شهاب قاضی

The experiment was conducted to measure the ileal calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) digestibility, and total tract retention (TTR) of Ca and P in soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), limestone, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and dicalcium phosphate (DCP)) for growing pullets using the direct method. Five semi-purified diets containing limestone, DCP, and MCP with a dietary Ca concentration of 10 g/kg, SBM and CM with a dietary Ca concentration of 1.9 and 2.5 g/kg, respectively, were generated. Each diet was randomly allotted to six replicates (eight birds per each) and fed for 3 days. True Ca digestibility coefficients of DCP, MCP, and limestone were determined to be 0.55, 0.57, and 0.76, respectively and in SBM and CM were 0.91 and 0.76, respectively. The highest true ileal digestibility of calcium was related to soybean meal, which was significantly higher than dicalcium phosphate and monocalcium phosphate (P<0.01). Calcium concentration in the gizzard contents of birds was higher (P < 0.01) for limestone as compared to DCP, MCP and SBM. Apparent ileal P digestibility coefficients of MCP and DCP (0.83 and 0.93, respectively), was higher than CM (P<0.01). Whereas, the TTR of phosphorus in monocalcium phosphate (0.905) was significantly higher than the other examined ingredients. The present data indicated that in laying pullets on wk 12, true Ca digestibility in limestone, SBM and CM was higher than DCP and MCP, wherease, digestibility coefficinets of P in DCP and MCP was similar and higher than other studied sources,.

In the current study, the effects of quinoa seed processing on performance, egg quality traits, antioxidant status and intestinal morphology of 240 laying quails by six treatments including: corn-soybean meal based diet, diet containing 10% raw quinoa seeds, diet containing 10% quinoa seeds soaked in 40ºC water, diet containing 10% quinoa seeds soaked in 1% acetic acid solution, diet containing 10% quinoa seeds soaked in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution, diet containing 10% raw quinoa seeds supplemented with 0.05% Rovabio multi-enzyme in five replications and eight birds per replication, were conducted in a completely randomized design. The raw quinoa seeds feeding decreased egg production, egg weight, egg mass, shell weight, white index, haugh unit, SOD enzyme activity and villus height compared to the control group (p<0.05). All methods of quinoa seeds processing and diet containing raw quinoa seeds supplemented with multi-enzyme caused a significant increase (p<0.05) in egg production, egg weight, egg mass, specific gravity, shell thickness, shell weight, white index and haugh unit compared to the raw seed group. Feeding acetic acid-treated quinoa seeds significantly increased egg production, egg mass, haugh unit, CAT enzyme activity, villus height and the villus height to crypt depth ratio compared to the raw seed and control groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, Soaking quinoa seeds in 1% acetic acid solution by ratio of 1:5 during 24 hours was the best treating method.

In the current study, the effects of quinoa seed treating on chemical compounds and anti-nutritional factors by four treatments:1)raw seeds, 2)seeds of soaken in 40ºCwater by ratio of1:10during 24 hours, 3)seeds of soaken in 1%acetic acid solution by ratio of 1:5during 24hours, 4)seeds of soaken in 1%sodium bicarbonate solution by ratio of 1:10during 24hours, in five replications and diets ileal digestibility in 240laying quails by six treatments: 1)corn-soybean meal without quinoa seeds based diet, 2)diet containing 10%raw quinoa seeds, 3)diet containing 10%quinoa seeds of soaken in 40ºC water, 4) diet containing 10% quinoa seeds of soaken in 1% acetic acid solution, 5) diet containing 10% quinoa seeds soaken in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution 6) diet containing 10% raw quinoa seeds supplemented with 0.05% Rovabio multi-enzyme in five replications, and eight birds per replication by a completely randomized design, were investigated. The soaking in 1% acetic acid solution significantly decreased the crude fiber of quinoa seeds (P<0.05). The soaking in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution significantly increased the crude ash and sodium of quinoa seeds (P<0.05). The lowest tannin and trypsin inhibitors in seeds of soaken in water 40ºC and the lowest saponin and phytic acid were in seeds of soaken in 1%acetic acid solution (P<0.05). Treating and enzyme supplementation, significantly increased the ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, calcium, and phosphorus of the diet (P<0.05). Soaking quinoa seeds in 1% acetic acid solution by ratio of 1:5 during 24 hours was the best treating method.

