سیده لیلا رضوی طوسی

Even though dams have many social benefits, it also has caused social, economic, environmental and technical management risks along time. Due to the fact that the dam is considered a great phenomenon in nature, its effects on the environment are extensive. One of the issues that must be investigated during the operation of dams is the negative environmental effects in the dam construction area. The negative environmental effects of dams are including sedimentation in the dam's reservoir and lake, intensification of erosion in the downstream lands, inundation of agricultural lands due to rise of the underground water level. The effects of the mentioned risks for dam construction may be irreparable. The aim of this study is evaluating the effects of social, economic, technical management and environmental risks affected by the construction of dams on the watershed. Decisions related to the management of these dams require recognize the dangers and risks in the dam and prioritize them. Dam construction projects are more risky than other projects due to the high credits and time spent on their construction. Using multi-criteria decision-making methods is a suitable tool for evaluating different risks in these dams. In this study, the combined DEMATEL-ANP method is used to identify the relationships between risk criteria and sub-criteria and prioritize them. So, four criteria and 42 sub-criteria were determined to evaluate different risks in Mamloo, Taleghan and Lar dams and the network relationships between them were determined. The results show that the employment sub-criterion in economic criterion with a weight of 0.0720 has the highest risk and the land acquisition sub-criterion in management technical criterion with a weight of 0.0029 has the lowest risk compared to all sub-criteria.

Evaluating the monitoring network and determining the main criteria in the stations is an effective step in improving the efficiency of the monitoring and measurement network. Consecutive assessment, pathology and optimization in long-term monitoring; Leads to proper management of output data, system efficiency and reduces costs. Of course, limiting factors such as: growing needs, limited resources, the consequences of unsustainable development and occasional human interference in the water cycle, etc., cause concern in meeting the water needs of human society. In this study, the evaluation of the quality monitoring network of the country's rivers was evaluated using a multi-criteria decision-making method and by selecting four main criteria. In management and technical criteria in water monitoring stations, data quality control and assurance sub-criteria, in social criteria sub-criteria of water quality parameters, in economic criteria sub-criteria of pollution detection and in environmental criteria sub-criteria of network optimization at a specific time and place have the most weight. Also, a comparative comparison of Iran's monitoring network with the monitoring network of selected countries was performed using Spearman correlation coefficient method. The Iranian monitoring network is most consistent with the Thai monitoring network with a coefficient of 0.9. One of the most important priorities of the US Monitoring Network is to optimize monitoring at specific times and places. Japan's monitoring network focuses more on regional monitoring than grade 1 rivers.

The scarcity of water resources and the inequitable distribution of soil and water resources in the irrigated area is a substantial challenge in the most agricultural areas of Iran, particularly the Karkhe watershed, resulting in competition among water consumers. Therefore, it is important to prioritize water allocation in agriculture. At the other side, due to the complicated relations between several criteria and sub-criteria which are conflicting sometimes, using conventional decision-making methods cannot be applicable. This paper aims at employing fuzzy DEMATEL method to identify the relations between effective criteria in allocating water in order to prioritize a number of irrigation networks of Karkhe River. In this way, 30 criteria were determined in social, economic and environmental sections. The results show that the criteria of participation of stakeholders, water user cooperation quota along with climate change criterion are being determined and prioritized as effective and important criteria by the values of 6.9, 6.73 and 6.44, respectively, while the criteria of immigration, regional employment rate, social justice and social welfare resulting from water, are considered as impressible criteria affected strongly by the aforementioned effective criteria by the values of 6.09, 5.93, 5.72 and 5.1, respectively. Therefore, applying fuzzy DEMATEL, the network relations between criteria and their importance are determined for water allocation between irrigation and drainage networks of Karkhe river in order to prioritize them using multi criteria decision making method.

