سیدمحمود طباطبایی

One of the most important issues in the history of hadith compilation is the question of the credibility of the hadith heritage of Shia and Sunni Islam. For a long time, the issue of which of these two hadith traditions holds greater credibility has been a contentious topic between Shia and Sunni scholars. Some Sunni researchers have defended the credibility of their hadith heritage and responded to the criticisms against it by providing narrative-based arguments in the light of the history of hadith. This research, using an analytical-comparative method, aims to examine the views of two prominent scholars, Ayatollah Seyed Ali Sistani and Mohammad Mustafa al-A'zami, regarding the history of hadith compilation. The findings of this study, based on the views of these two scholars, indicate that the Shia tradition holds higher credibility. The research also refers to the relative alignment of some Orientalists' views, such as Joseph Schacht, with the Shia perspective on this matter and the lack of credibility of views like al-A'zami’s on the maximal authenticity of Sunni hadiths.

The current policy of water data in Iran is facing many problems while the number of users and the variety of services required in the field of water and its data are increasing. There is often a gap between what is available and what public and private decision makers need; But due to the high costs of creating the infrastructure to gather, process and share these data, many people and private sector investors cannot afford to implement these infrastructures; For this purpose, government infrastructures should be used to access these data. This research, the data of which was obtained with 15 semi-structured interviews and analyzed with thematic analysis and institutional mapping methods, showed that there are certain institutional barriers to receive these data and information from government organizations in Iran, such as the lack of comprehensive policy, natural monopoly of data in the government, the discretionary performance and the competition of government organizations with each other. Therefore, the goal of this research was to open public access to these data and 4 solutions were presented. Finally, the solution of "public-private collaborative interaction with responsible organizations" helped most of all to solve the identified problems.

Due to various social, political, and other contextual factors, the Holy Imāms (‘a) sometimes refrained from openly expressing the true rulings and instead resorted to taqīyyah (prudential concealment) when conveying religious rulings. To describe this phenomenon, jurists have employed the term “predication on prudential concealment” (maḥmūl ʻalā al-taqīyyah). Two primary approaches—maximal and minimal—have emerged regarding the role of taqīyyah in the differences found in aḥādīth (narrations). Proponents of the maximal approach argue that taqīyyah is the primary cause of variation in narrations and consider its influence to outweigh other factors. In contrast, the minimal approach, supported by scholars such as Shaykh al-Mufīd, Sāḥib al-Jawāhir, Shaykh al-Anṣārī, and contemporary jurists like Āyatollāh Sayyid ʻAlī al-Sīstānī, assigns taqīyyah a much less significant role, treating it as just one among several reasons for differences in narrations. This study, by analyzing the views of Āyatollāh Sayyid ʻAlī al-Sīstānī and providing relevant evidence and arguments, challenges the significant influence of taqīyyah on ḥādīth differences. Additionally, it discusses the refinement of ḥādīth collections by filtering out taqīyyah-based narrations, demonstrating that the presence of such narrations in these collections is minimal.Keywords: Predication on Prudential Concealment, Ḥādīth Differences, Āyatollāh Sīstānī, Ḥādīth Refinement, Taqīyyah.

Observing action and vision factors guarantees the health and efficiency of the family. The family sanctification, which is a kind of conventional perceptions, is formed through complex mental processes in couples' imagination and mind, and is effective in the realization and transformation of the family members' attitudes. Therefore, this qualitative research was conducted with the purpose of investigating the role of family sanctification in the factors of family stability by analyzing the Quranic and narrative themes using the thematic analysis. Based on the exploratory model, how the attitude of sanctification toward the family affects the fundamental factors of family stability, i.e., the observance of moral principles, and the realization of legal and God-centered systems was examined. The results showed that according to the realization of the formation of the perception of "family sanctification" in the individual and the role that is formed for him/her in creating and strengthening this attitude, the individual can overcome the destructive factors in the family stability. In addition, by creating this attitude in the individual, he/she can play an important role in the stability, strength and efficiency of the family by influencing the mediating factors that realize the fundamental themes of family stability.

