عبدالله فرجی

Snow is a prevalent form of precipitation, particularly in mountainous and high latitude regions, characterized by ice crystals in various microscopic structures. It naturally accumulates in cold and elevated areas through the freezing of air and the unsuccessful melting of water into crystalline form (WMO, 2022). Snow cover plays a crucial role in determining water reserves, especially during warmer seasons. Monitoring snow cover is a specialized field within weather and climatology. Snow cover plays a key role in the balance of energy due to its high albedo. Climatologists and meteorologists, who analyze global climate changes, emphasize the significance of snow monitoring due to its impact on both daily weather patterns and long-term climate shifts (Bashir et al., 2010). Spatial studies of snow cover by using satellite data have become one of the high priority topics in geomatics research due to their applicability and high accuracy. Considering that the snow cover area in many regions of the world, including mountainous regions, affects water resources and meteorology, accurate spatial analysis and investigation of changes in the area of snow cover is very important. In this regard, use of satellite data and new tools in the spatial analysis of the snow cover area, as an efficient method in geomatics research, has received much attention (Cheng et al., 2019).

This research examines the changes in snow cover in the western part of Iran from 2001 to 2021. The study area includes the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Hamadan, and Lorestan, covering a total area of 466,121 square kilometers. The region is located between latitudes 31°51'36" to 36°49'45" N and longitudes 45°27'18" to 50°04'26" E. It encompasses the northern part of the Zagros Mountain range, which serves as the entry point for western weather systems into the country. Snow cover was assessed using Modis satellite images, with the NDSI index used to identify snow. The analysis revealed a trend in snow cover, which was further examined using the Mann-Kendall method. The spatial distribution and changes in spatial components (length, width, and height) were assessed using the G* Index.

 To analyze snow cover in the western region, the snow cover index was calculated by averaging the images for each period. The area of snow cover was then determined for each period. Analysis of the winter snow cover area revealed a decreasing trend. The application of the Mann-Kendall method confirmed this decreasing trend, which is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Additionally, considering the annual sinusoidal behavior of snow, it can be concluded that the seasonal component is the dominant factor in the region, with temperature changes primarily driven by seasonal variation due to its relative distance from the equator. Spatial analysis indicated that the distribution of snow cover follows a northwest-southeast direction, as evidenced by the standard deviation ellipse. More than 99% of snowfall is concentrated in high-altitude areas with a specific spatial arrangement. The hotspot map shows that surface snow cover is clustered in the west and southeast directions, predominantly at altitudes above 2200 meters. The clustering pattern of snow cover is more pronounced at higher latitudes and towards the western borders. These findings have important implications for water resource management, drought prediction, and the development of strategies to mitigate droughts.

 This research demonstrates a decreasing trend in the area of snow cover during the winter season in the western part of Iran. Spatial analysis reveals that the major axis of snow distribution follows a northwest-southeast orientation, aligned with the mountainous terrain in that direction. The hotspot map highlights that surface snow cover is concentrated in the west and southeast directions, particularly at altitudes above 2200 meters. Hotspot analysis indicates that snow cover is clustered towards higher latitudes and more pronounced towards the western borders.

One of major problems in large and industrial cities, such as Arak, Iran, is reduction of air quality. Variations in the Boundary Level Height (BLH) have a significant impact on air quality. The height and thickness of boundary layer changes at different hours of day and night and also on different days of year. Daily variations in temperature, humidity, wind, pollution and contamination, and turbulence and thickness of the boundary layer occur due to daily warming and nocturnal cooling of the Earth's surface, and a very stable layer with a temperature inversion always plays the role of the boundary layer cap. The present study aims at examining the variations in BLH different times of day over the months and seasons of the statistical term, and the effect of these changes on the reduction or increase of pollutants in Arak city.

Arak boundary layer daily and monthly data for the Different hours with a spatial resolution of 0.125degree arc from 1979 until the end of 2018, was collected from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Variations in the Arak BLH over the statistical term were assessed and estimated using linear regression, non-linear regression, and Mann-Kendall statistical test. The air pollutant raw data of three air pollution stations across Arak city were obtained from General Directorate for Environmental Protection of the Markazi Province. After collecting the preliminary data, the air quality index (AQI) relation was calculated for five major air pollutants, namely suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, surface ozone, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide, and then the responsible pollutant, i.e. the pollutant with the most AQI of other pollutants, was identified. To determine the influence of BLH variations on air quality, Pearson correlation test was administered between the BLH data and the five major air pollutant data.

The results showed that the BLH has an increasing trend in spring, summer and winter at all hours and it does not vary significantly in the autumn. Significant variations in the BLH of Arak city are different at night time and during daylight hours. In spring, on average the BLH increases by 9%, the highest increase being 18h. In this season, the BLH increases more at night than in daylight hours. In summer, on average the BLH increases by 6%, with the highest increase at 24h and the lowest increase at 12h. In this season, The BLH increases more at night than at daylight. The highest BLH occurs in winter, with an average increase of 34%, the highest being at 15h with an increase of 48%. Unlike both spring and summer, in winter the BLH increases more during the day than at night both. Overall, the BLH of the fourth decade increases by 9% in proportion to the average BLH of the whole yearly term, with the highest increase being 18% at 24h. To determine whether fossil fuels increase and land use and land cover changes of Arak city increase the BLH or whether global warming and macro-scale climate change increases the BLH of the cities including Arak, the BLH of four other points, besides those of Arak city center, were examined. The increase in Arak BLH is not much different from that of the rest, that is during the forty-year statistical term, the BLH increases to the same extent for both Arak city and its surrounding lands including the plain and agricultural areas, the mountainous areas, and the suburb. Therefore, it can be inferred that climate change and global warming have a greater impact on variations in the BLH.As stated in the data and methodology sections, the air quality index (AQI) relation was calculated for the five major air pollutants, namely particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, surface ozone, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide; The pollutants responsible for each days were determined for each station and particulate matter was found to be the pollutant responsible for most days at all stations in the Arak city.

