عبدالوهاب عبدالهی

 Chickpea is the third important pulse after bean and soybean in the world however, it is first in Iran because of its capability for dryland farming in the country. Climate change and abnormal global warming is one of the biggest challenges that all countries are facing today. This challenge has not only environmental, but also economic and social consequences, and has increased the risk of weather-related natural disasters, which have jeopardized livelihoods, food security, water  resources and health conditions. In this critical situation of water shortage, excessive consumption of products such as bread, meat, sugar and rice with low nutritional value and high water consumption needs, have made the problem more difficult. In this article, the cultivation pattern adapted to the dry and semi dry climate of Iran is discussed.

In this analytical-review article based on reliable scientific reports and the statistics of crop production and annual per capita consumption of agricultural products, the common pattern of cultivation by farmers and the common pattern of food consumption by the people of the country are reviewed and recommendations are made emphasizing on chickpea and a strategy is presented, finally.

The excessive consumption of low nutritional value and high water consuming products such as bread and short attention to valuable crops including chickpea, has caused that the suitable proportion of the cultivated area of crops has not been considered in the current cultivation pattern of dryland farming in Iran. People's participation through adopting dietary habits compatible with dry and semi dry climate and modifying the cultivation and consumption pattern based on it, is very necessary to maintain food security and improve the health of the society. For this purposes, it is required that the relevant ministries and organizations form a joint headquarter for execution of needed extension and education programs for adopting dietary habits compatible with the country conditions.

In order to survey the efficacy of several pre-and post-emergence herbicides on weed control in the autumn cultivation of chickpeas, a split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in the Sararoud region during 2021–2022. The main plots contain two tillage systems (conventional tillage and no-tillage). The subplots include 12 herbicide treatments (Trifluralin, Trifluralin + Bethanal progress, Isoxaflutole, Isoxaflutole + Bethanal progress, Oxyfluorfen, Oxyfluorfen + Bethanal progress, Imazethapyr, Imazethapyr + Bethanal progress, Fluorochloridone, Fluorochloridone + Bethanal progress, Metribuzin, Metribuzin + Bethanal progress, and two controls (weed-free and weed-infested)). The maximum decline in weed dry weight was observed in tillage + Fluorochloridone, tillage + Isoxaflutole, tillage Oxyfluorfen, and no-tillage + Fluorochloridone at about 51%, 48%, 46%, and 45%, respectively. The greatest decrease in weed density is for tillage + Fluorochloridone and tillage + Oxyfluorfen + bethanal progress, tillage + Metribuzin + bethanal progress, tillage + Fluorochloridone + bethanal and tillage + Imazethapyr were registered with 47, 47, 43 and 40% reduction respectively. Conventional tillage reduced the density and dry weight of weeds, but this reduction was statistically significant for the dry weight of weeds. The highest yield of chickpea seeds in tillage + weeding, weeding, tillage + Trifluralin + bethanal progress, conventional tillage + Oxyfluorfen and no-tillage + Trifluralin + bethanal progress treatments are 846, 664, 528, 502 and 498 kg per hectare, respectively. The most effective herbicides in controlling weeds were Fluorochloridone, Isoxaflutole and Oxyfluorfen, and the highest yield of peas was recorded for Oxyfluorfen.

This research was conducted in three places in Kermanshah province in 2017-18 cropping season in order to study effect of different herbicides on weeds in chickpea varieties. Experiment layout was strip split plot based on RCBD with two replications. Horizontal factor was included weed control treatments (1. Pendimethalin 4 lit.ha-1 Pre-Planting, 2. Pursuit 0.5 lit.ha-1PP, 3. Sencor 1 lit.ha-1 PP, 4. flumetsulam 20 gr.ha-1 PP, 5. Merlin flex 0.2 lit.ha-1 PP, 6. Merlin flex 0.2 lit.ha-1 Pre-Emergence, 7. Oxyflurofen 0.2 lit.ha-1, 8. Pendimethalin 2 lit.ha-1 PP , 9. No control, and 10. Hand weeding) and vertical factor was included chickpea varieties (1. Azad, 2. Ozbek1, 3. Ozbek6, 4. Akso, 5. Azkan, 6. Adel and 7. Mansour) in Sarpol site, and (1.Iraqi, 2. Ozbek6, 3. Azkan, 4. Ana, 5. Saral, 6. Adel, and 7.Mansour) varieties in Sonqor. Results of ANOVA for grain yield showed significant effect of weed control and variety in Sonqor and Sarpol zahab. In Sonqor grin yield of hand weeding was the highest and merlinflex , pendimethalin and persuit were in next class and higher than no control check. Ana and Adel varieties had the highest yield. In Sarpol zahab, highest yield produced by hand weeding, pendimethalin and merlinflex, respectively. In term of varieties Adel had highest grain yield and Akso and Mansour were located in second class. In Sarab nilofar because of sever hailstone in May 2018 the experiment destroyed.

