سیده نرگس ساداتی

Uranium is the main raw material for the production of nuclear energy. The development of nuclear energy significantly increases the extraction of uranium, therefore it is very important to pay attention to this metal and the environmental effects of its mining in our country.Iran's uranium deposits are mostly located in central Iran. Several deposits have been identified in this zone, one of which is the anomaly located 170 kilometers northeast of Yazd city. Chah Juleh area is located in the northeast of Yazd city and in the east of the 1:100,000 map of Ariz. It is bounded from the north by the Saghand desert, from the west by the Khashumi mountains, from the east by the Chadormello iron ore mine, and from the south by the Zarigan region (Figure 1).
The general morphology of the area is rocky and rough. This area was identified for the first time by aerial flights, during which two anomalies were identified in the north and south of the area. The anomaly in the south of the region was not followed due to the lack of surface outcrop.The development of nuclear energy will reach its peak in the next few decades. Since uranium is the main raw material of nuclear energy, the environmental problems caused by mining must be taken seriously by government agencies.

In order to carry out lithology, mineralogy and geochemical studies, about 125 rock samples (35 samples for preparing thin sections, 23 polished sections, 10 samples for X-ray diffraction analysis and about 60 samples for X-ray fluorescence analysis from the Different areas of the region, especially the mineralized points, were collected and studied .Among the alterations in the region, we can mention hematitization, chloritization, epidoteization, silicification, carbonateization, and kaolinization.Zarigan leucogranite in the studied area has been affected by Sodic metasomatism in some parts and has turned into albitite, these parts, which are seen in red color (Figure 2-b, p), have radioactivity and sometimes with a scintillometer device show the radiation intensity of 2500 cps and their radiation is related to the opaque minerals in them. These opaque minerals form a dark red halo around the opaque mineral as a result of the radioactive decay, which can be seen in the hand sample and is one of the evidences of the radioactivity of these minerals (Figure 2-P). Of course, white albitites can also be seen in the region, which do not show any special radioactivity.According to petrographic studies, Zarigan leucogranite has a porphyry to granular texture, and the samples that have been affected by metasomatism have a coarse-grained granular texture. Its main minerals include: quartz, alkaline feldspar andplagioclase. Alkaline feldspar in Zarigan leucogranite includes perthite and microcline. In the samplesaffected by metasomatism, albite mineral was formed as a result of substitution instead of alkaline feldspar and calcic plagioclase. Albit with a checkerboard pattern is one of the specialties of Sodic's metasomatism.According to mineralogical studies, the opaque minerals of albitites include titanomagnetite-dividite (Figure 2-e), which are named as U-Ti oxide phases, and their red color is due to the presence of iron oxide in the microfractures of the albite mineral.Among the secondary minerals found in leucogranite and albitites, we can mention zircon, monazite, sphene and rutile, which sphene and rutile are the result of alteration of opaque minerals.At present, the main methods of remediation of decommissioned uranium mines are to ensure the non-proliferation of pollution (Gasem Shirazi, 1401). Physical methods are used to isolate the contaminated area to prevent further damage to the surrounding environment. Conventional physical removal and chemical washing are usually expensive and can easily cause secondary damage to the environment. Phytoremediation is economical and environmentally friendly, but inefficient and limited inenrichment capacity (Gavrilescu et al., 2009). These factors make it difficult to commercialize such methods on a large scale. Uranium contamination is mainly concentrated in underground water. Considering the difficult treatment of groundwater after pollution, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of groundwater during the extraction process (Zheng et al., 2023).According to the results of the analysis of about 60 samples by X-ray fluorescence method, Zarigan leucogranite is a siliceous leucocratic rock (SiO2 W%: 76.944-78.936), peraluminous (A>CNK) and sodic (Figure 3-a) and according to the Rb diagram in Its tectonic environment is related to volcanic arcs (VAG) (Figure 3-b).Environmental solution can be done in three steps. Before extraction, the hydrogeological characteristics and chemical indicators of underground water in the mining area are carefully examined and based on this, the mine construction plan and revitalization goals are established. In the mine drilling design, the direction of underground water flow and arrangement of wells from upstream to downstream should be considered, which can reduce the halo on both sides. During the operation, the extraction volume of the leaching solution should be considered larger than the solvent injection. This can lead to negative pressure in the area and prevent the release of pollutants. After completion, a monitoring system should be set up in the vicinity, especially downstream. A periodic monitoring program should be modified to determine the range of halo emissions (Zheng et al., 2023).