The Arak BLH increases significantly in all seasons except autumn. This increase was not the same during daylight hours and months of the year, with the highest increase being related to winter, and the autumn of no significant change. The Arak BLH variations are in line with temperature changes in Arak city and it can be judged that the reason behind the Arak BLH increase is the increase in temperature of this city in the wake of global warming. The fossil fuelconsumption increase and land use change of Arak have a minor effect on the city BLH.The pollutant responsible in Arak city is particulate matter most of the days, originating in automotive fuel, industries in and around the city, and dustparticles. In the seasons when the dust masses do not enter the city, the BLH is negatively correlated with the suspended particles and on the days when the dust masses enter the city, the BLH relationship is positive and significant.The BLH increase in Arak city does not help much to reduce the concentration of pollutants in Arak city, as the BLH increase in some seasons is positively associated with ozone increase and particulate matter, and the mean of BLH is highly lower in winter, autumn, and other season’s nights so that it can naturally become polluted in a short time. As Arak is growing, it is increasingly being polluted and climate change is also occurring, and as urban adjustment and adaptation was repeatedly underlined in the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. it is expected that the officials and policymakers develop and implement the urban development plans in accordance with natural and climatic features, and with adjustment and adaptation to climate change. The results showed that the correlation of the BLH with carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide is negative, and with ozone and the suspended particles 2.5 and 10 microns is positive

Among the cyclones that affect the sometimes-widespread rainfall in Iran are the merging systems of the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Therefore, it is very important to obtain the changes in the intensity of the geopotential height and the geopotential height shift of the Mediterranean-Red Sea convection patterns as one of the factors of the manifestations of these gyres, as well as the precipitation in some areas of Iran. To carry out this research, the data of geopotential height level of 1000 hectopascals related to the European Center for Medium-term Atmospheric Forecasting and ERA-Entrim version were used as a six-hour observation during the period of 1979-2018. To investigate the presence of jumps and fluctuations in the intensity of the Mediterranean-Red Sea cyclone centers during the statistical period, the Alexanderson index, known as the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) index, was used. A non-parametric chi-square statistic was exerted to verify and investigate the significance of the trend between geopotential height data and geopotential height tilt data. The parametric linear regression method was used to analyze and model the long-term trend. The findings of the present research indicate the increase of geopotential height in the place of the formation of the circulation centers of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the decrease of the pressure gradient in the average annual values, which will probably lead to a decrease in instability and precipitation in the affected areas. The geopotential height shift data of the Mediterranean Sea had a significant jump in 1996, which divided the time series into two periods before and after the jump. The results indicate an upward trend in these two time periods, but the second period, with a gentler slope, has increased compared to the previous period

Different pressure centers and synoptic systems affect Iran's climate, and their changes can have significant climatic consequences. In this research, the trend of long-term changes in the number of coupled low-pressure of Mediterranean -Red Sea, as coupled low-pressure centers effective on Iran's rainy climate, was investigated. For this purpose, the geopotential height data of 1000 hp for the 40-year statistical period from 1987 to 2018 was extracted from the European Medium-Term Weather Forecast Center (ECMWF). In total, during this period, 97 low-pressure centers of the Mediterranean-Red Sea circulation were formed over the region. Based on the non-parametric method of chi-square test (chi-score), the trend of cyclone frequency changes was investigated. The results showed that during the investigated period, the number of coupled low-pressure of Mediterranean -Red Sea did not experience statistically significant changes in terms of decades and two semi-statistics. In examining changes on a smaller scale, cross-sectional changes were observed in four-year and two-year periods.

In the present study, the data of the ECMWF for a period of 1979 to 2018 was adopted to analyze the long term changes (trends) of the number of cyclones centers of the Mediterranean Sea.There are many methods (e.g. parametric and non- parametric)  for examining changes and trends in a given dataset. The linear regression method is of parametric category and the most common nonparametric method is Mann-Kendall test. By fitting the Mann-kendall model and the linear regression model, the frequency of the cyclone centers of the Mediterranean basin was evaluated in seasonal and annual time scales. Analyzing the trend of changes of the number of cyclone centers on a seasonal scale showed that the five-day duration have had a significant trend in spring, autumn and summer. Whilest on an annual scale, there was no significant trend in any of the duration. By fitting the regression model on seasonal and annual scale, one- and two-day duration have a positive regression line slop.

The main purpose of this research was to model the temperature data of Tabriz synoptic station with the help of an integrated auto-correlated moving statistical model in time coverage of 1951-2020.

First, pre-processing was done on the studied data; in the next step, in order to analyze a time series and build a suitable model were exerted three Box-Cox methods, the first-order difference method and the least square method for stationery to decide on the best model based on the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation diagrams, the minimum Akaic information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Next, in order to ensure the appropriateness of the best-selected model were also applied  normal probability diagrams, residuZ2`2als against time, autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and evaluation criteria (MAE), (MSE), (RMSE) and (NRMSE).

While time series models are a suitable method for modeling climatic parameters, by examining the efficiency of the Box-Cox, first-order differential, and least squares stationery methods for the temperature data of Tabriz, it was determined that the first-order differential method is the best stationery method for the annual temperature data of Tabriz synoptic station due to having the lowest slope of the fitting line and the complete elimination of autocorrelation between temperature values. 

The results of this research showed that the ARIMA (0, 1, 1) Con model is the most suitable model for temperature forecasting of the coming years. Therefore, the average annual temperature of Tabriz synoptic station will increase in the next 18 years.