The zinc element (Zn) is one of the micronutrients and an essential element of the body which has some deleterious and irreparable effects on growth in case of lack it. Thus, we aimed to assess IGF-1 in goldfish with Zn deficiency and to investigate the effect of Zn supplementation on these parameters. Goldfish  (Carassius auratus)  juvenile  (3.5 g)  were fed purified diets based on casein as a protein source and containing different levels of supplementary zinc sulfate (0, 25, 75 and 150 mg ZnSO4/kg diet) for 60 days. The results showed that fish fed with a diet supplemented with 150 mg kg-1 Zn had a significantly (P < 0.05) greater specific growth rate and lower feed conversion ratio than those fed with the diets of 0, 25 and 75 mg kg-1 ZnSO4. The results revealed that administration of zinc sulfate significantly (P < 0.05) up regulated Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene expression. IGF-1 gene expression was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in zinc sulfate fed fish at the end of trial. Collectively, our results indicate that ZnSO4 stimulates Insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion from the liver at the post-transcriptional level.

For evaluation the effects of different levels of crystalline amino acids supplemented in the diets with different protein quality on performance, energy and protein efficiency, carcass components and intestinal morphology, where, experiment conducted with completely randomized design by 2×4 factorial. In this experiment were used 576 Ross 308 (mixed) broiler chickens with 6 replicates (12 chickens per each replicate) on starter, grower and finisher periods. Experiment diets have been including maize-soybean meal (as high quality protein source) and wheat-canola meal (as low quality protein source) and four levels of crystalline amino acids (recommended levels, 0 or without supplemented crystalline amino acids, 10 and 15% higher than the recommended levels of DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine and L-Tryptophan) by broiler Ross 308. The results of this study showed that the use of adjusted diet based on soybean meal and the recommended level related to other treatments, were causes to increase the energy and protein consumed and also the feed intake and body weight at finisher period. On the other hand, the results showed that adding amino acids crystalline 10 and 15% higher than the recommended levels to diet containing canola meal and wheat as a low-quality source caused an increase on energy and protein consumption, thus reduced energy and protein efficiency and an increase on feed intake and weight gain at finisher period. Interactions between diets with different protein quality and different levels of crystalline amino acids also did not show significant differences on carcass components and intestinal morphological traits.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion of silkworm pupae powder meal on the productive performance and egg qualitative traits of laying hens from 69 to 81 wk of age. A total of 184 Lohmann LSL laying hens was used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, each replicated 6 times. Dietary treatments were as: control diet (based on corn and soybean meal) and four diets by inclusion of 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5% of silkworm pupae meal powder. All diets were supplied an equal amount of AME, crude protein and amino acids. For the entire experimental period, egg weight, feed conversion ratio and hen-day egg production rate were not affected by dietary treatments. However, feed intake was significantly higher for hens fed 10% of silkworm pupae powder compared to control (P≤0.05). The inclusion of silkworm pupae powder up to 7.5% significantly improved egg mass (P≤0.05) during 12 wk of the trial. None of the egg quality variables studied including albumin weight, yolk weight, abnormal and broken eggs, yolk index, egg shape index, shell weight, shell thickness, haugh unit and specific gravity was affected by dietary treatments. It is concluded that silkworm pupae powder can be used as a partial replacement for soybean meal up to 12.5% in laying-hen diets without negatively affecting bird performance and egg quality characteristics.