Playing chess under time pressure is one of the most important challenges faced by chess players during various competitions in the final stages of the game, and it affects the performance of athletes in this field during the competition, hence suggesting the suitable training solutions is considered necessary to improve the performance of athletes in this sport field along with its occurrence mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of chess-based training in time pressure on the electroencephalography and skill indicators in chess players.

In a semi-experimental research among chess players (with15-22 years range) in the international level (ELO) range of 2000-1400 who had the experience of at least 3 years of chess activity, 28 subjects were chosen voluntarily and were placed in two groups: chess-based training under time pressure and the normal chess training group. On the first day of the study, electroencephalography indices of the subjects were recorded at rest and during the game under time pressure. The chess-based training group did 12 weeks of special chess training under time pressure in the form of 5 sessions per week each session for 4 hours. In the sixth and after the twelfth week of the study protocol, the electroencephalography and skill indices of all subjects were recorded to determine the absolute and relative power of theta and, alpha waves and the theta to alpha ratio. The data were analyzed with a 3×2 analysis of variance (ANOVA), bonferroni post hoc and independent t-tests using SPSS22 software at a significance level of P < 0.05.

The results showed that before the start of the research project, there was no difference between the studied groups between the absolute and relative power of theta and, alpha waves and the theta to the recorded alpha ratio (P>0.05). Subsequent six weeks of regular and time-limited exercise, a significant increase was observed in the absolute and relative power index of theta, and alpha waves, and the ratio of theta to alpha waves(P<0.05), but no intra-group and inter-group differences were observed in terms of the aforementioned indicators (P>0.05). However, the increase in theta wave and the alpha to theta ratio in the time-limited training group were significantly more than from the normal training group.

It could be concluded that time-limited chess-based training may cause positive changes in the cerebral cortex by modulating theta wave activity. Therefore, time-limited chess training can be an effective intervention to improve the brain waves and electrical activity of the cerebral cortex and potentially improve the brain performance of chess players.

Sexual desire disorder can be defined as a decrease in sexual feelings, thoughts, and fantasies. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation treatment on sexual desire disorder in men and women.

The statistical population of the present study consisted of all individuals who suffered from the problem of decreased sexual desire, and for this purpose, were referred to medical centers in Tabriz, Iran, and were diagnosed with the disorder of decreased sexual desire. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The research sample included 40 men and women who suffered from decreased sexual desire and were purposefully selected and were randomly assigned into two groups, including 20 people in the first test group (tDCS) and 20 people in the control group. Halbert's test was used to collect data before and after the intervention. Two-variable covariance analysis and SPSS software (version 26) were used to test the research hypotheses.

The average of the tDCS group and control groups showed that the independent variable was significantly effective on the dependent variable (P=0.0001).

The obtained results showed that the tDCS treatment method reduces the sexual desire disorder of overweight men. It had an effective libido disorder and its effectiveness was different between men and women. This difference indicates that Women have a better result than men from treatment.

Image processing is one of the arts of creating and conveying meaning, and metaphor is one of its strongest forms. Although semantic impression of metaphor and its image processing often requires a difficult course of action, this method has been used abundantly in the Qur'an. To answer the reason for this matter, the purpose of the revelation of the Qur'an, that is, humanization in all dimensions of its existence should be taken into consideration. In this research, metaphors are analyzed and then the goals of image processing are deduced. Accordingly, this article is a fundamental, theoretical and heuristic research, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In the meantime, not understanding the meanings and purposes of these images hinders achievement of the goal of the Qur'an’s guidance. It should be noted that, until now, the image processing of metaphors in the Qur’an has not been examined with such an approach. This image processing does not directly target actions among the three dimensions of human beings, but takes insights and tendencies into consideration. These targets can be listed in the creation, modification and completion of these two dimensions.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of schema therapy on primary maladaptive schemas and disease perception in people with generalized anxiety disorder in Tabriz city in 2022.