Innovation: 

In this research, the effectiveness of different stabilization methods was simultaneously evaluated for Tabriz Synoptic station in order to remove the trend, so that by evaluating the performance of different data stabilization methods and different models of the ARIMA family, the appropriate model for temperature forecasting can be determined and a clearer picture of the temperature conditions in the future can be obtained and its results can be exrted in related planning.

Because of rapid urbanization, urban warming has become a serious problem along with global warming. In this study, the impacts of urbanization on minimum and maximum temperature variations were investigated in Iran's Northwestern urban areas. For this purpose, the meteorological (1987-2017) and urbanization data from the general census as well as the housing population (1365-1395) in conjunction with Pearson Correlation-coefficient and Mann-Kendall Test were used. Based on this test, a positive and significant trend was observed at minimum and maximum temperatures among urban stations. The analysis of decade's changes also shows the impact of urbanization on climate. The results of the relationship between minimum and maximum temperature with the number of population in urban areas are positive.The correlation between the minimum temperature in Khalkhal and Khoramdareh (small towns) was 0.8, in Maragheh and Khoy (average cities) 0.7 and Maximum temperature was 0.61 in Mahabad city and there was a significant relationship between the big cities of Ardebil and Zanjan At 0.7, 0.75, but in Urmia and Tabriz (a very large and metropolitan city), the population with a minimal temperature was relatively small, but maximum temperatures in both cities with a coefficient of 0.68, 0.61, indicating the significant role played by the urbanization on the urban climate. In small and medium-sized towns, significant changes were observed at minimal temperatures. At all stations, the demographic changes and the minimum and maximum temperature increases were observed. Major changes in the decades of 1375-1385 and 1385-1395, in which population growth is increasing.

Climatic conditions have a significant impact on human living conditions and comfort. From the earliest times, humans have reacted to fluctuations in weather conditions  Therefore, it has designed its living environment in accordance with the climatic conditions. One of the most important measures in identifying a comfortable climate is to assess the conditions of the human living environment. Which determines the level of human comfort in the environment.  Meteorological variables and bioclimatic indicators are needed to assess the conditions of human comfort in the environment.. Therefore, urban planners and regional planners need useful and at the same time practical indicators in order to optimize the environment and determine the best time for human comfort. Human comfort conditions provide very good information for planners by evaluating bioclimatic indicators. The information obtained from this research provides appropriate suggestions and strategies for improving the situation in each region. To know the range of comfort climate (optimal and optimal climate) can not be enough to describe the climatic elements of the region, including temperature, humidity, wind and radiation. Rather, the type of climate in terms of comfort or lack of thermal and climatic comfort should be determined quantitatively in the form of a general indicator and a combination of all these climatic elements. Many factors affect the tourism industry, one of the most important of which is the climate. Climate plays a role as one of the most important local resources in the tourism industry. Awareness of climatic comfort plays an important role in human life and activities, and physiological comfort is closely related to climatic factors. Therefore, the study of climatic parameters affecting the climatic comfort of work seems necessary.Gilan province is one of the most populous regions of the country and ranks first in the country in terms of population density. In addition to various economic activities, this province hosts millions of people from all over the country every year due to the existence of various attractions (especially the Caspian Sea). And it is one of the touristic provinces of the country And studying the climate comfort of this province can be an important step in planning for tourist reception and its requirements. In this study, the climatic comfort of Gilan province has been studied.

For this purpose, climatic data from 11 synoptic stations (Rasht, Astara, Anzali, Deilman, Kiashahr, Lahijan, Manjil, Masouleh, Jirandeh, Talesh and Rudsar) including monthly average temperature, average maximum and minimum temperature in degrees Celsius, The monthly average of relative humidity as a percentage, the average of sunny hours and the number of rainy days during the statistical period of 1995 to 2020 have been received from the Meteorological Organization of the country. Then in SPSS software, Excel database was created  And processed the data and calculated the average of all the mentioned parameters on a monthly basis And deficiencies were corrected And through the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), the calculations are performed And after sorting and analyzing the climatic conditions, the study area has been studied Thus, based on the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), zoning maps of the province were drawn in GIS software . Finally, the results are analyzed and interpreted as maps.

April, south of the province (Manjil), May, center, Caspian Sea coast, part of the northeast and south of the province (Rasht, Anzali, Lahijan, Deilman, Jirandeh), August, east of the province (Rudsar), September, center , East and part of the south of the province (Rasht, Rudsar, Deilman) and October, south of the province (Jirandeh) has pleasant and favorable conditions. All tourism activities are recommended to tourists.

The results of the conducted investigations show the existence of various types of comfortable weather conditions for tourism in Gilan province. The months of May and June in most parts of the province have very favorable and pleasant conditions and the climatic conditions are suitable for all kinds of tourism activities. In the cold season of the year (January, February and December) in all parts of the province (especially the high areas such as Dilman and Masuleh, etc.), very unfavorable (cold) conditions prevail, and in the hot season of the year (July and August) the conditions are It is very unfavorable (heat) in most of the studied areas (especially coastal areas due to high humidity). All in all, in this research, all kinds of tourism activities have been targeted according to each season and each region