Chah- Juleh area is located in the northeast of Yazd city and in the central Iran zone. The local geological setting consists up Zarigan leucogranite, quartz diorite and diabasic dykes. The Zarigan leucogranite has pervasively influenced by Na- metasomatism and has converted to albitite. These albitites are main hosted of U mineralization. U mineralization consists of U- Ti Oxide phases (Dividite- Titanomagnetite). According to geochemical studies, albitites are enriched in alcalies, Al2O3, U, Th, Nb, and REE. Also spider diagrams are shown enrichment in Ba, Th, U, Zr, Sr, Nb, Ce and depletion in zn, Cr, Ni, Rb, Pb, This enrichment reflect communion of continental crust in genesis of productive magma. Acording to field observations, petrography and geochemistry studies U- mineralization is supposed to be associated with late magmatic albitites. Uranium extraction, especially in dry weather conditions and poor drainage, can have environmental consequences, and environmental measures must be taken to prevent pollution.

The studied area is located in Zaviyeh 1:100000 sheet and included parts of Tehran, Qom, and Markazi provinces. There are geological units related to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras in this area, the volcanic igneous rocks of the Eocene and younger volcanic rocks are alternating of acidic rocks with a composition of dacite to rhyolite and medium to basic rocks of andesite to andesite-basalt. In the Zavieh area, the existing igneous rocks are part of the magmatic belt of Urmia Dokhtar, which is a suitable host for porphyry copper deposits. Since alteration are a good exploratory guide for the identification of porphyries, in this study using aster and sentinel sensor images, various hydrothermal alterations in the region (such as argillic, propolytic, silicic, carbonate and iron oxide alterations) have been investigated by band ratio and colour composite analysis. The processing results of the images obtained from the aster and sentinel sensors are highly reliable for detection of different types of clay minerals and iron oxides, respectively. On the other hand, today, geographic information system (GIS) and fuzzy logic in data integration and modeling have found a very important role in the exploration and estimation of mineral reserves to introduce promising mineral areas. In this research, after the integration of remote sensing and geological information, using fuzzy logic and Index overlay method; prone areas to mineralization were identified. Based on field observations, copper mineralization was observed in the form of malachite stains in some prosperous area.

Qarah Gol study area is located in Ahar- Arasbaran metallogenic zone in Ardabil province, 50 km from Meshginshahr city in Moradloo section. According to field studies, the main exposed rock units in the region include volcanic, plutonic and pyroclastic igneous rocks, microdiorite masses have injected into volcanic and igneous rocks and caused alteration and mineralization on a weak scale. Mineralized silica veins are often formed in parallel band and are sometimes seen as stockwork veins. In the subduction zones, productive, semi-productive and fertile magma are found together, and the identification of these masses is very important from the point of view of exploration. Fertile granitoid magmas are generally formed in pre-collisional subduction setting (Gammons and Williams Jones, 1997; Li et al, 2016; Shafiei et al, 2009; Shahabpour, 1992). While productive granitoid magmas are formed in post-collision tectonic setting (Li et al, 2016). Many processes have been proposed for the origin of granitoids in collisional or accretionary orogenic environments, it is thought that the melting of young thickened mafic lower crust or the partial crystallization of hydrous basaltic magma is the key factor in the production of various types of productive magmas, While partial melting of the young thin mafic lower crust is considered as a process that can produce fertile magmas (Hollings et al, 2005).

