فهرست مطالب سیده زلیخا هاشمی چاشمی

Evidence shows that certain conditions during pregnancy will have lasting effects on the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of voluntary physical activity on corticosterone and anxiety levels in mice during and after pregnancy.  

In this experimental study, 40 female NMRI mice aged with an approximate age of 80 to 90 days and a weight of 25 to 30 grams were divided into four groups of 10 including the control-pregnancy, experimental-pregnancy, control-postpartum and experimental-postpartum groups. After two weeks of adaptation to the environment and seeing the vaginal plaque, two rotating wheels were placed inside the cage of each pregnant mice to apply voluntary physical activity for four weeks. The dark-light box test was used to measure the anxiety of mice. Finally, the animals of the pregnancy groups, on the 18th day of pregnancy and the samples of the postpartum groups, on the 7th day after delivery; were given deep anesthesia and to measure corticosterone, blood was taken directly from the heart tissue. For statistical analysis, the independent sample t-test was used at a significance level of p<0.05.

The serum corticosterone levels decreased significantly in the experimental groups during pregnancy (p=0.002) and during the postpartum periods (p=0.006). However, the anxiety level of the mice was significantly reduced only in the experimental postpartum group (p=0.007).

The use of voluntary physical activities during pregnancy in mice is probably important as an effective therapeutic strategy in reducing cortisol and psychological disorders including anxiety.

Exercise training along with green coffee consumption can be considered as an important strategy to control obesity. The aim of present study was to compare the effect of aerobic, resistance and combined exercise trainings along with green coffee supplement on serum levels of irisin, myonectin and insulin resistance in obese women.

In this quasi-experimental study, 60 women with a range of 25 ± 5 years old and body mass index of 30 ± 5 kg/m2 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into five groups (n=12) as aerobic training+supplement, resistance training+supplement, combination training+supplement, supplement and control. The intensity of aerobic training was considered 50 to 75% of the maximal heart rate and for resistance training it was 55 to 70% of one maximum repetition. Trainings were performed for three days per week during eight weeks. During the same period, green coffee was consumed at a dose of 400 mg daily before dinner. Fasting blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session. For statistical analysis the covariance and Bonferroni tests were applied for results extraction at the significant level of p<0.05.

Serum levels of irisin and myonectin in the both exercised and consumed green coffee, significantly increased as compared to pre-exercise and other groups. Moreover, insulin resistance significantly decreased after aerobic and combination training along with supplement compared to other groups and even before pre-exercise; however, after resistance training and supplement, its amount increased compared to other groups.

All three exercises performed together with green coffee supplement, could increase myokines such as irisin and myonectin, in addition it can affecting body composition and weight losing, and also improve insulin action and reduced insulin resistance. However, combined exercise and aerobic training with supplementation produced greater improvements in insulin and insulin resistance compared to resistance training with supplementation.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a complication of type 2 diabetes that can lead to myocardial cell autophagy through Beclin-1 and light chain 3 proteins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of continuous and intermittent aerobic exercise with resveratrol supplementation on Beclin-1 and LC3 gene expression in the heart tissue of diabetic male rats.

 For this purpose, 56 male Wistar rats with mean (age 40-50 weeks and weight 430-373 g) were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 7) control (C), diabetic (D), saline (S), Resveratrol (Sup), Continuous exercise (E), Interval exercise (HIIT), Continuous exercise/Supplement (E+Sup), Intervalt exercise/Resveratrol (HIIT+Sup).  Diabetes was diagnosed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg / kg body weight. Continuous training rats trained three days a week for 8 weeks at a speed of 15 meters per minute.  The intermittent training protocol also included 10 one-minute sets with an intensity of 50% vo2max on the treadmill and two minutes of rest between sets, starting at 14 meters per minute and increasing rapidly by two meters per minute each week.  Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance at the α (α ≥0.05) level.

 The results showed that Beclin-1 and LC3 in the diabetic induction group had a significant decrease compared to the healthy control group (P = 0.001). Compared with the diabetic group, the diabetic + exercise + supplement group showed a significant increase in Bcline-1 and LC3 (P = 0.001).

  Exercise combined with resveratrol supplementation can increase Beclin-1 and LC3 autophagy factors” which inhibit apoptosis and reduce heart tissue damage in diabetics.