The effects of theTropical extratropical interaction (TEI) on the extreme and widespread precipitation of IranAbstractThis research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of the interaction of tropical-extratropical circulation patterns on the extreme and widespread precipitation of Iran. To this end, 9 days with the extreme and widespread precipitation in Iran were investigated the 95th percentile index and their occurrence in 20 percent of stations and more during the statistical period of 31 years (1989-2019). Atmospheric data were extracted over 9 days. The data used are ERA5, which were extracted in the lower (850 and 800 hPa) and middle (700, 600, 500 hPa) levels. Geopotential hight jet stream maps show the tropical influence of extratropical dynamic factors, the amount of which is different in different levels of the atmosphere.Tropical and extratropical interaction have provided two factors for the occurrence of precipitation, i.e. humidity and atmospheric instability over Iran. The tropical influence of the Cut off low ,troughs and polar jet stream currents Their convergence with high-altitude subtropical centers have led to the transfer of tropical moisture to extratropical. On Iran, the influence of cut off low, the western trough and the polar jet stream provide suitable conditions for the ascent and instability of the atmosphere, which, with the entry of the tropical moisture of Iran, widespread and extreme precipitation occur.Key Words: circulation patterns, tropical and extratropical regions, tropical extratropical interaction, extreme widespread rain, Iran

The interactions of circulation patterns are the interference or synergies of different circulation patterns from different latitudes and at different atmospheric levels. When interacting with circulation patterns, they will have different effects on the environmental phenomena of the Earth's surface than when acting individually. The mechanics of moving the telescopic link between the tropical zone and the subtropics is a major issue in geographical research. Considerable evidence suggests a dynamic relationship between tropical regions and mid latitudes. Tropical-extratropical interactions occur in a wide range of processes and at different scales.Tropical cloud plumes, reflects tropical- extratropical interaction in relation to the transfer of moisture from tropical to extratropical. TP was first defined by McGregor et al. (1984); a continuous strip of upper and middle clouds that are at least 2000 km long . clouds with minimum latitude of 20 degrees and maximum longitude of 5 degrees are in the tropical region. considers tropical cyclones as long bands of mid- and upper-level clouds moving from the tropical region to the polar-eastern direction to the subtropical region, especially continued by a tropical jet and a trough in its eastern part. TPs are relatively narrow at low latitudes (20–15 degrees) and widen at about 30 degrees north latitude. Studies of TP have expanded since the advent of satellite imagery in the 1960s. Prior to satellite imagery, McGurick et al. Described the development of TP in adaptation to a deep trough in subtropical jets and the turbulence of tropical winds, which ceases whenever this alignment is lost. The location and time of occurrence of plum clouds have been reported differently in different studies. In this study, we seek to investigate the Plum tropical clouds and the dynamic climbing factors that lead to their transfer to the midlatitude as a source of tropical moisture that leads to rainfall in Iran.

In order to investigate the role of TP event as an important factor in tropical-extraterrestrial interactions and as a source of moisture in the days with inclement rainfall, the 25th, 26th days of 2019 that Iran has experienced extreme precipitation were selected. The data used in this study are satellite imagery and atmospheric data. Since TPs are clouds that can only be seen in satellite imagery, IR Meteosat satellite imagery was used. Required daily atmospheric data, geopotential height (in meters), wind speed (in meters per second) and wind direction were used on an hourly time scale. The origin, path and direction of the clouds were identified using satellite images. In order to identify synoptic patterns at the time of TP occurrence, synoptic maps of geopotential height and jet stream for atmospheric indices (200 and 300 hPa) were drawn in GRADS environment using ERA5 data. Also, combined images of clouds with geopotential height and tornadoes were used for better investigation.

On March 25, at 0:00 a.m., the TP oceanic strip reaches 17 degrees along the North Atlantic cut-off low divergence zone, and along the orbital currents of westerly winds entering the tropics below the equatorial equator the subtropical jet stream is flowing. The bifurcation of TP corresponds to the bifurcation of polar front and subtropical jet streams. TPs correspond exactly to the kernels of jet stream. Jet stream core has not reached the east, southeast and parts of the northwest, so TP is not observed in these areas. The widening of the clouds occurred in the divergence zone of western trough over Iran and in the cut-off divergence zone of the Atlantic Ocean over western North Africa. At 06.00, with most of the jet stream core entering the northeastern and northern regions of Iran, TP has entered these areas. At 0:12, the wind speed of the core of jet stream has several degrees of southward displacement, which has led to the entry of TP into the southern and southwestern regions of Iran. At 0:18 East and TP continents originate from the Central African equator and enter Iran in the direction of the divergence zone of west trough and jet stream. Jet stream entered Iran in a more southerly direction, which prevented TP from entering northwestern Iran. On March 26, the subtropical jet stream is not orbital, unlike the day before. This factor can prevent the transmission of the TP orbit of the oceanic band to the east. The TP oceanic band reaches the Mediterranean with a south-north direction in the direction of the cut-off divergence of the Atlantic Ocean. Due to the location of jet stream core on the southwest-northeast diameter of Iran, the highest volume and extent of TP is observed in these areas of Iran. The entry point of TP corresponds to the entry point of jet stream core. At 18:00, the presence of the highest TP on the northeast of Iran indicates the presence of a speed core on these areas. On March 26, we see the southern transfer of TP in the direction of southwest-northeast diameter, which is in line with the southward displacement of the jet stream core to more southern widths.

On March 25 and 26 ,2019 The tropical intrusion of the extratropical dynamic factors has occurred. These factors are the deep extratropical western troughs and polar front jet streams. Their tropical intrusion has led to the transfer of tropical moisture to the extratropical region. The place of penetration of the western troughs into the tropics has determined the origin of the formation of clouds in the tropics. Also, the path and direction of the clouds from the tropics to the subtropics have been determined by the western trough divergence zone and the polar front jet stream at the level of 300 hPa and the subtropical jet stream at the level of 200 hPa. TP has entered Iran with both oceanic and continental origins and through the Red Sea and the Arabian Peninsula along the western trough divergence zone and speed core of the subtropical jet stream and polar fronts in a southwest-northeast direction. Two cloud bands merge on the Red Sea, Which lead to an increase in the Cloud moisture capacity on Saudi Arabia and Iran. With Transfers of clouds over Iran due to insufficient instability, clouds have led to precipitation. Tropical Plume clouds can be a source of moisture for offshore precipitation Tropical plume clouds can be a source of moisture for precipitation in extratropical. The presence of such a moisture source along with lower level moisture sources can increase the capacity of moisture, which in the presence of instability and lifting factors, cause more precipitation.