In this research, 14 thin sections of surface samples and 28 thin sections of drilling cores were prepared for the petrologic study at Mineral Research and Processing Center. To determine the texture and paragenesis of ores, 30 polished thin sections and 20 polished sections of the samples were prepared. The rocks collected from surface samples and drilling cores were analyzed in order to investigate rare earth elements, 23 surface lithogeochemical samples were studied by ICP-MS. method. Also 14 core samples were studied by XRF for main oxides.

Productive granitoids in the UDMB display lower values of Ni (9–31 ppm) and Cr (14–36 ppm) than barren granitoids (Ni = 11–73 ppm; Cr = 21–81 ppm)) (Sepidbar et al, 2018). The low values of Ni (5–19.6 ppm) and Cr (14–30.2 ppm) in the igneous rocks of the Qarah Gol are comparable to their values in other productive magmas in this belt and indicate that this magma originates from partial melting of the thick lower crust. Also, the productive magma has a higher LREE/HREE ratio than the barren magma, which is also seen in the samples of Qarah Gol area. In productive magmas, pattern of trace elements normalized to N-MORB is characterized by enrichment in Cs, Rb, Ba and Pb and depletion in Nb, Ta, Th, Zr, Hf and Ti. In fact, productive porphyries, unlike the barren type, usually show negative anomalies of Nb, Ta and Ti. This process shows that garnet is present as a residual phase in the magma chamber of origin of the rocks and indicates the formation at a pressure (>15kbar) equivalent to a crustal thickness of 45-55 km (Palin et al, 2016).

According to geochemical results, the average concentration of copper is 138.21 ppm. Petrological observations and geochemical data show that the graniteoids of Qarah Gol area are calc alkalines type I related to subduction zone which is linked to porphyry copper mineralization. To identify the tectonic environment of the study area, diagrams of La/Yb versus Th/Yb and ZR3-Nb50-Ce/P2O5 can be used. These results show that the study area is located in post-continental collision. Also, the use of La / Yb versus Sm / Yb diagram shows that the samples were made from partial melting of 10 to 20% garnet peridotite. Based on Ce against Ce / Yb diagram, the melting depth of 100 to 110 km is estimated. Productive magma has a higher LREE / HREE ratio than barren magma, which is evident in samples of the Qarah Gol area. The values of Eu / Eu* igneous rocks in the range of Qarah Gol are between 0.7 to 1.07 and in this respect it is similar to the magmas that produce in the Urmia-Dokhtar belt.

Chah Badam coal mine of Yazd province is a part of central Iran zone. The main outcrop of the mining area is micacious sand shale with coal veins belong to early Jurassic age. According to petrographic studies, vitrinite is the most important maceral in the coals of the study area, and exinite and inertinite macerals are less abundant, thease coals belong to the clarodorite lithotype XRD studies indicate the presence of quartz, illite, dolomite and gypsum minerals in the coals and shaly coal of the study area. In this research, the Pb element was found with concentration coefficient more than 7 (CC>7) compared to the global average of coal. Most of the samples are slightly enriched (CC=2-5)with other rare elements including Bi, Mo, Sc, Zn, W. Elements such as Pb, Mo, Zn, Ag, As, Cu, Mo, Mn, Se, Ti, Zn, Co, B, Ba show a positive correlation with SO3, which indicates the association of these elements with sulfide and sulfate phases. The results of geochemical analysis for all rare earth elements had lower values than the average of bituminous coal in the world, which is affected by the nature of their primary constituent minerals, which entered the coal field in the form of debris under the influence of erosion.The positive correlation between rare earth elements with oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, K2O and the negative correlation of these elements with SO3 and CaO indicates the detrital origin (presence of clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite) for rare earth elements.