The current research was a semi-experimental type that was conducted using a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all patients suffering from generalized anxiety who referred to psychiatric clinics and after diagnosis by a psychiatrist, 30 of them were randomly selected from among the statistical population and divided into two experimental groups and Controls (15 people for each group) were replaced. Patients with generalized anxiety disorder completed questionnaires of primary maladaptive schemas and disease perception as pre-test and post-test, and treatment based on schema therapy was performed on the subjects during a period of 12 sessions (one session per week). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods including mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics including multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS software.

Based on the findings, schema therapy has been effective in reducing primary maladaptive schemas and disease perception in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (p<0.01).

Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that schema therapy as an effective intervention can be used for patients with generalized anxiety disorder along with drug therapy.

The development of resilience is done through problem-solving, coping strategies, and mood, and regarding determining the role of structural causal relationships of problem-solving skills, coping strategies and temperament with resilience with the mediation of psychological disturbance, no study has been done between nurses. This research was conducted to determine  the structural causal relationships of problem-solving skills, coping strategies, and temperament with resilience through the mediation of psychological disturbance in nurses.

This was descriptive-correlational research (structural equations) and the statistical population included all the nurses in Tabriz city in 2020-2021 and 500 people were selected by stratified random sampling. Information was collected using Heppner & krauskopf problem-solving questionnaires (PSQ), Lazarus & Folkman coping strategies (CSQ), Buss & Plomin temperament (EAS), Connor-Davidson resilience (CD-RISC) and psychological disturbance Kessler et al. (PDQ). Data were analyzed using the structural equation analysis method in SPSS.23 and Smart Pls3 software.

There was a direct causal relationship between problem-solving skills (β=0.174, p=0.001) and coping strategies (β=0.188, p=0.002)  with resilience; while there was no direct causal relationship between temperament and resilience (p=0.459). Also, there was an indirect causal relationship between coping strategies (β=0.143, p=0.001) and temperament (β=0.259, p=0.002) with resilience mediated by psychological disturbance; but there was no indirect causal relationship between problem-solving skills (β= -0.003, p=0.947) and resilience with the mediation of psychological disturbance.

Considering that the relationship between coping strategies and mood with resilience is mediated by psychological disturbance; it seems that the results of this research help design interventions aimed at improving the resilience of nurses by considering the role of the discussed variables.

In the Islamic educational system, human degeneration or perfection has a direct correlation with interpersonal communication behavior. Thinkers have always been concerned about regulating these behaviors and identifying their factors. Psychologists consider biological aspects, external events, as well as learning and attitudes as effective factors on human interpersonal communication behavior. Religious teachings also emphasize the explanation and regulation of human behavior. In this research, mental images are searched as the underlying factor in regulating human communication behavior based on religious teachings. This article examines the formation of Self-servitude as an underlying factor in human communication behavior using a descriptive analytical method. By promoting monotheism in ownership and lordship and paying attention to the human's inherent poverty, religious texts institutionalize his absolute need for God. Self-servitude in human's thought comes from the understanding of man's need for God. This presupposition has led to the realization of the attitude of worship in the believer. With the help of the intermediary of attitude, a person's servitude can affect his behavioral principles, including ego, instincts and moral traits.

Since the authority (qawwāmiyat) of men over their wives is defined in verse 34 of Sūrat al-Nisā as among the marital aspects and in the realm of typical and rational purposes of a marriage contract, and on the other hand, authority in the sense of management and guardianship refers to the two dimensions of duty and right, the resultant of these two is that the authority and management of men over their wives is subject to conditions such as intellectual maturity, resourcefulness, payment of dowry and fulfillment of marital duties. Therefore, authority as an aspect of men's status cannot prove the right of absolute obedience for them and be the basis for development of rights based on desires and whims. The present study is intended to analyze the viewpoints concerning the authority of men over their wives from the point of view of interpreters and jurists with a descriptive-analytical method. The achievement of this research is that one of the dimensions of the husband's authority is to correct the oppressive behavior of the wife who enjoys the rights of marriage, but has refused to fulfill the husband's rights and has become disobedient and rebellious. Given his right of authority and observing the three modes of punishment in a correct way, the husband keeps her wife away from the harm and injury of divorce while maintaining her respectability inside the home. However, a woman's academic and other personal and social activities, if they do not conflict with the rights and fixed territory of her husband’s authority, do not per se fall under the husband's right of obedience.