To prevent the spread of COVID-19 epidemics, restrictions such as "quarantine" have been imposed worldwide led to significant changes in the environment, especially the air. The purpose of this study is to investigate the temporal-spatial distribution of pollutants (CO) and the effect of corona constraints on it. For this purpose, CO data was extracted from MERRA-2 satellite with monthly and spatial time steps of 0.5 x 0.625 with time coverage of 2015-20. Then, the data distribution was analyzed by ArcGIS software. In this study, in order to measure the effect of applying corona restrictions on the level of CO pollutants, the data related to the period of applying corona restrictions (July 2020) were compared with the corresponding months in the base period (July 2015-2019), then the control effect of synoptic systems and atmospheric factors for the distribution and dispersion of this pollutant were studied in the provinces that had maximum of this pollutant in Iran. The results showed that the monthly average of this pollutant decreased not only in the provinces that had the maximum CO anomaly, but also over the whole atmosphere of Iran. The results of synoptic factors of geo-potential height and vertical air movement at the level of 500 hPa showed that in both periods, synoptic conditions were the same above the atmosphere of Tehran, Isfahan and Khuzestan provinces, so the studied synoptic factors have no role in this decrease. Examining the factory closure and the average condition of vehicle traffic in some of the busiest roads of these provinces, a decrease in transportation was also observed. The decrease in CO during periods of economic restrictions can be seen as a positive message of COVID-19 for air quality.

Infrastructure is one of the basic requirements for the development and development of tourism activities in different locations. The aim of the present study was to recognize the spatial distribution and ranking of the relative efficiency of tourism infrastructure in Zanjan province.From among the provincial cities, none of the cities has a favorable situation. The cities of Zanjan, Abhar andو Khoram Darreh are moderate, and the za komekKhodabandeh, Tarom and Soltanieh at low levels and in the moon kk and Eidrud are lacking in efficiency. At the level of the studied indices, the highest level of efficiency in the transport, efficiency in the transport, accommodation, cultural, religious, health and nutrition indexes related to Zanjan city, is in the recreational index of Khoramdereh city and in the index of nutrition related to Tarom city.The cities of Zanjan, Abhar and Khoram Darreh are moderate, Khodabandeh, Tarom and Soltanieh at low levels and in the moon and Eidrud are lacking in efficiency. At the level of the studied indices, the highest level of efficiency in the transport, accommodation, cultural, religious, health and nutrition indexes related to Zanjan city, is in the recreational index of Khoramdereh city and in the index of nutrition related to Tarom city.Infrastructurestudy was to recognize the spatial distribution and ranking of the relative efficiency of tourism infrastructure in Zanjan province.From among the provincial cities, none of the cities has a favorable situation.

Over the last decades, urbanization developmenting and weakness in accurate and comprehensive planning to develop and rapid population growth have caused many challenges for cities. Urban sprawl beginning in the developed countries around 1950 is currently experienced in almost all countries. Many studies on the effects of urban sprawl indicate the emergence of harmful effects of this phenomenon. One of the most important environmental effects is the changes in climate. Most urban settlements are prone to future shocks and tensions due to climate changes, lack of energy and global population growth. Urban managers and planners’ responses to these shocks and what cities should do to adapt to accidents and dangers are now discussed in “resilient cities” topic. Many cities have not yet addressed climate risks due to lack of relevant city policies and action plans, outmoded regulations on urban planning, lack of capacity to respond to climate disasters, and lack of public awareness. The Urban Climate Resilience practice area represents the intersection between WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities and World Resources Institute’s Climate Resilience Practice. The urbanization trends in Iran during last decades had been accelerated by high rate of rural-urban migration along with rapid socio-economic and political changes that formed unbalanced urban growth in Iran. Since resilience refers to the ability of a system to return to its natural conditions after an accident, the purpose of the present study is to test and evaluate the level of resilience of Varamin City in the face of climate changes from its citizens’ viewpoint. Materials and

In the present research, two types of data have been used. The first type of data includes the climate components gathering the Varamin weather station (annual average rainfall, temperature, etc.). The second set corresponds to components relevant to urban sprawl, among which, urban area, population density and urban population. These parameters were obtained by questionnaires which have been filled out by varamin citizens. This descriptive analytical study was conducted with the participation of 393 citizens of Varamin City. The research tool used for data collection was a 35-item researcher-made questionnaire based on previous studies containing the appropriate items to test each of the components. To conform to the research population, the questionnaire was investigated and reviewed by professors and experts in multiple steps and its face validity and content validity were confirmed. In order to assess the reliability of the questionnaires, first, 30 copies of the questionnaire were completed by the citizens of Varamin in a preliminary research. The obtained information entered SPSS 21 and each response was assigned a score of 0-5. After the analysis, the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated by Cronbach’s alpha to be 0.89 that was designed based on the environmental, socio-economic, infrastructure, and institutional components. Analysis and prioritization of the descriptive and inferential analytical statistics the resilience of each of the components and their indices were calculated by SPSS 21 using the one sample T-test and then they were prioritized by Friedman test.

