شهرام محمدی

The current research sought to design a model for evaluating technological innovation capabilities with a dynamic modeling approach. The nature of the research was quantitative and qualitative, and in the qualitative part, technological innovation capabilities were extracted using interviews with experts and then refined using the Delphi technique. In the quantitative part, the designed model was simulated using the system dynamics approach. The effect of 18 factors on innovative capabilities was shown to be completely positive and effective. In other words, it can be said that the 18 determined factors can lead to innovation in technology in the automobile industry, and it is definitely effective in this industry. But in addition to the general effect, if we want to go into details, we can see that the 18 factors have an effect on the six state variables, namely profitability, customer satisfaction, innovation improvement, human resource management, productivity and quality. The shape of this effect varies from one variable to another. The shape of the work was meant to be linear or exponential. The effect of the model on profitability and customer satisfaction variables was completely significant and exponential. In this way, at the end of the period, cumulative effects and growth of profitability or customer satisfaction were witnessed, and this effect was not clear at the beginning of the period.

Current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of quince A and hawthorn rootstocks on some morphological and pomological properties on the Esfahan local quince cultivar based on completely randomized design with 32 tree. The effects of quince A and hawthorn rootstocks were evaluated based on tree height, internode distance, shoot growth, average of fruit's size, weight, diameter, and length, percentage of dry matter, percentage of fruit juice, fruit color, fruit and leaf chlorophyll, TSS and total flavonoids of fruit. The results showed that the height of tree on hawthorn was less than quince A, the weight (317.5g), size (374.3 cm3), length (81.90 mm), and diameter of fruit (86.53 mm) were more than it, and the percentage of fruit juice (86.26), carotenoid of skin (3.056 mg/gFW) and were more. According to results of this study, it can be suggested that hawthorn rootstock can be as a dwarfing rootstock that leads the quality of fruits to increase. A positive correlation among tree height and shoot growth, flavonoids of total fruit, percentage of dry matter and TSS were observed. On the other hand, there was a negative correlation among tree height, and average of fruit's size, weight, and diameter, percentage of fruit's juice, internode distance. In some cases like fruit color there was no significant difference with tree height and other characteristics. According to the results of the present research, hawthorn rootstock can be suggested as a suitable dwarfing rootstock that increases quality of the fruit.

Zataria multiflora</em> Boiss. is an important medicinal plant species in the Lamiaceae family, native to Iran and some neighboring countries. Water scarcity is a significant limiting factor for crop growth and production. Reduced efficiency of chemical fertilizer uptake under drought conditions and their adverse environmental effects necessitates using sustainable agricultural practices. Mycorrhizal fungi, through their symbiotic with plants, provide essential nutrients to plants and mitigate the adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on plants. This study investigates the influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis under drought stress and non-stress conditions on morpho-physiological characteristics of eight Z. multiflora</em> ecotypes.

This study was conducted on eight Z. multiflora</em> ecotypes collected from Safashahr, Neyriz, Khanekhore, and Fasa (located in Fars province), Faridan, Baharestan, Kalat Ghazi (located in Isfahan province), and Qasreghand (located in Sistan and Baluchestan province). Two-year-old plants of these ecotypes were subjected to two levels of drought stress, consisting of 50% and 90% soil field capacity, representing drought stress and non-drought stress conditions, respectively. Mycorrhizal fungi were applied at two levels (with and without) in a factorial experiment based on the completely randomized design with three replications, conducted in a greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty, Shahrekord University, Iran. Drought stress was applied through reduced watering, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated in holes at a depth of 4-5 cm around the roots in the pots. The symbiosis was confirmed through root staining. Morpho-physiological traits, including plant length, width, crown area, leaf area, dry plant yield, and chlorophyll "a" and "b" content, were measured. After variance analysis, the means were compared using the LSD test. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine trait correlations, and stepwise regression was employed to identify traits affecting dry plant yield.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that ecotype, drought stress, and mycorrhizal application had highly significant effects on plant length, plant width, crown area, leaf area, dry plant yield, and chlorophyll "a" and "b" content. The significance of the two- and three-way interaction effects of ecotypes with drought stress and mycorrhizal application in all studied traits indicates the different responses of ecotypes to drought stress and mycorrhizal fungus application. Comparing the means of the two drought stress levels indicated a significant reduction in all traits under stress conditions. Mycorrhizal application in non-stress conditions significantly increased the traits. Using mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress conditions compensated for part of the reduction caused by drought stress in the traits, resulting in an increase ranging from 14% (plant width) to 210% (dry plant yield) compared to drought stress conditions. The comparison of ecotypes in each combination of stress levels and mycorrhizal application levels suggests that plant length and width, crown area, leaf area, and plant dry yield increased. The intensity of response or change in these ecotypes to drought stress and mycorrhizal application varies. The correlation coefficients and stepwise regression results indicate the critical role of leaf area and plant length in dry plant yield under both non-drought and drought stress conditions.