Inroduction & Mineral materials are the most important part of the fish nutrition subjects diet because they represent a very low quantity in the diet but they have a high effect on fish physiology and metabolism. The aim of this study was investigate the effect of different level of zinc sulfate (ZnSo4) on hematocrit and hematology for assess the effects of this mineral matter on goldfish health.
Experimental diets prepared with four levels(four treatments and each treatment include three repetitions) 0, 25, 75 and 125 mg/kg. Healthy fish with average weight 3.3 ± 0.10 and average length 3.5 ± 0.2 was maintained in 400 liter tanks with temperature 28 ± 1, pH 7.5 ± 0.5 and hardness 286 ± 1.2 and feed for 60 days and end the trial hematocrit and hematology parameter was measured.
Result of analysis the hematological parameter of fish feed with different levels of zinc showed that white blood cells (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in our experimental treatments did not show a significant difference (p≥0.05) but in red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) there was significant difference between treatments (p≤0.05). Red blood cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin in zinc sulfate treatments (treatments 2, 3 and 4) had higher values and the highest value was in group 4 (150 mg kg zinc sulfate), which there was significant difference between 2 and 3 treatments also had a significant difference with control group.
The results shows that zinc in the diet stimulate the immune system and can have positive effects on the health and hematological factors of goldfish.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils and Zinc sulphate (ZnSo4) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune response and some blood biochemical parameters in broilers and evaluate the effects of antibacterial thyme essential oils. In the laboratory section, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of antibacterial thyme essential oils by using a completely randomized design with 5 treatments (0,100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) and 4 replicates by disk diffusion method. Results indicated that, thyme essential oils at level 400 ppm reduced growth of Escherichia coli (PTCC 1399) and Clostridium perfringens (PTCC 1765). In farm experiment on broilers, a total of 200 one-day-old male chickens (Ross-308) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement including two levels of Zinc sulphate (0 and 300 mg/kg) and two levels of thyme essential oils (0 and 400 mg/kg) with 5 replicates (10 birds per replicate). Results showed that, feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in total experiment period were not significantly (p0.05). The overall results of present experiment indicated that using thyme essential oils (400 mg/kg) and Zinc sulphate (300 mg/kg) in broiler diets, in levels of mentioned did not have any positive effects on measured traits.

In this experiment, five experimental treatments consisting inclusion of 0, 15, 25, 35 and 45 percent faba bean processed by enzyme, were examined during days 7 to 35 of age. Results showed that EFB led to improvement of feed consumption, gain, food conversion and increasing of economical performance index. EFB did not have significant effect on relative carcass weight, abdominal fat, breast, thigh and different sections of gut. It was concluded that EFB can be added to the diets for broiler chicken at 25 to 35 percent during days 7 to 14 of age and it can be increased to 45 percent in later ages up to day 35 of age.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of various levels of cichorium intybus and copper on performance and egg yolk cholesterol. Total of 324 layer hens (Hy-Line W-36) were used in a randomized complete blocks with nine treatments، three replications of 12 birds in each from 38 to 50 weeks of age. Experimental diets include control، four levels of copper (150، 200، 250 and 300 mg/kg) and four levels of cichorium intybus (15، 20، 25 and 30 percent of diet). Different levels of cichorium intybus and copper significantly decreased serum and yolk cholesterol than control. The level of 300 mg/kg copper significantly reduced serum and yolk cholesterol but significantly decreased egg weight، egg production and increased feed conversion ratio compared to control. Levels of 25 and 30 percent of cichorium intybus significantly decreased egg production than control treatment. Yolk color improved by different levels of cichorium intybus than control and copper levels. In conclusion، the best result for lower yolk cholesterol were achieved by those laying hens fed a diet with 150 mg/kg copper of diet or 15 percent of cichorium intybus.

The effects of probiotic and calcium butyrate (Ca-butyrate) as feed additives on performance and immune response have been shown in laying hens. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different levels of probiotic and Ca-butyrate on performance, egg quality, blood parameters and immune response in laying hens. Two hundred and eighty eight Hy-Line W-36 hens (62 to 70 wks of age) were used in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with three levels of probiotic (0, 0.07 and 0.01 percent) and two levels of Ca-butyrate (0 and 0.1 percent) in a completely randomized design of 6 treatments and 8 replicates. The results showed that feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production, shape index, yolk index, haugh unit, egg weight and specific gravity were not affected by probiotic and Ca-butyrate. While egg weight and egg mass were significantly (p<0.05) increased using probiotic compared with the control diet, such an effect was not observed due to Ca-butyrate addition. However, shell thickness showed significant increase (p<0.05) in response to Ca-butyrate. The interaction between different levels of probiotic and Ca-butyrate was only significant for feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). Antibody titer against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) was not affected (p>0.05) by experimental treatments. The concentration of serum albumin was significantly increased (p<0.05) by adding probiotic and Ca-butyrate to feed. Furthermore, significant increase (p<0.05) in total serum protein was pronounced in response to probiotic and Ca-butyrate. However, other serum metabolites (total calcium, triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations) were not affected by treatments. The relative percentage of heterophiles and heterophiles to lymphocytes ratio were significantly decreased (p<0.05) using probiotic. Dietary probiotic and Ca-butyrate can be considered as additives to improve immune responses in laying hens.