Today, the relationships between human societies and their natural environment has been strongly affected by urbanization and urban development. Cities can be considered as ecological units and studied within the framework of a data-retrieval system. That is, to meet various needs of citizens, the city needs inevitable to provide massive data in key inputs, the most important of which are energy, food and water. Results of measuring resilience of Varamin City with an emphasis on climatic aspects showed that from the citizens’ viewpoint, the resilience was 2.15, which was lower than the desirable average level. It indicates that the citizens consider Varamin vulnerable to climate hazards. Results of investigating resilience components of Varamin City showed that the environmental component and its indices were lower than the average level and according to the citizens intensified drought and changes in temperature have the most negative effects on the environmental condition of resilience in Varamin City. Moreover, according to the citizens, Varamin City is vulnerable to the increase in temperature and drought and these two indices need to be taken into consideration to increase the urban resilience. Although, they believed that the socio-economic and infrastructure components had higher resilience levels compared to the environmental and institutional ones. The socioeconomic component and most of its indices were above the average level and according to the citizens, helping the citizens in case of critical situations and kinship are most significant in the socioeconomic resilience of Varamin City when faced with climate changes. Results of investigating the infrastructural component showed that this component and most of its indices were lower than the average level. Therefore, it can be stated that this city is not in a good condition in infrastructural aspect and is vulnerable in this regard. Furthermore, according to the citizens, the index of “access to health centers” was the most significant infrastructural index. Investigation of the resilience level of the institutional component, it was found that all the indices of the institutional component were lower than the average and the scores of Friedman Test showed that from the citizens’ viewpoint, the municipal services in creating green space and satisfaction from the performance of the organizations in charge of informing to face hazards had the highest significance in the institutional resilience of Varamin City. Although apart from the socioeconomic components, other components in the present study were lower than the average level, since the environmental and institutional components were the least resilient components, respectively, strengthening them should be placed in the priorities of the urban development plans of Varamin City.

Since climate change and its effects are increasing more than before in human societies, especially in urban communities, investigation of the indices ad components of resilience and evaluating them when urban communities face future climate crises and preventive measures are very effective and essential. Furthermore, the increase of the general knowledge regarding the climate changes motivates people to investigate the effects of this issue even more. Therefore, the serious cooperation of the government, local entities, educational organizations, municipal and media in increasing the citizens’ awareness will make the citizens respond significantly to reduce and adapt with the consequences of climate changes through citizen participation.

Introduction Climate change is one of the most important phenomena of the present century, which has created many problems and challenges both globally and regionally and nationally. In the second half of the twentieth century, global warming relative to The first half of this century has increased and it is predicted that this increase in temperature will continue in future periods, resulting in changes in the level of climatic conditions in different parts of the world. Due to the lack of atmospheric precipitation, due to the increase in temperature, the rate of evaporation has increased significantly and can greatly affect the aggravation of water shortage conditions in surface currents, especially evaporation from the surface of lakes behind dams. Percentage by evaporation leads the country to higher values ​​(Farajzadeh and Ghasemifar, 1398). Regarding the changes in Iran's water resources in the horizon of 2100, few studies have been done and most have been case studies (Fahmi, 1393). Although the results of these studies, based on the climatic models and different scenarios used, sometimes show contradictions, so it is necessary to do more studies in this field. 
  Methodology The present research has been done in three specific sections and the output of each section has been used as the input of the next section. In the first part, climate change in the form of precipitation variables in the study area is detected and subsequently, rainwater runoff in the Daryan catchment is simulated. Then, while identifying the characteristics of hydrological drought periods in the basin, the probability of occurrence, intensity and duration of hydrological drought periods are calculated based on the fit of different statistical distributions for different return periods in the third section. 
 
Climate change is one of the most important environmental problems of this century. Thus, evaluating the phenomenon of climate change and reducing its effects on both global and regional scales has attracted the attention of many researchers, planners and legislators (Yohe et al., 2007). Proper assessment of these effects requires the existence of climatic information with appropriate spatial distribution and long-term time series, as well as a thorough understanding of its future trends at the regional and local scale. Despite the fact that today the output of public circulation models (GCM) are the main sources of future climate data production. One of the most important consequences of climate change includes changes in the hydrological cycle and river flow regime of watersheds. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the possible effects of climate change on rainfall and runoff in the Daryan catchment area north of Lake Urmia. In this study, statistical method (SDSM) and data of CanESM2 Canadian climate model in the form of three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in order to micro-scale the precipitation data of five synoptic stations adjacent to the sea basin and changes Its future is used. Here, the basic period (1961-2005) and future periods (2049-2020), (2079-2050) and (2080-2100) were selected. In this research, the threshold level method has been used to identify hydrological drought periods and extract its characteristics. The results of the analysis of the last 35 years of hydrological droughts in the Daryan Basin showed that 44 drought events occurred in this basin, which in total, led to a reduction in surface flow volume of about 140 million cubic meters in this basin.
Conclusion The simulation results of SWAT model showed that the annual average runoff of the sea basin in the first period (2020-49) in all three scenarios increases by 3.7 and 6%, respectively, compared to the base period. While in the rest of the periods of all scenarios, runoff reduction is predicted compared to the base period. Accordingly, a decrease in surface runoff compared to the base period is predicted for five months of the year (April to August) and an increase in the remaining months. Future changes in precipitation at Tabriz station, which is the basis for modeling runoff in the Daryan basin, are not very noticeable compared to the base period, and only in the period (2049-2020) all three scenarios are predicted to increase by 5, 2 and 8%, respectively, compared to the base period. In the other periods, in all three scenarios, a decrease in rainfall is predicted compared to the base period. Results of evaluating the effects of climate change on rainfall and surface runoff in the Daryan Basin with the results of other researchers in the catchment area of ​​Lake Urmia, including: Goodarzi and Fatehifar (2010) in the Azarshahrchai Basin, Qaderpour et al. (2016), Dariane et al. (2019) ), Sobhani et al. (2015), Goodarzi et al. (2015) and Salehpour and Malekian (2019) are consistent.