In this restudy, high variability was observed in the evaluated traits such as plant length and width, canopy area, leaf area, plant dry yield, and chlorophyll "a" and "b" levels in the Z. multiflora</em> ecotypes. On the other hand, the different reactions of these ecotypes to drought stress indicate the high genetic potential of this native plant in Iran. Therefore, it can be used to select superior genotypes. Considering the increasing and significant effect of most of the characteristics studied, including yield due to the application of mycorrhizal fungus, this fungus can be used in producing Z. multiflora</em> under standard cultivation conditions and drought stress.

The present study aims to examine the security arrangements in West Asia and their impact on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the Copenhagen School perspective. The research is based on the hypothesis that "Iran's security approach in West Asia is participation-oriented, prioritizing the linkage of security with development, especially economic, social, and political development." The research method is descriptive-analytical, and Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver's security theory is utilized for the analysis. The results indicated that the Islamic Republic of Iran pursues a policy of de-escalation in the West Asia region. This goal is achieved only through comprehensive cooperation among the West Asian states. In fact, Iran seeks to strengthen its position in the West Asia region through these de-escalation efforts and to reduce the increasing role of extraregional powers in West Asia, ultimately aiming to eliminate them from the region. Contrary to the usual practice in international politics, the Islamic Republic of Iran does not prioritize intergovernmental relations but focuses its attention and priority on the region's nations, especially in West Asia. "Forward defense" and "strategic depth" are components of the Islamic Republic's power, with the strategic depth sometimes being more imperative than national obligations. Therefore, the strategic depth of the Islamic Republic in combating terrorism is not confined to within its borders; rather, it responds to any serious threat against national and regional peace and security through its legal presence, as requested by the governments. Overall, the Islamic Republic of Iran's security strategy and approach neutralize the plans of extraregional powers, suppress terrorists, and ensure its national security.

This article deals with the introduction and presentation of 12 WITNESS software, which is the latest version of Lanner Group's product simulation software. This article explores the structure of the software and the key features that make the structure of the simulation models in the witness software very productive and useful. This software includes elements with great breadth and depth, direct links and experts. and a wizard to connect with Excel and databases, informative displays of great variety, new user interface structure, comprehensive reports, a powerful range of logical options with complete programming attachments and more. Some of the latest capabilities, including stability modeling, six sigma tables and algorithms and developments in the field of virtual reality are summarized together with recent experiences related to the application of optimization using Shahed software optimizer. and have been gathered and a unique unit or module has been offered by Lanner.