Qarah Gol area is located in Ahar-Arasbaran metallurgical zone in Ardabil Province, Meshkinshahr city in Moradloo section. The oldest rock units in the study area are related to the Cenozoic (Eocene), which consists of volcanic breccia. In this area, microquartzdiorite have penetrated into volcanic and pyroclastic rocks and alteration and mineralization have taken place on a weak scale. The results of Aster image processing, using absorption bands and selection of the best ratio color composite (5 + 7.6, 9.8, 4.5) respectively for the detection of argillic, phyllic and propylitic alterations, as well as using techniques such as principal component analysis and spectral angle mapping indicate that associated alterations in the central part of this deposit is consistent with petrographic studies in Qarah Gol area. Field studies have shown that the results of Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) have performed better than the principal component analysis (PCA) in the detection of alterations.

Senjedeh gold mine is located 60 km southwest of Delijan in the central part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (SSZ). This is one of the active mines of the Muteh mineral area. The gold mineralization in the study area occurred as quartz- sulfide veins and veinlets along N40W tending, NE dipping normal faults in metarhyolite host rock. The most important hydrothermal alteration types are sericitization, kaolinitization, silicification and sulfidization, which silicified and sulfide alterations are developed in the inner parts of the fault zones adjacent to the mineralized zones. Five group of fluid inclusion can be identified based on fluid inclusion petrography in Senjedeh, which main primary fluid inclusion is the two-phase fluid (L + V) with dominant phases of (H2O) and (CO2). Evidences from fluid inclusion microthermometry studies indicate the contribution of CO2 bearing ore-forming fluids. They are characterized by the mean homogenization temperature of 300oC, and average salinity of 11 % wt NaCl. They are genetically linked to the generation of metamorphic fluids that are typically characterized by low salinity and mixed H2O–CO2 compositions. Results from petrography, temperature and fluid inclusion homogenization (homogenization to fluid) indicate that released fluids during progressive metamorphism have been mixed with magmatic fluids and meteoritic water, which penetrateed up to a few kilometers through faults. These processes are responsible for alteration and mineralization along normal faults. Based on the evidences of geology, alteration and microthermometry, and comparing with Iran and world's gold deposits, this mine can be considered as an orogenic gold mineralization.

The Grouh area is located about 19 km north-east of Sarduyeh city in Kerman Province. The major lithological units in this area include Eocene andesite and andesitic basalt. Oligo-Miocene intrusive units include diorite, quartz diorite and granodiorite; while pyroclastic units include tuff and breccia. The alteration in the Grouh area is remarkable due to the penetration of the intrusive masses into the volcanic rocks. Propylitic, phyllic and  potassic alteration in the northern and southern parts of the range is widely spread. Copper ore deposits (chalcopyrite and malachite) are found in small outcrops in the microporous porphyry granodiorite in the northeastern region. Mineralization can be seen only in hypogen part, and evidence of supergene zone is very weak.. The presence of potassic alteration at the surface as well as the rough topography of the area indicates a high upsurge and severe erosion in the studied area, which possibly led to the transfer of copper to the downstream areas.

Muteh gold mining district is located 60 km southwest of Delijan in the central part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (SSZ). It consists of two main ore deposits, including the Chah Khatoon and Senjedeh open pits, and several smaller occurrences. Rock units exposing in the area underwent greenschist to lower amphibolite metamorphism. They consist of NW-SE trending deformed and metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary and acidic volcanic rocks. The gold mineralization in the study area occurred as quartz- sulfide veins and veinlets along N40W tending, NE dipping normal faults in metarhyolite host rock. Geochemical behavior of gold and associated elements in mineralized and altered samples indicates that among the major elements, S, Si and among the trace elements Ag, Te, Th, Bi, Ba increasing with the concentration of gold. The concentration of REE and the spider diagram of the samples from altered and mineralized zone and comparison with unmineralized sample indicate a general increasing enrichment for the all REE especially in LREE in the altered and mineralized zone. LREE enrichment in gold mineralization samples indicates the effect of hydrothermal reduced fluids enriched in sulfur, silica and CO2 on concentration of volatile and mobile elements (LREE) during active tectonic of the region. The negative correlation between gold and HREE elements is probably due to the fluoride fluids that washed and carried these elements.

