شاهرخ ایزدی

Mosquito-borne diseases are serious health problems in many countries around the world, and the widespread distribution of their vectors has a major impact on the transmission and spread of these diseases. Mosquitoes play a key role in transmitting arboviruses such as West Nile, Dengue Fever, Chikungunya, Sindbis, Zika, Rift Valley Fever, Batai virus, Usutu virus, East Horse Encephalitis (EEE), and West Nile Virus (WNV), and also some suspected emerging viral agents, such as SARS-CoV-2 (causative agent of COVID-190) and the Zika Virus in the world.There are several methods for mosquitoes larval control. An important challenge in mosquitoes control programs is their resistance to different groups of insecticides. The ultrasonic device is a novel and natural friendly approach for controlling insecticide resistance mosquitoes.

In this study, Ultrasonic TI-H5 device of Elma Company were used against 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens under laboratory condition. Different variables including; Electrical power (50,100,200, 250 watts), exposure times (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 minutes) at two frequencies of 35, and 130 Kilohertz were employed.

Mortality of 4th instar larvae at 35 KH and different exposure time with specific Electronic power was 100%. In 130 KH with increasing exposure time, the mortality was increased.

Insecticides are one of the causes of environmental and water pollution. Also, due to the resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides, the new safe, cost-effective and effective method in integrated pest management programs is the control of mosquito larvae using ultrasonic waves.

Cryptosporidium is zoonotic coccidian parasite that causes severe diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the soil contamination rate with Cryptosporidium oocysts of different public places in Tabriz, west of Iran.

In this cross sectional study, 260 soil samples were collected by stratified sampling from 20 parks, 20 primary schools, 20 kindergartens, 10 street gardens, 60 backyards and 2 bus terminals. Soil samples were investigated by flotation technique using sucrose solution and stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. Data were analyzed with chi-square test, and P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Cryptosporidium oocysts were observed in 48 (18.5%) out of 260 collected soil samples. No statistically difference was observed among the 10 regions with the Cryptosporidium contamination in examined places in Tabriz city (p> 0.05). The highest contamination rate was observed in street gardens and backyards (23.3%) and the lowest rate was found in primary schools (12.5%).

Based on the results of the present study, high contamination of soil with Cryptosporidium in Tabriz should be considered as a serious health problem, especially for children and immunocompromised patients. Taken together, soils from region 1 and 8 of Tabriz could be a potential source for Cryptosporidium infection.

Introductio: The estimated number of HCV infected people is 170 million in the world. Complete recovery is rarely seen in hepatitis C patients and progression to chronic disease is almost always a rule. Lack of passive and active immunization makes preventive measures less practical in this situation. Material and

We conducted a matched case-control study in which the risk factors of hepatitis C infection among household contacts were analyzed in Zahedan. Two hundred (41 index cases and 159 family members) were evaluated according to the risk factors including: history of blood transfusion, intravenous drug abuse, unsafe sex, tattooing, surgery and gastrointestinal endoscopies.

Forty-six patients (41 index cases and 5 family members) were HCVAb positive in whom 38 (82.6%) were males and 8 (17.4%) were females whereas half the seronegative cases were males (P<0.000). Other risk factors including history of blood transfusion, intravenous drug abuse, unsafe sex, tattooing and surgery were statistically significant in both groups (P<0.05). There was not a significant difference between marital status and hepatitis C.

Since prevention measures in hepatitis C are more important than treatment, awareness of risk factors by global instruction is recommended.

Several cases of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, which is an arboviral disease, have been reported since summer 1999 from different parts of Iran. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of the infection within Zahedan and Zabel, two districts of the Sistan and Baluchestan province in Iran. Material &

In this seroprevalence study 300 subjects sampled through "probability proportional to size cluster sampling” method from the general population of the Zabol and Zahedan districts. For every subject in the sample a questionnaire was completed and a blood sample was taken. The following variables were measured through questionnaire: age, sex, living environment (rural versus urban), education, job, history of tick bite, history of contact with domestic animals, history of slaughtering, presence of places for keeping livestock at house and history of keeping of livestock in house.

All but just 3 of 300 samples were consent for blood sampling and just 7 out of the 297 serum samples were found to be ELISA positive. In other words the calculated seroprevalence was 0.024 (95%CI= 0.003 - 0.044). History of keeping of domestic animals in house seemed to have significant relationship with seropositivity (P = 0.018).

This pilot study showed that the prevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in the study population is much lower than expected.