With the beginning of paying attention to the concept of environmental quality in recent decades, the importance of studying the psychological quality of urban environments has gradually increased. This has been largely neglected in relation to informal neighborhoods. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to explain the role of the quality of the physical and functional environment of Sayan informal neighborhood in Zanjan city in the psychological well-being of the residents. The research is classified as exploratory-analytical research. The approach of the research is quantitative and in terms of the application of the results, it can be considered as applied research. Collecting the required data and information has been done through library studies and field methods. The collection and assessing of the data related to the quality of the environment was done through a researcher-made questionnaire, 54-question Ryff questionnaire was used to assess the psychological well-being of the residents. The statistical sample includes 134 residential plates that have been questioned systematically by referring to the doors of the houses. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software have been used to analyze effect-oriented indicators and examination of their relationship with the psychological well-being of residents. Expert observation data have also been evaluated using the qualitative analysis method. Findings show that the quality of the physical environment is more effective than the quality of the functional environment in the psychological well-being of the residents of Sayan neighborhood. This is done through three components including environmental health, legibility and authenticity of environment. The quality of the functional environment also affects the psychological well-being of the residents through the land use.

Lentil is a rich source of protein, fiber, minerals, antioxidants, folate, zinc, selenium, iron, and low amounts of fat and carbohydrates. Increasing water shortage and drought stress will be a major threat to global lentil production. The present study was conducted to determine the morphophysiological traits and grain of yield under normal and drought stress conditions, investigate tolerance indices and identify drought tolerance in some lentil genotypes.

In this experiment, twenty - four lentil genotypes were evaluated in the research farm of Shahrekord Faculty of Agriculture in two drought-stress environments and the normal conditions of the region in two separate randomized complete block designs with three replications experiments. In the 50% flowering stage, drought stress was done by completely stopping irrigation for the genotypes. Sampling was done at the end of the growing season. In this experiment, morphophysiological and yield traits were measured.

The results of composite data analysis showed that the effect of environment, genotype and the interaction effect of genotype × environment were significant on most traits. The share of these sources of variation in diversity of triats was different and environment placed on the most role in the diversity of seed yield (55.27%), genotype in the diversity of 100 seed weight (64.6%) and the number of single seed pods (53.9%). Seed yield in normal agricultural conditions has a positive correlation with most of the traits. In addition, under stress conditions, more traits had a significant correlation with grain yield. STI and GMP indices were highly correlated with yield in both environments and these indices can be used to select the superior genotype. Examining the main components of the indicators showed that the first component and two components justify 97.66% of the changes, the first component was introduced as a semi-tolerant component and the second component as a tolerant component. The results of the cluster analysis put the genotypes in three general groups. The results of cluster analysis based on STI and GMP indices put the genotypes in three separate groups.

One of the main goals of production programs in arid and semi-arid regions is the screening of germplasm in different stages of plant growth. The results of the present research showed that drought stress in the reproductive stage reduces the morphophysiological traits and yield of lentil genotypes. Based on the results of seed yield, Kimia genotype with the lowest yield loss is known as the tolerant variety and C113 variety with the highest yield loss is known as the sensitive variety. Based on the results of seed yield, Kimia genotype with the lowest yield loss is known as the tolerant variety and C113 variety with the highest yield loss is known as the sensitive variety.

Web engineering is a relatively new discipline in the field of software engineering. This article describes the specific features of web applications and different web engineering methods for developing web applications. Based on the investigations carried out on the WebSys project, some suggestions related to how to develop web engineering methods are presented.

Blood product over-requesting and wasting are the biggest concerns for the health community in providing the patients' blood needs. This study aimed to investigate the blood request and transfusion status and related factors to non-transfusion and their wastage in Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 1045 patients who were candidates for receiving blood products in Imam Reza Hospital. Demographic characteristics, clinical data, and reserved blood product outcomes (Transfusion/non-transfusion) were extracted from the patients' clinical documents. The C/T index was used for the calculation of the reserved and transfusion blood products ratio. The multivariate logistic regression test was conducted to explore the predictors for blood product wastage.

Of 1045 patients with a mean age of 41.45 ± 22.32 years who were candidates for blood products, 57% received blood transfusion. The C/T index was 1.75. The patients' frequency distribution regarding gender, marital status, education, diagnosis, and blood product type between two groups of patients with and without blood transfusion showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). However, the frequency distribution of the person ordering blood products and age in the two groups had a statistically significant difference (P<0.05).

The request-consume blood products index in Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah showed a favorable condition. The younger age and the reservation by the first-year resident were independent predictors for requested blood product wastage.

