فهرست مطالب صبا احمدی

Aging process is associated with disruption in mitochondria and liver. The aim of this study was to was to evaluate the effect of continuous aerobic exercise with citrus aurantium L. on the expression of HM and MOTS-C genes in the mitochondria of the liver tissue of elderly rats. To conduct the present experimental research, 32 elderly female rats over 14 months of age and average weight of 270 to 320 grams were divided into 4 groups of 8 including 1- Control (CN), 2- Consumption of citrus aurantium L. (CA), 3- Training (T), 4- Training and consumption of citrus aurantium L. (T+CA). During eight weeks, groups 3 and 4 ran three sessions a week with an intensity of 65-75% of the maximum running speed on the treadmill. Also, groups 2 and 4 received 300 mg/kg of CA extract intraperitoneally. 48 hours after the research protocol, gene expression levels in liver tissue were measured by real-time PCR method. Expression of HM and MOTS-C genes in CA (p=0.032 and p=0.042), T (p=0.039 and p=0.048) and T+CA (p=0.0001 and p=0.001) groups compared to CN group had a significant increase. Eight weeks of T and CA alone improved the expression of genes involved in Liver cellular senescence markers of elderly rats. Also, the simultaneous effect of exercise and CA on HM was greater than the effect of each one alone.

In addition to the well-studied effects in regulating calcium and phosphorus balance, vitamin D has many non-calcemic effects that include acting as an immune modulator or an antioxidant. Cows acquire vitamin D either from photosynthesis in the skin or through swallowing fungi in the forage or vitamin D supplements. Although vitamin D deficiency is rare, today we are facing an increasing number of vitamin D deficiencies in cows due to the indoor housing away from sunlight exposure. According to the NRC recommendation, to maintain the vitamin D serum concentration in the range of 20 to 50 ng/ ml, it is necessary to administer 21,000 IU/ d of vitamin D in cattle. In addition, considering the involvement of vitamin D in various calcemic and non-calcemic effects, it seems that previously recommend levels of vitamin D supplementation have not been enough for preventing many diseases and disorders in cattle. Vitamin D toxicity may also occur due to over-supplementation of vitamin D or overgrazing in plants with high amounts of vitamin D metabolites. This review article will discuss various roles of vitamin D in dairy cattle health, normal physiology, and disease prevention.

Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 causes important economic losses in industrial poultry worldwide. Biosecurity and vaccination have not completely prevented the outbreak of avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 in poultry, and there are no appropriate medicines available. Onion is one of the plants used from the ancient times both as food and medicine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiviral effects of aqueous extract of red and yellow onion against avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. First, a study was performed to evaluate the toxic effects of the extracts on the embryonated chicken eggs. For antiviral evaluation, three mixtures were prepared: mixture of the virus and the red onion extract, mixture of the virus and the yellow onion extract, and mixture of the virus and PBS, as a control group. The mixtures were separately inoculated to the chorioallantoic sac of the embryonated eggs after 2, 8 and 24 hours incubation at room temperature. Mortality rate and hemagglutination assay titers were recorded. The results indicated that the red onion extract decreases mortality of the embryos and the yellow onion extract increases the life of the embryos, and both of the extracts decrease HA titers. In conclusion, it seems that both extracts especially aqueous extract of the red onion not only destroys the avian influenza virus subtype H9N2, but also they probably decrease the propagation of the virus in the embryonated chicken eggs.

Today’s accurate diagnosis of disease requires using of different diagnostic and paraclinical methods. Diagnosis of liver disease was a serious challenge both in medicine and veterinary medicine from the past. Clinical biochemistry is one of the main parts of diagnostic methods. Liver function is evaluated by measuring the variables such as excreting and metabolic functions and enzymes. Because of large functional reserve of liver, symptoms of liver disease appear after loss of huge number of hepatocytes, therefore using of laboratory methods with high specificity and sensitivity could be helpful. None of existing laboratory methods has all characteristics mentioned above. It seems that using different laboratory methods of liver function beside other diagnostic methods such as sonography, cytology and … could be an appropriate approach for reaching a diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. Current article reviews the perfect utility of liver function tests for general diagnosis of liver disease.

Common tests for evaluating renal function include the measurement of urea and creatinine. However, indirect markers for the determination of GFR, such as Cystatin C and Symmetrical Dimethyl Arginine, are in developing. In the next step, for diagnosis and treatment, azotomia should be classified into one of the pre-renal, renal and post-renal groups. In the next step, it is necessary of categorizing the disorder to acute or chronic failure. Diagnosis of chronic or acute illness is done based on the history of the patient and physical examination. Weight loss and non-regenerative anemia may be signs of patients with CKD.Another useful test is urine analysis. A urine test prepared valuable information about azotemia and its causes. Additional tests are also available to diagnose kidney failure such as phosphorus, calcium, potassium, acid-base status, cholesterol, urine albumin, and GGT to urine creatinine ratio. Newbiomarkers such as Cystatin C, a Kidney injury molecule, and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated Lipocalinare also being studied and commercialized for early diagnosis of kidney disease, but they have not yet been clinically available for veterinary use.

In skeletal muscle, carnitine plays an essential role in the translocation of long-chain fatty-acids into the mitochondrial matrix for subsequent beta-oxidation. Despite an abundance of literature describing the basic mechanisms of action of L-carnitine metabolism, there remains some uncertainty regarding the effects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on metabolism and exercise performance in normal subjects. This study examined the effects of chronic L-carnitine supplementation on glucose and lactate concentration, heart rate and aerobic capacity during submaximal cycling. Thirty healthy and male students cycled for 20 min at 70% VO2 max before and after 3 weeks (3g daily) L-carnitine (experimental) and placebo (control) supplementation. Blood samples were taken immediately after each exercise for the purpose of calculation plasma glucose and Lactate concentration, lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH). A two-way repeated measure ANOVA was used to determine significant differences between the two groups (p<0.05). The finding of our study showed that L-carnitine supplementation had no influence on plasma glucose and lactate. Also rest and rest heart rate, VO2 max and LDH activity was equal in pre and posttests (p<0.05). All variables were unaffected in the control trial. Three weeks L-carnitine supplementation had no effect on substrate and carbohydrate metabolism. Also, L-carnitine supplementation would be unlikely to be associated with the enhanced exercise performance.