Water and soil resources are most important for sustainability development. A watershed is not only simply the hydrological unit but also a social, economical, and environmental devision which plays crucial role in development of the country. Based on the national long term goals in water industry, different strategies are determined for the integrated water resources management in the national level. One of the most important problems in water management planning, especially in water allocation, is ranking the watersheds with respect to this various complexively related water strategies. A new method is proposed in this study based on ANP and fuzzy TOPSIS methods. This model is used to evaluate 5 critical watersheds in Iran named Urmia Lake, Atrak, Sefidrood, Namak, and Zayandehroud. In this decision making model, 38 water strategies (S1, S2,…,S38) are defined as sub criteria in 10 clusters (C1, C2,…, C10). These clusters are categorized according to economic, social, and environmental criteria. Also, the fuzzy arithmetic is applied to overcome the uncertainty in decision makers’ judgments. The important advantage of the proposed method is using triangular fuzzy numbers in all steps of the algorithm. The results are compared with ANP method to validate the proposed model. It is indicates that among different watersheds, Urmia Lake and Atrak show the highest and the lowest scores, respectively.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) implementations are also classified as the Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a mesh free particle method based on Lagrangian formulation with a number of advantages. This method is obtained approximate numerical solutions of the equations of the fluid dynamics by replacing the fluid with a set of particles. All particles carry their properties and then the advection is taken care automatically. In contrast، Eulerian mesh based numerical methods have difficulties such as the problem of numerical diffusion due to advection terms. Because of the simplicity and robustness of SPH، this numerical method has been extended to complex fluid and solid mechanics problems. The important advantage of SPH is that the muli-phase flows can be modeled by SPH and each particle can be assigned to a different phase. In this paper، the SPH method is used for simulating water and sediment flow in dam break problem. The government equations are momentum and continuity equations which are described in a Lagrangian framework. Also، the compressible flows are modeled as a weakly compressible flow via the equation of state. The XSPH equation is applied for each particle movement at each time step. The Wendland kernel is applied as smoothing function. Sediments are treated as non-Newtonian fluid and for simulating them the non-Newtonian models are used. In this paper، the combination of two rheological models named Bingham and Cross is used. The predictor- corrector algorithm is applied. The time step is controlled by Courant condition (CFL)، the forcing terms and the viscous diffusion terms. On the other hand، the laboratory experiment of dam break is performed and the new experimental set up was built. At first، the column of water with a height of 0. 5 m and the wide of 0. 25 m is blocked by a partition gate. The bottom of the water column is covered with non cohesive sediments. The sediments are sands with d50=1. 4 mm. The partition gate separates the water column from the downstream channel and the speed of partition gate is more important. Then the partition gate is removed with a specific velocity. The partition gate opens completely from above with a constant speed of 0. 6 m/s. The flow motion is recorded by digital camera system. Finally، a comparison between experimental results and computational results is carried out and the errors are calculated. The error of sediment height variations in specific horizontal distances (x=5 cm and 14 cm) in reservoir are 6. 55% and 5. 94%، respectively. Also، the sediment surface profiles are shown in different times. The comparisons are shown good agreements between numerical and experimental results. The good agreement proves the ability of the present SPH model to simulating two phase flows.

Water is a main resource in sustainable development planning where the management of quality and quantity of these resources play an important role in public health and social welfare. On the other hand، due to social، economic and environmental values of this vital resource، water resource management is considered as a very important task. The long term water strategies are not only a useful guide in codification of water management plans in watersheds but also affect the optimal utilization of water resources through creating links among different management sectors. In national water allocation planning، ranking watersheds is a serious part of integrated water management which is less referred in the literature. In this study the ANP method and a novel hybrid algorithm based on ANP-FuzzyTOPSIS method are employed and compared. Different critical watersheds in Iran included Oroomeyeh، Atrak، Sefidrood، Namak and Zayandehrood are considered as alternatives. The results indicate that Oroomeyeh and Atrak show the highest and the lowest scores، respectively. It means Oroomeyeh is a critical watershed by considering water strategies and applying water strategies in this watershed is more important than others.

In this study، the effect of non-uniformity of sediment particles، on progression and pattern of delta through passing flood was investigated at various times of progressing the delta. For this purpose، 5 particle size distribution curves were used. All the curves had the same normal distribution and average particle size diameter. The effect of non-uniformity of sediment particles on progression of delta was also investigated using a physical model of river connected to the reservoir، by a gradual divergence angle. In the range of experimental observations، results show that increasing the impact time of flood causes the delta to progress more quickly after passing the flood flow. On the other hand، increasing the geometric standard deviation of the particles makes the power of the developed equation to vary between 2 to 3. 5. The amount of scouring the delta created due to the flowing flood was also reduced up to 20%، while increasing the geometric standard deviation of the sediment particles increases from 1. 2 to 2. 6.

Water resources are among basics for sustainable development. The non uniform temporal and spatial distribution of water resources is led to shortage water in arid and semi arid regions. The inter basin water transfer projects are one remedy to this problem. According to the diversity of the feasible water transfer projects, ranking of the projects with different criteria is currently one of the important issues in water resources management. Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making (FMADM) is a collection of methodologies which can be used to compare, select, or rank multiple alternatives that typically involve incommensurate attributes. The aim of this research was to use some of the fuzzy multiple attribute group decision making methods for ranking some inter-basin water transfer projects of Karoon River, western Iran. Maximizing and minimizing sets method, the Bonissone’s method for group decision making, Fuzzy TOPSIS for group decision making, and Fuzzy Decision Making software were used in this study. A set of 10 interbasin water transfer projects with 8 criteria were considered. First, the weight of each criterion was determined within a group of five water resources experts, Then the rating preference for each alternative were obtained by the samegroup of experts. Finally, the results of different methods were compared. The results showed that the Tunnel Koohrang 1 posses the higher rank. Also, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was obtained between different methods. The results showed that the Fuzzy TOPSIS and Bonissone method provide the best correlation. For evaluating the criteria weightings, the sensitivity analysis was conducted and the results were compared.

Dealing with Water Scarcity is one of the important probleme in water resources management. There is no one of financial capability to execute all the water resources projects in onelot, so it is important to rank execution projects. In this study, one of the fuzzy multiple attribute decision making methods was employed for ranking some of the inter-basin water transfer projects, by using different critaria and modifying the Raj and Kumar method for both benefit and cost critaria conditions. The approach has been applied to the Karun river basin. For ranking alternatives, first critaria and their weight were determined and then 10 inter-basin water resources projects of Karun river with 8 critaria were considered. The weight of each criterion determined by 5 water resources experts. The fuzzy weights of alternatives are computed by using standard fuzzy arithmatic. The concept of maximizing snd minimizing sets are used to computed the total utility of each of alternatives. Finally, the results of maximizing and minimizing method were compared to FDM software.