One of the important issues of any judicial system is the realization of judicial justice. Of course, judicial justice faces challenges that may prevent its realization. One of the important issues is how the judicial system faces the challenges of judicial justice. This is done in the form of different criminalizations. A comparative study of what is criminalized in the form of crimes against judicial justice can provide a more accurate understanding of Iran's criminal policy approach in this regard. The purpose of this article is to compare the crimes against judicial justice in the pre- and post-prosecution stages in the laws of Lebanon, France and Iran. The research method is descriptive and analytical which is collected through the library method. The findings of the research indicate that in the criminal law of Iran, the legislator has criminalized two categories of illegal behaviors that cause disturbances in the preliminary investigation and proceedings in the Islamic Penal Code and other substantive laws. Also, the French criminal law has assigned a chapter to crimes against the judiciary without dedicating a chapter to this title. The Lebanese criminal laws have an independent part of the criminal laws under the title of crimes against judicial justice in the investigation and issuance stage, in the judgment and execution, for this matter, but the penal law approved in 1995 has sporadically and on different occasions criminalized actions that disturb the process of justice and the realization of the rights of individuals.

Corruption on earth is one of the concepts of disagreement and its explanation is very important in cyberspace. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the concept and instances of Corruption on Earth in jurisprudence and criminal law. The present article is descriptive-analytical, and using library method, the mentioned question has been investigated.  The findings indicate that in jurisprudence, Corruption on Earth has not been addressed in a specific headline and mainly in the discussion about Moharebeh is referred to. There is disagreement among jurists on this issue: some have considered it a dependent crime under Moharebeh, and others considered it an independent crime. The second approach is accepted in the Islamic Penal Code of 2013. In Imamiyya jurisprudence, cases such as burning down another house, murdering non-Muslims, and shrouding are known as cases of Corruption on Earth. In Sunni religions, much less is considered as Corruption on Earth and jurists consider the Islamic ruler to determine its examples. Promoting corruption in the community can be done more easily than ever before through a vast virtual space. So there is a possibility of corruption on earth in cyberspace.

Today's urban environments have become places with high vulnerability due to the density and accumulation of countless natural and human forces. The spread of the Covid-19 virus and its unintended consequences are seen as a wake-up call to the current urban lifestyle. Observing the physical distance between citizens is currently considered as the most effective way to prevent the further spread of the Covid-19 virus and similar epidemics. This shows the increasing role of urban environments in the control and management of human resources. The purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of the functional environment of the central area of Zanjan in the effective Encountering with the Covid-19 epidemic. The research method is descriptive-analytical and questionnaire was used to collect information. The number of statistical sample people to collect data is equal to 152 citizens of Zanjan in the central area of Zanjan. Structural equation model was used to analyze the data and SPSS and Amos Graphics software were used too. The results show that the components of land use attractiveness, land use time attractiveness, land use activity hours during the day, unnecessary centralization of land uses and variety of land uses in the quality of the functional environment in the central area of Zanjan in the face of The Covid-19 epidemic was effective. Based on this, with a suitable combination of existing land uses, it is possible to improve the quality of the functional environment in the face of the Covid-19 epidemic by reducing the crowds and crowding in the central area of Zanjan.

It is quite effective to identify high-yielding and stable genotypes and evaluate different genotypes in various environmental conditions.

This study was conducted to evaluate the response of 12 imported faba bean genotypes with the application of gibberellic acid hormone (environmental factor) by the GGE-biplot method. For this purpose, genotypes were evaluated in a complete randomized design with three replications during autumn of 2018 in the research greenhouse of Shahrekord University. Gibberellic acid was sprayed at concentrations of 0, 10, and 30 ppm from the 2-leaf to flowering stages on a weekly basis.

The analysis of variance showed that the effects of genotypes, gibberellic acid, and their interaction effects were significant in grain yield. The genotypes by the gibberellic acid sum of squares explained 22.33% of total grain yield variations. Using the GGE-biplot model, the first two components accounted for 86.5% of total grain yield variations due to the effect of genotype and the interaction effects between genotypes and gibberellic acid hormone.