Human physical and mental health greatly depends on the climatic conditions of its bio-location. Identifying environmental factors creating or exacerbating diseases can be useful in optimizing decision making for prevention and control. The purpose of this study is to determine the spatial resolution of respiratory diseases and its relation with environmental factors in order to understand spatial distribution, cluster discovery and spatial prediction modeling.

The population of patients with respiratory diseases referred to the medical centers and the study area of ​​Kurdistan province between 2007 and 1396. Regarding the dispersion of patients from spatial and moron standard deviations, we used spatial regression method to determine the spatial and morphometric variability of the samples using independent variables of dust, height, direction of inclination and temperature.

The results showed that the area of ​​the ellipsoid is three times the standard deviation of the northwest of the southeast, indicating that more than 99% of these diseases are spreading in this direction. Moran index 0.82 also indicates spatial autocorrelation and disease numbers at a significant level of 99%. In spatial modeling to predict the spatial dispersion of a positive symptom disease, the coefficients obtained for dust and temperature with the disease indicate a direct relationship and the negative coefficients between elevation and slope indicate an indirect relationship with the disease. Modeling also showed that dust is the most important parameter in predicting the disease.

The value of R2 = 0.88 indicates that the extracted model is able to fully predict the dependent variable, respiratory disease, in Kurdistan province, taking into account independent environmental variables. Using the prediction map, the regions with respiratory disease can be better identified in order to improve the decision-making process for allocating and distributing spatial services.

Human health is influenced by weather variables in all circumstances, including atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature around them. Based on climate hazard and climate changes, different parts of human life and economic and social strategies such as health, hydrological pollutants And agriculture had a profound effect, including the discussion of the effects of thermal stress on human health over the last few decades, and has become a major issue in the world's scientific circles. Heat and cold stresses, the exposure of humans to extreme heat and cold, are part of the extreme events, often encountered by people during daily activities or in the workplace, and affecting human physical activities. It is important that, if the body is not cooled through transpiration or cooling mechanism, severe deaths are inflicted on human health; therefore, the person has to reduce his activity in order to reduce the adverse effects of heat stress. Hence, many researchers consider the thermal stress component more important than other components in assessing human health.
In this study, using the physiological equivalent thermometer of PET thermal stress assessment and zoning of human thermal physiological stresses in Iran, with the length of the common statistical period from 1959 to 2011, and for the arsenal of thermal physiological stresses of Iran Forty stations have been used as representatives of Iranian cities. To calculate the physiological equivalent thermal temperature, all the effective meteorological elements in the human energy bill are measured at an appropriate height of climate biology, such as 1/5 meters above the Earth's surface. Data on climatic elements are provided by the Meteorological Organization of Iran. In the absence of data for some courses, linear regression method was used to reconstruct these missing data. After calculating the indices, the frequencies were also monitored and finally, using the GIS technique, the Kriging method of the study area was based on the frequency of occurrence of the indicators. Therefore, in order to achieve the results and objectives of the present study, software such as SPSS for data normalization as well as missing data was analyzed and analyzed using Ray Man's model based on meteorological elements to calculate the equivalent thermal physiological temperature of humans. Also, using the GIS software and Ordinary Kriging method, the best interpolation method was used to zon the human cysiological stresses.
Today, in the planning of human health and comfort, the study of the physiological thermal stress plays an important role. In this regard, weather conditions can be used in the long-term planning of climate and in the short term planning of atmospheric conditions. In the present study, using the thermophysical Thermal Equivalent Thermal Index (PET), the climate climatic Atlas of Iran was prepared on a monthly basis. Calculated values for 40 stations in the country with a total statistical period of 52 years (1959-2011) were prepared. The results of this study showed that the spatial distribution of the physiological equivalent thermal temperature index in the country follows the altitudes, roughness and latitude. Accordingly, the low values of the indicator, which relate to the stresses of the cold, are consistent with the high and mountainous regions as well as the high latitudes, and vice versa, the thermal stresses occur in low and low elevations, as well as low latitudes, which of course, severe heat stresses occurred in the summer. Because throughout this season, the entire country of Iran is dominated by high tidal altitudes at high and low levels of ground pressure (1000 hp) with its warm and dry air, causing extreme heat and The term effects of heat waves on humans, heat loss, thermal contraction of the muscles and skin dryness, infectious or skin diseases, inflammation, sunburn, dizziness, fatigue, and mortality due to an increase in allergies can be mentioned. Significant differences in the environmental conditions of the mountainous masses of Kerman, Yazd and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces with their surrounding areas or low and low northern areas, and especially the Moghan Plain and Sarakhs plain, located in the upper latitudes of the country The issue is that the role of elevation in spatial distribution of the country's climate is much more colorful than factors such as latitude and longitude. The results of the analysis of the monthly thermal physiological stress maps showed that in terms of the area without tension, the march of the month with 47/8% of the area (778424/2km2) is in the first place and has the most favorable environmental conditions, The moon with 43/5 percent of the area (709275/2km2) is in the second position and also in March with 22.6 (359128/9km2) in the third, August and the last month. The highest thermal stresses (29 <PET) occur in August. In this month, 99/9 percent of the country has a thermal stress. The months of July with 90/4% are in the second, June and September respectively with 90% and 70% in the following ranks; Azar and Bahman, respectively, with 69 and 65/1% in the second and third places respectively have. The study of spatial variation coefficient of thermal physiological equivalent temperature index in different months showed that July with a change coefficient of 13/12% had the least spatial variation in the country, and in the month of January, the amount of these changes even reaches 55/55%. Also, based on clustering in Iran, there are twenty three distinct subfield thermal physiological stresses. The geographical dispersion of the territory of these tensile areas shows that the difference in Iran's thermal stress is mainly due to latitude and elevation. This difference becomes more apparent when we ignore the slight differences in these thermal stress areas and categorize them in larger groups. In this case, seven major physical physiological stresses are observed in Iran. The main thermal physiological stress regions differ in terms of seasonal stresses, while the subsoil physiological stress regions reflect differences in the received stress ratios on a monthly scale.