This experiment was carried out for a determination of metabolizable energy and the effect of the Grind multienzyme on in-vitro dry matter and protein digestibility in diets, and as well on performance of broiler chicks. A number of 800 day old unsexed Arbor Acres broilers were placed in 8 treatments and 4 replicates (25 chicks each). A completely Randomized Design (CRD) of a factorial arrangement (4×2), along with 4 levels of barley (0, 10, 20 and 30%) and 2 levels of enzyme, (0 and 500 g/ton) were modulated for a duration of 42 days. Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME), the same factor (AME) corrected by nitrogen (AMEn), True Metabolizable Energy (TME), and true metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen (TMEn) as well as digestibility of barley protein (based on dry matter) were recorded as 2886.6, 3015.8, 3624.2, 3205.5 kcal/kg and 57.95% respectively. Feed intake rate, in control treatment (2776.66g), was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in 10% barley (no enzyme containing), and 30% barley (enzyme containing). Body weight recorded for 0% barley treatment (2077.83g) was significantly higher than those for 20 and 30% treatments (p<0.05). The results finally indicate that 0 and 10% barley along with Grind enzyme supplementation treatments lead to desirable feed conversion ratio, increased body weight as well as improved growth rates.

Due to growing concerns about antibiotic resistance and a ban for antibiotic growth promoters، this study was conducted in order to determine the effects of two types of prebiotic components as alternatives to antibiotics on growth performance and carcass characteristics of male broiler chickens. A total of 192 male broiler chicks (day-old Hubbard strain) were distributed into a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments (8 treatments with three replicates and 8 birds in each replicate) were: one control diet (without any growth promoter)، one level of antibiotic virginiamycin، and two types of low-digestible carbohydrates ingredients including inulin (1. 5، 3 and 4. 5 % of the diets) and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS، 0. 1، 0. 2 and 0. 3 % of the diets). For 6 weeks، the birds were fed ad libitum with the mash feed mixtures. Mean body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. At the end of experiment (on days 43)، two birds were randomly selected from each pen and individually weighed and slaughtered. Then، carcass weight and weight of gastrointestinal parts (including: pancreas، gizzard، liver، proventriculus، heart، intestine and abdominal fat pad) were determined. The SAS General Linear Models (GLM) procedure was used for statistical analysis of data. Based on the results of this experiment، the most feed consumption was related to the inulin-supplemented birds. The highest and the lowest feed consumption were related to the birds fed diets with 4. 5% inulin and 0. 3% MOS، respectively (P<0. 001). Inulin- supplemented birds also had greater body weight gain compared to the control and the birds fed diets supplemented with MOS (P<0. 001). Diets supplementation with inulin led to an improvement in feed conversion which was statistically significant (p<0. 05). There was statistically significant differences between dietary treatments based on abdominal fat pad percentage (p<0. 05). Chicks fed diets supplemented with inulin had significantly lower amounts of abdominal fat pad deposition (p<0. 05). The relative weight of ileum and jejunum (g/cm of segment length) were higher in chicks fed inulin-supplemented diets (p<0. 05).