Academic faculty members play the most influential role in realizing the goals and ideals of higher education and community health. In the contemporary period, the cultural and educational role of professors, in the most crucial mission of higher education, has not received the required and necessary attention, and neglecting it has resulted in irreparable damages and adverse consequences. This study attempted to identify the prominent cultural roles of professors in relation to students (with an emphasis on higher health education), while explaining the necessity and importance, and effective solutions were examined and proposed. The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and a focus group discussion. Selected views of expert professors and data from authentic local scientific articles and related topics in upstream documents were utilized. The findings of the study were classified into five main themes and forty categories. “Cultural goals and ideals”; “general mission of professors for the cultural education of all students” and “special mission of professors of higher health education”; “authentic methods”; and “requirements for cultural education of students” were identified and recommended under the eight selected topics in each axis in order of priority. University Professors play a central role in the cultural and ideological education of students. It is appropriate to develop this responsibility in an objective manner and with suitable scientific methods and observe its excellence and realization in the education system.

Sexual desire disorder can be defined as a decrease in sensual feelings, thoughts and fantasies. The purpose of this research is to compare the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and cognitive behavioral therapy on libido disorder in men. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all men who suffered from the problem of decreased libido and for this purpose, they referred to medical centers in Tabriz city and received the diagnosis of decreased libido disorder. The research sample included 30 men who had the problem of decreased sexual desire and were randomly selected in three groups including the first experimental group (tDCS), the second experimental group (CBT) and the control group. Halbert's test was used to collect data. Single-variable covariance analysis was used for statistical analysis using SPSS-26 software. The results of the analysis showed that both treatment methods are effective in the dependent variable (decrease of sexual desire disorder).

Nowadays, disorder in the executive functions of children with autism is a controversial issue. Therefore, the present research aimed to examine the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cognitive rehabilitation on the executive functions of children with autism.

This semi-experimental research had a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of the study included all children aged 10-12 with autism disorder who referred to treatment centers and clinics in Shahin Dezh and Bukan cities, Iran, 2021-2022. A total of 30 children with autism were purposefully selected and randomly assigned into two groups (15 in the tDCS and 15 in the cognitive rehabilitation). The participants in the tDCS group underwent anodic tDCS on the head for 10 min, and participants in the cognitive rehabilitation group underwent 12 sessions of 40 min long computerized cognitive rehabilitation training. Research tools included Gilliam's Autism Diagnostic Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Test, Numerical Memory Subtest of Wechsler Test, Andre-Ray Test, and Continuous Performance Test. Multivariate covariance analysis was performed to analyze the collected data using SPSS software (version 26).

The results showed that the tDCS method was more effective on executive functions (cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, working memory and sustained attention) compared to the cognitive rehabilitation method (P≥0.01).

Based on the findings of the present research, both methods of tDCS and cognitive rehabilitation are helpful supplements for improving and strengthening executive functions in children with autism.

Recognizing the correct narration for forged one has always been the concern of Hadith scholars. One of the ways to discover forged narrations is to analyze and investigate the motivations of the narrators for forgery. The main concern of this article is to express the opinions of Seyyed Ali Sistani in the methodology of discovering fake narrations and explaining its rules based on the motives of forgery. Although the motives of forgery have been mentioned sporadically in numerous articles and books, the discovery of rules based on a complete list of the motives of forgery has not been emphasized so far. Seyyed Ali Sistani, as one of the jurists familiar with the topics of Hadith science and especially the field of Hadith disputes, has opened the way for the recognition of forged traditions for the purpose of resolving Hadith disputes by presenting a list of reasons for falsification. This research, in addition to explaining his foundations, by citing evidences from Hadith scholars and examples of Hadiths, investigates and develops the factors and motivations mentioned by him and states rules for discovering fake traditions based on the motivations of forgery.