The purpose of this study is zoning and analyzing the precipitation cycles in central areas of Irna. For this purpose, 29 climatic variables for 72 synoptic and climatology stations during the statistical period of (1980-2011) have been uses. To this end, by using geostatic methods, a data base of dimension 29×3673 km was formed. Then for climatic zoning, cluster analysis method and discriminant analysis have been used. For detecting hidden or visible precipitation cycles at each area, spectrum analysis have been used. Data obtained from selected climatic variables have been reviewed and analyzed by Ward incorporation cluster analysis method that after drawing Dan Degram, four climatic areas(1- the area with high precipitation, 2-very low temperature and high humidity, 3- very low precipitation, very high temperature and very low humidity 4- low precipitation, high temperature and low humidity) have been recognized. To evaluate the results of the cluster analysis, discriminant analysis method was used to test the mean difference. The results of discriminant analysis showed that 98.87 of the stations are located correctly in their respective groups.The results obtained from using analysis of precipitation cycles of each of these areas showed that short cycles of 2-4years have been mostly dominant in the both four groups. However, the most variable cycles are located in area No.1 due to different factors including vicinity with Persian Gulf waters and locating in the shadow of Zagros mountains.

Thunderstorm a weather phenomenon that due accompanied by thunder, lightning, wind and rain, intense search in addition to the positive impact that they can cause a lot of damage in different parts of the world. Due to the variety of weather conditions, the occurrence of this phenomenon is observed in different regions. North West of the province, especially not immune from this phenomenon. To study the phenomenon in terms of statistical and synoptic data daily thunderstorms Thunder in the province of Zanjan synoptic stations in a 16-year period (2009-1994) were used. The results of this study showed that the average frequency of precipitation Thunder northern parts of eastern, central and south of the province with the highest coefficient of variation are also based on these areas. The eastern and western parts of the province had the lowest average and the lowest coefficient of variation Thunder also have. With this interpretation in the months of March and April are the months of heat transfer (Spring), are due to the warming of the Earth's surface and lower layers of the atmosphere (the rise of the sun during the day and close to the vertical) and high atmospheric moisture, instability and flow convection intensified under the right conditions, convective clouds grow and so will thunderstorms. Cold transitional season (autumn) also Frat cool air from higher latitudes to the southern temperate zones than the underlying causes of instability are required. However, due to the lower humidity in the fall than in the spring, the intensity of thunderstorms in the spring and autumn much less. Analysis results show weather maps at different levels-the most important synoptic systems represent the region on the tab of Mediterranean and the Black Sea and the Mediterranean and Red Sudanese have strengthened the role of the North West the country and the province. West winds around the landing position with the main cause of instability in the region Low pressure cut off by severe thunderstorms in the province.

Road accidents are one of the main causes of mortality and serious injuries. Several factors may play a role on the occurrence of accidents. One of the important factors which in flounce on the traffic safety is unsuitable condition of climate. Among the factors that have role on a road accident، the share of climate phenomena، such as frost، rain، clear (sunny) weather is more than others. In this article effect of climate on road accident in Highway of Zanjan- Abhar (a part of freeway or Tehran- Tabriz) that is one of the most important roads in Iran، and connects the Capital city and northwest of Iran. For this purpose the daily traffic data for the years1388-1387، as well as weather conditions (clouds، sun، rain and snow) in the form of COM113 and 114 have been studied and on the frequency of accidents in each and every piece of climate zoning map the risk of accidents have been drawn using ArcGIS. Length of freeway of Zanjan- abhar is 104 Km. Results of classification and important factors show that %82 of accidents in sunny weather، %13. 1 in cloudy weather، %2. 8 in snowy weather and %1. 98 in rainy condition occurred. Also between 60-80 km and between 0-20 km have most amount of danger of accidents in most of climatic condition. Most of accidents occurred between 17-19 o''clock (simultaneous with sunset and oblique angle of radiation) and most of accident in these times was damaging، mayhem and deadly in type.

Water is one of the main factors of natural environment which has a great influence on other environmental factors and human activities. Climate elements have direct and indirect impact on human life. The climate type of each region represents vegetation, soil, animal life, water status, and, to a large extent, human economic activities including industrial, agricultural, tourism, etc. are controlled by the elements of the climate (Hobbs 1981) Climatic elements and parameters have applications in most of regional construction plans. Without attention to climatic elements and their exact study, most regional planning will certainly face difficulties. One of the best methods for recognizing the climatic elements of a region is having a comprehensive and basic information about these elements and their zoning. The zoning of climatic elements such as radiation, temperature, precipitation, humidity, pressure, etc. and preparation of their zoning maps can be used as a tool for planners. Today, Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is instrumental in geography. Accurate and advanced software of GIS (such as Arc / info, Arc / view, Arc /... GIS) and modern hardware (fast computers, scanners, plotters, printers, etc.), have, in addition to facilitating the work of geographers in the study and analysis of various scientific issues, increased the accuracy and speed of their operation. Currently, most branches of the science of geography utilize the GIS in urban, rural, regional, land lay, hydrologic, meteorological, environmental, etc. analyses and studies. The large region of ​​Azerbaijan (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Ardebil) in the northwest of the country is one of the regions of the country with climatic diversity. Due to different topographical conditions and passage of western air masses, special climatic conditions have dominated the region. In this study, the elements of the Azerbaijan climate were analyzed and zoned using Arc / View software. Finally, the climatic zoning maps of the area were drawn up for each of the parameters.