Based on the analysis of GGE- biplots, the grain yield of genotypes C2, C4, C10, and C6 was higher than other genotypes. Furthermore, they had appropriate relative responses to the application of gibberellic acid hormone than other genotypes. Regarding the need for genotypes with high yield potential to increase in seed yield, they can be used for breeding this product. The eight remaining genotypes had lower grain yields with the most inappropriate responses to the application of gibberellic acid hormone, identified as undesirable genotypes.

Background and judicial justice is one of the important issues of criminal law. The purpose of this article is to examine the crimes against judicial justice during the trial and issuing the verdict with a comparative approach. This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.Ethical considerations: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected. Although there is relative harmony in the way of criminalizing and reacting to these crimes, crimes against judicial justice in Iran, unlike countries such as France, are not mentioned in a separate chapter in the Islamic Penal Code and are only scattered among the articles of the said law. It has been mentioned by the legislator and this is while the said statute has mentioned crimes against justice in a separate chapter. It is necessary for the Iranian legislator to review the shortcomings of the laws of crimes against judicial justice according to the comprehensive laws of crimes against judicial justice of countries like France and implement the revised laws in the new approvals.

1109 / 5000Translation resultsThe issue of female victimology is of great importance in the field of criminological studies, both domestically and internationally. The Declaration of December 20, 1993, first addresses violence against women and its instances, and has since been described in other international instruments as a violation of human rights. In the present study, which has been obtained through analytical-interpretive research and using library studies in international documents and Iraqi law, an attempt is made to investigate violence against Yazidi women victims. One of the most significant manifestations of violence against women in recent years has been the actions of ISIL forces against Yazidi women in the Iraqi city of Sinjar in 2014. In 2016, the UN Commission of Inquiry declared that ISIL had committed genocide against the Yazidi minority. Subsequently, in 2017, the Security Council issued Resolution 2379, which paved the way for the Iraqi government to investigate ISIS crimes. Findings show that mass killings (including men, women and children), female slavery, sexual violence against Yazidi women and girls have been committed, which according to the specific intent and motive of the perpetrator to commit such acts, Humanity and the crime of genocide against Yazidi women have taken place.

Social phenomena have arisen with the development of previous phenomena. The legal system and political force are none alone accountable for all social realities and the foundations of the law are formed in the main roots of society and law cannot be analyzed separately from society. The issue of the land tenure is the phenomena that occurred in Iran after the Islamic revolution in the field of legislation which is a kind of rush to provide a solution and respond to the expectations of the revolutionary people by relying on jurisprudential and revolutionary views. The last result of the reasonable men to experiences and by jurisprudence for the benefit of some people in society was the new legislation. The challenges facing the fundamentals of the developments of land tenure have been the reason of discussion in many issues and the records of the subject should be reviewed and adapted in order to analyze it by jurisprudential and legal system. These challenges by identifying the foundations of the developments of land tenure are analyzed in this regard and the goal is not merely to discover jurisprudential rules as the basis. This article analyzes the hypothesis of the absolute impact of revolutionary views on expropriation [dispossession] of private ownership and iqta (Arabic: الإقطاع, Romanized: iqṭāʿ, sectorization) of public property. The result obtained in the end is that it shows the influence of revolutionary views along with social, economic and political conditions on the developments of land tenure after the Islamic revolution.

Drought stress reduces the water potential of the soil and in such conditions the plant can osmoregulation in order to preserve and continue water absorption. Osmoregulation in flag leaf and pollen grains can be used as an indicator in wheat breeding programs to increase drought tolerance. The aim of this study was to study drought tolerance and selection of the most tolerant genotype of wheat through the effect of different irrigation regimes on chlorophyll, proline, osmoregulation of pollen grains and selection of the best genotypes for planting in arid and semi-arid regions with high yield.