The toxic effects of Doxorubicin on various tissues from one hand, and the pre-treatment effects of exercise activity before the DOX induction on heart and liver tissues in young rats from other hand have already been recognized, but the pre-treatment effects of exercise on elderly rats, especially in the lung tissue is not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to compare changes in lung tissue following DOX intoxication and the preventive effect of aerobic exercise. 48 young (3 months) and elderly (32 months) male rats were divided into three subgroups: control (307.8, 374.8), DOX (422.368, 430) and DOX + exercise (372.370, 383). Training groups r an on treadmill for three weeks at a speed of 15-17 m/min and a time of 25-39 minutes and five sessions per week.  DOX receiver groups received DOX solution (20 mg / kg) 24 hours after the last exercise. 48 hours after DOX injection, biopsy and descriptive analysis were performed. Histological examination of lung tissue showed inflammation, intercellular edema, vascular congestion, increased vascular wall thickness in DOX induction groups and with more degradation in the elderly groups. Performing aerobic exercise pre-treatment in both groups improved the injuries caused by DOX. The findings showed that induction of DOX caused more damage to the lung tissue of elderly rats than young rats, because the resistance of elderly lung tissue to DOX was lower and pre-treatment with aerobic exercise mitigated the destructive effect of DOX on lung tissue and this healing is more evident in elderly lungs.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease includes a spectrum of clinical syndromes from early steatosis to liver cirrhosis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise training with silymarin supplementation on liver enzymes and weight of male fatty liver rats.

In this study, 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing 159 ± 3 g were randomly divided into 5 equal groups of normal diet/saline, high-fat diet/saline, high-fat diet/silymarin supplement, high-fat diet/training/ saline, and high-fat diet/training/supplement. Modeling of fatty liver with high-fat diet containing 45% energy from carbohydrates, 41% fat, and 14% protein was performed at a daily dose of 10 g per 100 g of body weight; the control group had a normal diet. The training groups practiced intermittently for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes) at intensity close to VO2max. Silymarin and saline supplementation was gavaged as 140 mg daily per kg body weight for 2 weeks. Liver tissue sampling was performed 72 hours after exercise to evaluate liver enzymes. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test (P <0.05).

Liver alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes significantly reduced in the periodic training and periodic exercise/silymarin supplement groups compared to the control group; but no significant difference was observed in silymarin supplement groups compared to the control group.

Use of silymarin supplement with exercise, especially intermittent and high-intensity exercise, can modulate inflammatory and oxidative responses, and can be a suitable method to treat patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic used for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. But unfortunately, due to its accumulation within healthy tissues, DOX treatment results in side effects of cellular toxicity. DOX-induced cellular toxicity occurs as a result of increasing oxidative damage, resulting in apoptosis and cell death. There is currently no standard of care practice to prevent DOX-induced toxicity to off-target organs. Therefore, scientists and researchers are seeking to further development and improvement of the treatment for this deadly disease. Meanwhile, the combination of exercise and chemotherapy is a promising method for efficiency and tolerance and reduction of side effects and drug resistance. Physical activities stimulate numerous beneficial biochemical adaptations resulting in a healthy phenotype in vulnerable tissues, without affecting the antineoplastic properties of DOX. Therefore, determining the appropriate exercise regimen is important to prescribe those cancer patients receiving DOX therapy because the patientchr('39')s physical and medical conditions must be considered. The present review study investigates the cytotoxic effects of DOX on the heart, liver, kidney and lungs, discussing the benefits of the role of regular physical activity and potential mechanisms dealing with the positive effects of exercise on each system.

MAO-A is an enzyme that breaks down neural mediators such as dopamine and serotonin. This study investigates the relationship between monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene polymorphism with exercise motivation and physical activity level in healthy men and women. Subjects and

One hundred twenty-two participants (age mean 24.37 ± 5.72 years old, 55 males & 67 females) completed the behavioral regulation in exercise questionnaire–2 (BREQ-2) to assess their motivation to exercise and the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) to assess their level of physical activity. DNA was isolated from a cheek cell sample. MAO-A genotype was identified by PCR with specific primers.

One-way ANOVA test for comparing BREQ-2 scores and specific motivational groups showed that the mean of BREQ-2 total scores was not significantly different between genotypes. Also, there was no significant difference in motivational categories between genotypes (P>0.05). It was also found that individuals carrying the 3.5/3.5 genotype had more body activity per week than the other two genotypes, although this difference was not significant (P>0.05).

