mm, respectively. Regarding the zone of inhibition in gram negative bacteria with gram positive ones was P= 0.16 and was not significant difference. The MIC for Salmonella Typhi was 0.025, for Proteus Mirabilis, Bacillus Subtilis, Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli was 0.25 μg/ml. The MBC for Salmonella Typhi was 25μg/ml, for Proteus Mirabilis and Bacillus Subtilis was 50 μg/ml and for Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus was 100 μg/ml. The least of sensitivity against NPAMAM-G7 related to Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus and the most of sensitivity related to Salmonella Typhi.
The NPAMAM-G7 dendrimer with end amine groups exhibited a positive impact on the removal of standard strains, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, it is possible to use these nanodendrimers as antibacterial in the future.

Turbidity and colloidal factors are good shelters for growth and transmission of biological parameters as well as the factors affecting water usage from aesthetic point of view. Coagulating agents such as metal hydroxides are produced by the process of electrolysis. The coagulating agent combines with the pollutants to form large size flocs. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of electrocoagulation-electrofloatation in removal of turbidity from aquatic environments.

In a laboratory-scale fundamental-applicable study a plexiglass electrocoagulation reactor (24 ×17 ×18 cm) was made. 4 iron/aluminum plates (electrode) with a dimension of 15 ×16 cm and thickness of 1mm were placed in parallel and 1. 5 cm apart in the tank. A DC power supply with adjustable voltage (0-60 v) and amperage (0-6 amps) was used.

: The results showed that the highest turbidity removal from solution was obtained by aluminum electrode (97. 60 %) at pH of 7، potential difference of 50 volts، and contact time of 30 minutes. The maximum rate of turbidity removal from aqueous solution by using iron electrodes (89. 92%) was achieved at pH=7، potential difference of 50 volts، and contact time of 30 minutes.

based on experiments'' results، using electrocoagulation-electrofloatation has an appropriate efficiency in turbidity removal. It can also be concluded that the efficiency of Al electrode to remove turbidity from solution is higher than that of Fe electrode.

Toxicity assessment of material related to nanotechnology is necessary before excess development of this industry. On the other hand، specific characteristic of nanomaterials can be used in disinfection of other material. In this study toxicity and antibacterial properties of nano-TiO2 and nano-CuO were investigated with four bacterial species in solid media. Stock suspension of nanoparticles (10g-TSS/L) was diluted using Muller Hinton Agar to achieve 5-6000mg-TSS/L concentration. We prepared three Petri dishes for each concentration and refined bacteria were cultured on these Petri dishes. After culturing of these bacteria on the media containing nanoparticles، growth inhibition was determined. According to this data، 50% growth inhibition (EC50)، no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and 100% growth inhibition were determined. Our results showed that toxicity of TiO2 is more than CuO in solid media. In this regard، nano-TiO2 EC50 for Escherichia coli، Bacillus subtilis، Staphylococcus aureus، and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was calculated 181، 571، 93 and 933mg-TSS/L respectively. These figures for nano-TiO2 were 2550، 1609، 946، and 1231mg-TSS/L respectively. This study showed that compared with other bacteria studied، E. aureus due to high sensitivity and E. coli due to high resistance to both TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles are more proper as bioindicator in toxicity test and antibacterial test respectively.