In order to analyze the effects of three different humidity regimes on the osmoregulation of pollen grain, chlorophyll and proline content three different experiments were carried out in randomized completely block designs with three replications. The three different humidity regimes included normal conditions (without stress), water-stress in meiosis stage and continuous water stress (30% of Field Capacity). The genotypes studied in this experiment included Alvand, Ehdaei 81, Ehdaei 82, Oxley and Chinese Spring.

The results of analysis of variance in non-stress and stress conditions showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes in terms of most traits. The reaction of wheat genotypes was different in three experiments, but drought stress increased proline content and decreased chlorophyll content in all stresses. Chinese Spring genotype under normal irrigation conditions and stress in meiosis stage and 30% field capacity stress by storing more proline and chlorophyll and preventing the decomposition of these materials were identified as the most drought tolerant genotype. Osmoregulation has a positive relationship with grain yield and genotype Ehdaei 82 have the ability of osmoregulation and high grain yield under drought stress conditions in the meiotic stage. Under different water conditions, the higher Projected pollen grain area PEG 50% and the smaller Projected pollen grain area PEG 30%, Osmoregulation increases significantly.

The results showed that drought stress reduced the evaluated traits and genotype is more tolerant to drought that stores the highest content of proline and chlorophyll in leaves. Chinese Spring genotype was the most tolerant genotype with the highest content of proline and chlorophyll and high osmoregulation under normal irrigation conditions. Chinese Spring is in the group of genotype does not have the ability of osmoregulation and is suitable for dry conditions. This genotype is adapted to stress conditions by using other drought tolerance mechanisms and if improved for osmoregulation under stress conditions, it can be more adapted for cultivation in arid areas.

Drug addiction is a social phenomenon which depends upon various factors resulting from collective, environmental life and the limitations of social structure. This study investigates the reasons of industrial drug addiction in Zanjan from the perspective of criminology.The methodology is causal-comparativeand the population includes the addicts in the Navay-e-Aramesh, Baharan, Toloo-e-Rahaei camps and Mehr addiction counseling center. The sample includes 100 subjects of those available in these camps selected through simple sampling. Pearson, spearman statistical tests and stepwise multiple regression were implemented with SPSS to analyze the data. Based on the findings of this study, the respondents are mostly aged 20-30, their marital status is chiefly unmarried, their education is middle-school certification or diploma; their father's education is mainly elementary or illiterate, their consumption is largely crystal and heroine, their first consumption's age is 13-18, and friends have a large influence in their addiction. The results show that there is a significant relationship among social control, social learning, failure and addiction to theindustrial drugs. According to the regression analysis, the most effective factor on this problem one are respectively social learning.The results of this study indicate that social and environmental factors on addiction toindustrial drugs are effective and outcome of this study, are consistent with Cohen's theories, Sutherland and Hirschi.

Criminal policy is one of the most important branches of criminal science, which has been the subject of important debates. The definition of criminal policy and the ideologies that govern it have undergone fundamental changes over time, and in each period a more complete and comprehensive definition than the previous definitions has been provided by prominent scientists in this field. We have sworn oaths, etc. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method using the library method, while examining the concepts of criminal policy and evidence of crime, the performance of Iran's criminal policy in evidence of crime is examined. has taken.Criminal policy is one of the most important branches of criminal science, which has been the subject of important debates. The definition of criminal policy and the ideologies that govern it have undergone fundamental changes over time, and in each period a more complete and comprehensive definition than the previous definitions has been provided by prominent scientists in this field. We have sworn oaths, etc. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method using the library method, while examining the concepts of criminal policy and evidence of crime, the performance of Iran's criminal policy in evidence of crime is examined. has taken.Keywords: Criminal Policy, Evidence of Crime, Iranian Legislator, Criminal Science.

Plants are exposed to drought stress in field conditions. The occurrence of these droughts has imposed a very harmful effect on the agricultural and economic sectors of the country. Response of plants to water stress depends on the type, intensity, and duration of stress, plant species and the stage of stress occurrence. Investigate has shown that water stress before the tillering stage reduces the number of fertile tillers, stress at the flower inoculation stage reduces the weight and number of seeds and causes cluster sterility, and moisture stress during the grain filling period produces wrinkled seeds. The study aimed was to investigate the effect of different water stress conditions on yield, harvest index and sterility at the end of the cluster in wheat genotypes.