In general, the present study did not show the expected relationship between MAO-A genotype and level of physical activity because there is no difference between the amount of physical activity between genotypes. This suggests that intrinsic factors play an important role in determining the level of physical activity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pretreatment of aerobic training on stress and inflammatory indices [heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP)] induced by doxorubicin in lung tissue of aging male rats.

16 male rats were randomly divided into aging + doxorubicin (AD) and aging + doxorubicin + training (ADT) groups. The training group ran on a treadmill for three weeks at speeds of 15-17 m/minute for 25-39 minutes and five sessions a week. Subjects received doxorubicin (20 mg/kg) 24 hours after the last training session. The biopsy was taken 48 hours later. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc test via SPSS software.

Three weeks of the aerobic training only resulted in a significant increase of HSP70 and SOD, and decrease of MDA in the lung tissue in the training group compared to the control group.

Doing exercises before treatment with doxorubicin appear to be effective in elderly people, probably due to changes in the protective proteins of the cell in inhibiting or reducing oxidative damage.

Doxorubicin is one of the most important chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of solid tumors caused by the production of free radicals and the reduction of antioxidants to cardiac toxicity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of pretreatment of three weeks of aerobic exercise on histological changes in the heart tissue of young and old rats by doxorubicin.
In this study, 48 male rats were divided into two young and old age groups then each age group was also divided into three sub-groups: control, DOX, and exercise DOX. Exercise groups ran on a treadmill for three weeks and five days a week at a speed of 15-17 meters per minute and time of 25-39 minutes. All groups received the solution of doxorubicin (20 mg kg) at 24 hours after the last exercise session. Finally biopsy was done at 48 hours after injection of DOX. Histological results were analyzed by a descriptive and qualitative method.
Findings: The preconditioning of aerobic exercise led to a significant reduction in severe edema and apoptosis induced by doxorubicin, and this reduction in tissue damage was more evident in the elderly.
Discussion & The findings indicate severe damage to the heart muscle in the elderly and the positive effects on doxorubicin induced apoptosis, and the effects of driving to apoptosis induced by doxorubicin. Also, the implementation of aerobic exercise pre-treatment with over a shorter period for elderly patients which were faced with the limitations of physical activity would be more appropriate and would lead to increasing the antioxidant protection role of heart tissue.

Growth hormone not only effects the stimulation, division and growth of cells throughout the body during growth period but also leads to a decrease in the use of the carbohydrates and transfer of Lipids as sources of energy. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a one-session average -intensity resistance training the secretion of the growth hormone in two groups of active and inactive women. Subject and twenty young women were divided in two active and inactive groups after they had filled out demographic questionnaires. First, one repetition maximum participants in one-session resistance training were determined and then all participants engaged in protocol training with intensities of 50,60 and 70 percent. Blood samples were taken immediately before and after the training. Statistical measures of Dependent -T and Independent-T and Co-variance Analysis were used for data analysis(P< 0/05). resistance training decreases the secretion of growth hormone in active women while it increased it in inactive women. However, this difference in the amounts of growth hormone between the two groups was not meaningful(P< 0/05). one-session average- intensity resistance training had no meaningful effect on either increasing or decreasing growth hormone. Therefore, if active and inactive people want to gain desirable amount of growth hormone then they need to engage in resistance training with high-intensity to use the benefits of growth hormone.

The general psychological literature suggests that males are typically more aggressive than females. In the sport domain, however, results concerning the existence of gender differences in judgment about moral behavior have been equivocal. Based on problem, this study was to compare athletic aggressive tendencies in youth basketball girls and boys.

123 athletes (65 male & 58 female) who were member of different teams in a youth basketball league of Tehran, aged 13-19 years (M=16.46_+2.3), were selected and subjected in a random manner. These athletes completed in order three – section questionnaire in the rest time which including demographic, JAMBYSQ (judgment about Moral Behavior in youth Questionnaire), information about how strong the team norms and how athletes’ self – described likelihood to aggress has been collected, and TNQ (Team Norm Questionnaire), information about teammates and coach norms for violate a rule and aggressive. All data were analyzed by chi square and Pearson correlation (p<0.05). Internal consistency of the JAMBYSQ scenarios was established. Also, assessing reliability of both TNQ and JAMBYSQ Questionnaires were determined that those are reliable.

The results indicate that male players have more aggressive Tendencies than female players. In particular, male players perceived that most players would cheat rather than lose an important game more than the female players.

The results obtained based on social learning theory and structural developmental theory. Gender differences in aggression have frequently been reported, such that males show more aggression than females that it can to result of different society expects for males and females.