Hadith and Sunnah have been affected by much damage. One of the most important of them is the difference and conflict between narrations. The approach of Ahl al-Bayt (the household of the prophet) (AS) in creating conflict between the Shiites is one of the neglected and less discussed causes of the conflict between the hadiths. The Pure Imams' different answers to the same questions and adopting such an approach by them is effective in removing theological doubts. Also, it acquaints us with the Infallible status in using figures of speech. Differently answering of the Pure Imams have been referred to in several narrations and their companions have considered it difficult to believe or accept. This paper aims to mention some usages of this approach in jurisprudence and revealed rules. Also, it considers the fundamentals and innovations of Mīrzā Mahdī Iṣfihānī and Ayatollah Sayyid Alī Sīstānī. These two traditionist jurists have explained several reasons for this issue and considered its nature different from Taqīya (the conformity with the Sunnites). Also, by criticizing and analyzing other scholars' views, they have discussed its narrative evidence and examples.

Many family members, especially mothers, suffer from the negative effects of having a child with special needs, especially a child with a learning disability. The aim of this study was to predict the sense of cohesion of women with children with learning disabilities based on social support and self-efficacy. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all mothers with children with learning disabilities who referred to medical centers in Tabriz in 1400, of which 300 people were selected by purposive sampling as a sample and questionnaires of sense of cohesion, social support. And completed self-efficacy. The obtained data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and multiple regression statistical methods using SPSS-17 software. The results showed that self-efficacy (p = 0.001, β = 0.177) and social support (p = 0.001, β = 0.289) simultaneously accounted for 15% of the changes in the "sense of cohesion" of mothers with children with disabilities. Explain learning. Using the results, it can be suggested that by holding workshops and educational classes to explain the role of social support and strengthen self-efficacy to strengthen the sense of cohesion of mothers with children with learning disabilities.

Specific learning disabilities Based on the latest statistical diagnostic version of mental disorders, neurodevelopmental disorder of biological origin is considered, which causes abnormalities at the cognitive level. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on students’ impulsivity and aggression with a particular learning disorder.

The present research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of all male and female students in the second grade of elementary school with special learning disabilities was the type of reading in Tabriz. The study sample included 36 male and female students in the second year of elementary school with a learning disability. To select the sample, first from the 3rd district of Tabriz education, three primary schools for girls in the second year and three schools for boys in the second year were selected as a cluster. And their parents completed the consent form. Fourty five people were selected for targeted sampling and 36 of them were selected as the final sample by considering the entry and exit criteria as the final sample and randomly tested in two experimental groups. Particepents (18 in each group) were in test group and control group. Raven’s intelligence test, checklist of teacher dysfunction checklists (teacher form), Buss and Perry’s aggression questionnaire, and Barratt’s developmental scale were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance with SPSSsoftware 22 and the significance level was considered to be 0.05.

The results showed that Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation on aggression and impulsivity of children in both experimental and control groups was significant (P<0.001).

According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation is effective in reducing impulsivity and aggression in children with learning disabilities.

Imagery is one of the techniques of inventing and conveying meaning, and simile is one of the strongest forms of creating these images in the Qur'an. Although it is more difficult to understand the meaning of Qur'anic similes than simple addresses, it can be seen that this format is used abundantly in the Qur'an. To answer the reason for this, that is, God's purpose in portraying these similes, one must consider the final purpose of the revelation of the Qur'an; It means humanization in all areas of its existence. Since the understanding of these goals is based on the precise understanding of the simile used and its elements, in this research the similes are first analyzed exactly and then their goals are deduced; Based on this, this article will be a fundamental, theoretical, and exploratory research, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In expressing the necessity of such this research, in addition to the fact that the lack of understanding of the meanings and purposes of these verses hinders the achievement of the guidance goal of the Qur'an, it should be kept in mind that the imagery of the Qur'an's similes has not been analyzed with such an attitude. Among the three areas of human beings, Quranic similes do not target human actions directly, but consider insights and tendencies (beliefs, moods, and emotions); Therefore, God's goals from these images can be listed in the creation, modification, and completion of these two areas.