To analyze the effects of three different humidity regimes on yield, yield component and apical sterility of wheat, three different experiments were carried out in randomized completey block designs with three replications. The three different humidity regimes included normal conditions (without stress), water-stress at the meiosis stage and continuous water stress (30% of Field Capacity). Ten different wheat genotypes including Alvand, Roshan, Back cross Roshan, Ehdaei 81، Ehdaei 82، Ehdaei 79, Oxley، ChineseSpring، DN11 and Line 604 were evaluated in this experiment.

Results indicated that the responses of the genotypes to the water-stress condition were different. Analysis of variance showed highly significant variation for most of the characters under study. Both stress conditions, either meiosis stress or continuous stress, reduced all the characters of genotypes compared with non-stress conditions. Among the genotypes under study, Oxley indicated the highest amount of yield in both the meiosis stage and continuous water-stress conditions. On the other side, Line 604 showed the highest number of seeds and lowest sterile florets at both meiosis stage and continuous water-stress conditions. The highest rate of apical sterility in water-stress at meiosis stage and 30% of field capacity in Alvand genotype was observed.

Results showed that drought stress in all types of stress reduced the evaluated traits. Due to stress the number of sterile florets increased and yield decreased. Stress in the meiotic stage had a significant effect on increasing the apical sterility and total Sterility, and stress of 30% of field capacity was effective in reducing grain yield and harvest index and increasing the number of the sterile claw in wheat genotypes.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the position of the social approach to crime in the Iranian legal and judicial system. The main question of the research is how to explain the social approach to dealing with crime in the legal and judicial system? The main hypothesis of the article is that, in the Iranian legal system, the social approach to crime is in fact local development and based on participation. Based on this, it can be said that the social approach and its components play a very important role in the socialization of crime and can be used to prevent crime by using the social approach to crime by emphasizing social participation. The most important components of the social approach to dealing with crime are social participation, social cohesion and social relations, which should be considered in the policies of the judicial system. The method used in the present study is a descriptive-analytical method.

The subject of this research is theorizing the purposes of punishment in the Islamic Penal Code of Iran. The main question of the research is what are the effects of criminal law theorizing on criminal policy in Iranian law? The hypothesis of the article is that based on the theory of criminalization, decriminalization and impunity have been done and the interventions of criminal courts should be reduced in favor of other means. The results show that the theory of criminalization of the degree of harm to the victim and the degree of its ability to blame, constitutes the nature of the severity of the crime and on the same basis can be determined both in the legislative stage and in the judicial stage, proportional. Committed crime and punishment. The legislature should use non-criminal responses, remedial, compassionate mechanisms that seem more effective in this regard. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected in a library method.

Determining the relationships between morphological traits is very important in plant breeding. For this purpose, path analysis and biplot analysis are among the most effective statistical methods. To study the morphological traits affecting faba bean seed yield, 12 introduced faba bean genotypes were studied under the influence of 3 concentrations of gibberellic acid based on split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. The analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes in terms of all studied traits except for number of internodes, internode length, stem diameter, number of seeds per pod and root dry weight, indicating high genetic variation among the studied traits. The study of correlation coefficients showed that there was significant correlation between seed yield and all studied traits except for plant height, number of internodes, internode length, stem diameter, number of seeds per pod, and shoot dry weight. The results of multivariate regression based on stepwise method showed that among the studied traits, 3 traits including number of fertile pods, pod length, and number of seeds per plant were entered into the model, and altogether justified 86% of the variations of faba bean seed yield. The results of path analysis based on just identified model and over identified model showed that the most direct effect on faba bean seed yield was through the number of fertile pods, so that one unit change in this trait causes 0.784 units increase in faba bean seed yield. Thus, in selection for yield the number of fertile pods in the studied genotypes is of special importance. Biplot analysis as a bilinear model, identified the C2, C7 and C10 as suitable genotypes in terms of yield and yield related traits.