Tabriz Basin has had extensive Cenozoic and Quaternary volcanic activity and lies in NW Iran within the collision zone of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Formations in the region consist of siliciclastic rocks of the Miocene age (Upper red formation), along with younger dacite volcanic rocks. The Bahlul Daghi volcanic dome in the south of Spiran is variable in terms of the composition between dacite to rhyolite. It usually contains porphyry texture with phenocrysts of quartz, plagioclase, sanidine, hornblende and biotite. Field observations clearly show that they penetrate into the sequence of the Upper Red Formation, so they are younger than these units. In order to determine the exact age of volcanic rocks, Ar-Ar age dating was performed on seven biotite crystals isolated from the dacite sample. This analysis yielded saddle-shaped age spectra with initially old apparent ages followed by decreasing to a well defined plateau age, from which a precise age for volcanic rocks can be determined. Our new 40Ar/39Ar isochron results date this volcanic rocks 2.05±0.15 Ma.

Establishment of a standardized animal endometriosis model is necessary for evaluation of new drug effects and for explaining different ethological aspects of this disease. For this purpose, we need a model which has more similarity to human endometriosis.

Our objective was to establish an autologous endometriosis mouse model based on endogenous estrogen level and analyze the influence of estrus cycle on the maintenance of endometriotic lesions.

In this experimental study, endometriotic lesions were induced in 52 female NMRI mice by suturing uterine tissue samples to the abdominal wall. The transplantation was either performed at proestrus/estrus or at metestrus/diestrus cycles. Urine-soaked beddings from males and also male vasectomized mice were transferred to the cages to synchronize and maintenance of estrus cycle in female mice. The mice were sacrificed after different transplantation periods (2, 4, 6 or 8 wk). The lesions size, macroscopic growth, model success rate, histological and immune-histochemical analyses were assessed at the end.

From a total of 200 tissue samples sutured into the peritoneal cavity, 83 endometriotic lesions were confirmed by histopathology (41.5%). Model success rate for proestrus/estrus mice was 60.7% vs. 79.2% for metestrus/diestrus mice. The endometriotic lesions had similar growth in both groups. Number of caspase-3, Ki67-positive cells and CD31-positive micro vessels were also similar in endometriotic lesions of two groups.

If we maintain the endogenous estrogen levels in mice, we can induce endometriosis mouse model in both proestrus/estrus and metestrus/diestrus cycle without any significant difference.

The Tabriz basin is an intra-mountain basin (Reichenbacher et al., 2011), which includes the Qom Red Bed Formation along with the Miocene Upper Red Formation. The lower unit of the Upper Red formation, M2mg unit, which hosts copper deposits includes an alternation of green grey sandstone and red marl with the interlayer of gypsiferous and saltiferous sediments (Sadati et al., 2013). Based on paleontological evidence, this unit is middle Miocene in age and is overlain by red sandstone, marl, shale (M3ms, M4sm) and locally up to red conglomerate (M5sc). In addition, this unit has considerable evaporitic layers, such as gypsum and salt.
On the basis of field study all mineralization is distributed in the light-colored layers of the red sedimentary sequence, especially at the boundary between a red layer and a light-colored layer and is mostly restricted to within palaeo channels which consist of greenish-grey, well-sorted coarse- to very coarse-grained sandstones to microconglomerates.
Both pyrite and copper-bearing minerals usually occur in the stratification of the organic matter- bearing host rocks which are mainly composed of gray sandstone.
The size of organic matter varies from a few millimeters to 5-10 cm in length; almost all fragments are flattened and oriented conformably to bedding planes of host sedimentary rocks. Also,
fine-grained sulfides are disseminated along the bedding planes in the sandstone. Copper precipitation in these places was possibly promoted by reduction from such organic materials.
Sampling and analytical