The purpose of this research was to present and validate the model of improving the structure of secondary schools using a mixed method. This study was conducted using a mixed method (exploratory design). The research method was in the qualitative part of the foundation's data theory and in the quantitative part of the survey. Qualitative data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 12 people (purposive sample) from managers, teachers and professors in the field of educational management. With the subject of the research, a semi-structured interview was used. Validity and reliability criteria were used to validate the data. The validity of the interview was confirmed using the four criteria of Gaba and Lincoln (1994) and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using the Cronbach's test. To analyze the qualitative data, open coding, axial coding and selective coding were used to select and determine the category of the central phenomenon. A researcher-made questionnaire (based on qualitative findings) was used to collect quantitative data. In the quantitative part, the statistical population was all principals of schools in Karaj city in the number of 1900 people in the academic year 2017-2018. Using Morgan's sample selection table, a sample of 320 school principals were selected by available sampling method. Professors were used and most experts confirmed its validity, and to verify the reliability of the questionnaire, the method of conducting a pilot test and calculating Cronbach's alpha with SPSS software was used; Based on this, Cronbach's alpha was calculated as 0.803, which shows the reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire. The researcher-made questionnaire included questions that refer to the concepts classified in the qualitative section. In the qualitative analysis of the secondary school structure improvement model, the causal conditions components of the secondary school structure improvement model included individual capabilities and organizational conditions, and the intervening factors included the three categories of political system, power relations, and belief system, and the background condition components included organizational culture and organizational atmosphere. The strategy or strategies of presenting the model for improving the structure of secondary schools included two strategies of planning and transformation and development. Among the consequences of the presented model, we can point out the benefits of a dynamic and capable structure as well as an effective and efficient leadership style. The results of this research showed that the desired structure in schools helps in the effectiveness and quality of educational processes and facilitates administrative and cultural affairs and enables schools to adapt to environmental changes and intervening factors within the organization. It also removes the obstacles and problems caused by defective structures and in this way improves efficiency, effectiveness and productivity in schools.

Behavioral problems are a complex set of emotional, cognitive and behavioral problems, which are characterized by a lack of control and non-adherence to moral and social principles and behavioral disorders in a desirable way in society. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on emotion regulation on impulsivity and aggression of students with behavioral problems.

The method of the present study was a semi-interventional pretest-posttest design with a control group.  The statistical population was all male and female students in the second grade of elementary school (fourth, fifth, and sixth grade) with behavioral problems in Tabriz. The research sample also included 36 male and female elementary school students with behavioral problems. To select the sample, first from the 3rd education district of Tabriz, three primary schools for girls and three secondary schools for boys were selected in clusters, and the Quay and Peterson Behavioral Problems Questionnaire was completed by the teacher. Among the students who scored high on the Quay and Peterson Behavioral Problems Questionnaire, 36 were selected as the final sample based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly divided into two experimental groups (18 people) and a control group (18 people) were replaced. To collect data from a revised checklist of behavioral problems, Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992) and Barratt Impulsivity Scale (1994) were used.

Cognitive therapy based on the emotional regulation of aggression and impulsivity in children in the intervention group is significant (P <0.001); According to ETA square in each of the variables of aggression (physical, verbal, anger, and hostility) 0.40, 0.260, 0.196 and 0.221, respectively, and impulsivity (lack of planning, motor and cognitive), respectively. 0.270, 0.283, and 0.251% of the changes are explained according to cognitive therapy based on emotion regulation.

Cognitive therapy based on emotion regulation is effective in reducing impulsivity and aggression in children with behavioral problems.