This study investigates the reasons of industrial drug addiction in Zanjan. To investigate the problem, Durkheim and Merton's theories, Shaw and Mackey's social disorganization have been used. The methodology is causal-comparative and the population includes the addicts in camps. The sample includes 180 subjects of those available in these camps selected through simple sampling. The tools for data collection is a self-designed questionnaire, and content validity and Cronbach's alpha were used for validity and reliability respectively, where the total alpha value of independent variables was 0.77. Based on the findings of this study, The main items for changing the pattern of consumption from traditional to industrial drugs are the traditional ones having less euphoria and more consumption difficulty as well as the industrial drugs being cheap. In terms of location, Bisim, Islamabad and Daneshsara have respectively the most individuals consuming industrial drugs.The results obtained in this study are consistent with the results of some of the results of the studies conducted and confirmed the theories used in this article. The results show that there is a significant relationship among anomie, place of residence and emigration, unemployment, easy access and addiction to the industrial drugs.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most important crop in terms of area under cultivation and plays an important role in meeting human nutritional needs. In Iran, wheat is grown in different climatic conditions and is exposed to stress at different stages of growth. Water stress is the most important cause of reduced wheat yield. Improvement of drought tolerant cultivars is one of the most important strategies to deal with water shortage and has faced many problems in arid areas. Physiological traits are vital in the survival and adaptation of plants to environmental stresses and therefore attention to physiological indicators in order to study the rate of drought resistance is one of the important aspects of drought resistance in plants and is one of the objectives of this study. In order to analyze the effects of three different humidity regimes on physiological characteristics and yield, of wheat, 3 different experiments were carried out in completey randomized block designs with 3 replicates. The 3 different humidity regimes . Ten different wheat genotypes were evaluated in this experiment. After analyzing the results of the first experiment, genetic materials were selected for the second year experiment and cultured in conditions similar to the planting conditions of the first experiment, and stomatal characteristics were measured as another group of physiological characteristics on these cultivars. The results showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes in terms of most traits. The reaction of wheat cultivars was different in three experiments, but drought stress in all types of stresses reduced the evaluated traits. Oxley with high WUE in different irrigation conditions compared to other genotypes had the highest and Ehdaei 82 had the lowest WUE. In normal conditions, the highest biological yield was seen in Ehdaei 81 and Ehdaei 79. It seems that this cultivar has the highest yield by increasing the weight of biomass and green tissue. Oxley showed the highest RWC in normal irrigation conditions. In such water conditions, the highest RWL was also seen in Oxley. Therefore, it can be concluded that Oxley, although it had a high RWC, was not able to maintain the relative water content. The results of the variance components of the evaluated traits show that for most of the traits, the genotypic and phenotypic variance was higher than the stress under normal conditions. According to the results, it is clear that all traits except RWL had high heritability, which shows that these traits are less affected by the environment. Due to the existence of genetic diversity and high heritability for traits, it is possible to produce desirable cultivars through selection and hybridization. Results for stomatal characteristics showed that in drought stress, Stomatal Frequency increases and Stomatal Length and Stomatal Width Decreases. There is a negative relationship between the Stomatal Frequency and drought tolerance in wheat, but it is a more tolerant that had more stomatal with smaller size. The results showed that drought stress in all types of stress reduced the physiological traits evaluated. Low RWL and high RWC were recognized as a mechanism of survival and high WUE was introduced as an indicator of stress tolerance. The results showed that the RWC of flag leaf was controlled by the additive effects of the gene and had a high heritability; Therefore, high genetic efficiency can be expected from selection for this trait. Results for stomatal characteristics showed that in drought stress, Stomatal Frequency increases and Stomatal Length and Stomatal Width Decreases. There is a negative relationship between the Stomatal Frequency and drought tolerance in wheat, but it is a more tolerant that had more stomatal with smaller size.