Investigations on mineralized samples showed that pyrite is the first sulfide mineral precipitated in the selected samples, followed by chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, digenit, and covellite. The intergrown nature of sulphur-bearing minerals, along with their small grain size and their inter locking with detrital grains and calcite cement, make physical separation extremely difficult, although microdrilling techniques can achieve spatial resolutions for these samples. In the laboratory 25 to 100 µg (weight depends on the mineral analyzed) of the samples derived from microdrilling was combusted in a Eurovector 3000 elemental analyzer, yielding sulfur dioxide that was delivered to an Isoprime mass spectrometer using continuous-flow techniques, with helium as the carrier gas.
Also, sulfide mineral powder was analyzed for the sulfur isotope compositions. Some samples were crushed to 40 to 60 meshes and the sulfide mineral separates were handpicked under a binocular microscope. The sulfur isotopes were analyzed at the Stable Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing. The isotopic data are reported using the δ notation in units of per mil, relative to the Cañón Diablo troilite (CDT) standard.
Organic carbon (TOC) was determined by treating powdered samples with 6 M HCl to remove the carbonate. The sample was then rinsed to remove the acid. The mass difference between the original sample and the acid-treated residue was used to determine the carbonate content.
The dried sample was then combusted and the evolved CO2 was analyzed on the mass spectrometer. During the mass spectrometric analysis the sample peak height was calibrated against organic carbon standards to estimate the organic carbon content.
Result and

Framboidal pyrite is the most common typical byproduct of bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), a process that occurs at temperatures from 0°C up to about 60–80°C (Donahue et al., 2008).
The metabolic activity of the sulfate reducing bacteria generally depletes (or fractionates) the resulting sulfide in 34S, by up to 70% (Kalender, 2011).
The availability of S content is consistent with controlling δ34Ssulfide in some portions of this study area, but not all. Total organic carbon (TOC) is above 4% for one mineralized sample of the Upper red Formation.
Sulfide sulphur and organic carbon distribution shows that pyrite-rich sandstones are the copper ore precursor, and that mineralizing the processes provoked the depletion of both reduced S and organic C as a consequence of interaction with an oxidized Cu-bearing fluid. On the other hand, lowed 34S values are consistent with bacteriogenic derivation of sulphur.

Taking into account the sedimentary environment, the abundant presence of the former evaporit layers in the host rock, the presence of evaporit layers below and above the mineralized rocks, and the absence of a widespread magmatic sulfur source, it is concluded that the Cu-Co sulfides of the Nahand-Ivand deposits obtained their sulfur by either bacterial or thermochemical reduction of sedimentary sulfate. The examined samples preserved original sedimentary textures (i.e. immature organic matter and sedimentary bedding). These geological evidences point to the fact that a biological (thermochemical) sulfate reduction is unlikely. Therefore, the sulfate-reducing bacteria were responsible for pyrite formation in the examined sample.
The S isotope composition of pyrite in this study is related to organic C abundance. Most of the samples show a correlation between S and C, but mineralized samples are relatively enriched in S and TOC content.

The Siyah Bisheh area is located in the central part of Alborz zone, 40 km to the south of Amol. Rock units exposed in the area consist of sedimentary (carbonates, sandstone, siltstone), volcano-sedimentary (andesite to andesitic tuff, tuff), ignimbrite and basalt. Once erosion and tectonism have rendered volcanic structures undetectable, remote sensing provides an invaluable tool for their identification and identifying the relationship between lithology and vegetation has shown that the integrated use of remote sensing techniques and field studies can be a powerful tool for distinguishing and mapping the relationships between rock units, structures and alteration zones associated with mineral deposits along the Seyih Bishe area. The main image analysis techniques involved in this study were principal component analysis (PCA) and false color composite (FCC).