This experiment carried out with 700 day old (Ross hybrid female) broiler chicks were randomly distributed into seven groups with five replicates of 20 birds each. For 6 weeks، the birds were fed ad libitum with diets including 5 percent fat (tallow or sunflower oil) and all diets were calculated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous for two periods 1-21 and 22-42 days of chickens. In this experiment the tallow was replaced by sunflower oil weekly in diet as the first treatment (6 weeks diets including tallow)، the second treatment (5 weeks of training diet including tallow and last week diet including sunflower oil) and respectively until the seventh treatment (6 weeks training period of sunflower oil) consumed diets. The traits mean gain body weight، feed consumption، carcass characteristics and blood parameters were calculated، and the SAS General Linear Models (GLM) procedure was used for the statistical analysis of data. For 1-21 days period، the results did not indicate any significant differences between mean body weights due to dietary treatments. In 22-42 days period and the whole period of experiment، birds fed diets supplemented with sunflower oil did gain more weight compared to those fed diets supplemented with tallow (p<0. 05). Feed consumption was significantly higher for chicks fed with tallow-supplemented diets (p<0. 05). Chicks fed diets supplemented with sunflower oil had the best value for feed conversion ratio (P<0. 05). Carcass weight and relative weight of digestive tract organs (including: intestine، preventriculus، liver، gall bladder and gizzard) were not affected by the time of dietary fat replacement. There was statistically significant differences between dietary treatments based on abdominal fat pad percentage (p<0. 05). Chicks fed diets rich in tallow had significantly higher amounts of triglyceride and cholesterol in blood serum (p<0. 05).

In this experiment، the metabolizable energy (ME) value of Mung bean seed waste was determined by a precision-fed procedure according to the bioassay methods of Sibbald (1976). In the performance experiment a completely randomized design was conducted to investigation the effects of different levels of Mung bean seed waste seed on the broiler performance. Three hundred and twenty one-day old male Ross strain (308) broilers were used with 4 treatments include: 0، 10، 20 and 30% of Mung bean seed waste and 4 replicates with 20 broilers per replicate for 42 day. The results of performance experiment showed that inclusion of 20 and 30% of Mung bean seed waste significantly (p<0. 01) improved feed intake and body weight gains compare with the control diet. However، inclusion of different levels of Mung bean seed waste had no significant effect (p>0. 05) on feed conversion ratio، mortality، carcass weight relative and components them (except relative weight gizzard). In conclusion، the best broilers performance was obtained with 20% Vigna radiata seed waste.

An experiment was condacted to study the effect of differnt levels of raw navy bean waste seeds (0،100، 200 and 300g/kg) or cull bean in broiler chick (0 to 42 d of age) diets on performance. Data were analyzed Completely Randomized Design (CRD). One tube- feeding experiment basis in biology Sibbald method (four cockerel/treatment) for determination metabolizable energy and nitrogen digestiblity in cockerels and one growth experiment were designed for detrmine the effects of using different levels of waste common beans (navy bean waste seeds) on broiler performance with three handereds and twenty day old male chicks from Ross 308 strain (four treatments with four replication and 20 observation in each replication). Results of tube- feeding showed that apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) was 1954 Kcal/Kg and percent nitrogen digestibility (86. 62)، the experimental diet were fed for aperiod of 42 days. The resalts of growth expriment showed that 30 and 10% navy bean diets significantly (p<0. 05) increased feed intake compard to control diet. There were no significant differrnces (p>0. 01) in over all live weight gain between 10 and 20% navy bean diets compared to control diet. The result of expriment showed that best performance was obtaind in group contain 10% navy bean seed waste.

This experiment was conducted to the examine effect of feeding single and multiple diets with different levels of nutrients on broiler performance. Birds were randomly assigned to five treatments including: control (two diets, high nutrients), 3H (three diets, high nutrients), 1H (single diet, high nutrients), 3L (three diets, low nutrients) and 1L (single diet, low nutrients). Body weight (BW), Body weight gain (BWG), feed, energy and protein intakes, carcass yield and gastrointestinal organs were recorded. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and calorie conversion ratio (CCR) were calculated. BW of SL and SH groups and BWG for 1L, 1H and 3L groups were significantly lower than those of control group, however these treatments showed compensatory growth. Feed and calorie intakes of 1L group and protein intakes of 1L, 3L and 1H groups were significantly lower than those of control group. FCR and CCR for 1L and 1H groups were significantly higher than other groups. Weight of carcass, breast and leg for 1L group and breast for 1H group were significantly lower than those of control group. Actual weight of gastrointestinal organs for 1L group at 21 day decreased. Results showed that level of nutrients in the late stage of rearing period can be decreased without negative effect on broiler performance. However, single diet feeding program with low level of nutrients indicated decrease in performance of broiler and decrease in carcass yield was observed with single diet feeding regardless of level of nutrients.