This experiment was conducted in strip split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in three cropping seasons 2014-17 in Three regions in Kermanshah province (Mahidasht in first year, Sarabnilofar in second year and Sararood in third year). Plant residual was horizontal factor with three levels: No residual, 1 and 2 ton.ha-1 plant residues, tillage system contains three levels No-tillage (direct planting), Minimum tillage (by chisel plow) and conventional tillage (by Moldboard plow) was main plot and phosphorous fertilizer with two levels (no fertilizer and 30kg.ha-1 P2O5) was sub plot that were vertical factors. Results showed that chickpea grain yield increased by increasing plant residues so grain yield of one and two tone.ha-1 of plant residues treatments had higher grain yield than no residual treatment. Effect of tillage system on chickpea grain yield was different in years with different climatically conditions. Mean comparison of phosphorous fertilizer levels showed grain yield of chickpea in apply 30kg.ha-1 P2O5 was higher than no application of phosphorous. Economic analysis showed the highest benefit to cost ratio (3.82) obtained by minimum tillage (chisel) with 1 ton.ha-1 plant residue and no application of phosphorous treatment.

This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the conventional and conservation tillage systems and different seeding rates on the response of new wheat cultivars in rainfed conditions during two consecutive growing years of 2016-18 in Sararood Dryland Agricultural Research Center, Kermanshah. The experiment was performed in the form of strip blocks based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two adjacent sites as conservation tillage and conventional tillage. The first factor was wheat cultivars (Baran and Rijaw) horizontally and the second factor was seed rate: 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225 and 250 kg / ha vertically. The results of the combined analysis showed that among the studied traits, Normalized difference vegetation index, SPAD index, leaf area index, plant growth rate, grain yield and harvest index in the first year showed a significant increase. Grain yield as the most important trait was increased 28.7% compared to the second year of the experiment. Conventional tillage operations also increased all the studied traits in comparison. So that grain yield increased by 22.25% in conventional tillage. The application of different amounts of seeds also significantly affected the Normalized difference vegetation index, leaf area index and plant growth rate, and the maximum values of these traits were obtained in 250 kg and the maximum SPAD index in 75 kg/ha. Finally, by applying seed densities of 150 kg/ha the grain yield increased by 15.42%, compared to 75 kg / ha.

In this study, the effects of different levels of tillage and nitrogen fertilizer on wheat yield in rotation with chickpea were studied.

An experiment with 8 treatments in a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with two factors of tillage type including T0= low tillage and T1= no tillage and quantities of different nitrogen fertilizer application at four levels including N0= without nitrogen application, N30= 30, N45= 45 and N60= 60 kg.ha-1 pure nitrogen for 4 years in 3 replicates from 2015 to 2019 in moderate-cold region of Kermanshah was conducted.

Finally evaluated treatments technically and economically were. The highest amount of organic carbon (0.703%) belonged to T0N45 treatment. The results of soil analysis showed that the effects of tillage and nitrogen fertilizer application. The results showed that the highest yield occurred in the second crop year in T1N45 treatment. The results of economic evaluation showed that each treatment alone was economically profitable and among the treatments, T1N0 treatment had the highest benefit-to-expenditure ratio.

In both no tillage and low tillage systems, it was observed that the ratio of present value to interest expense decreased with increasing nitrogen use. Finally, considering the ratio of present benefit - cost ratio difference showed that T1N45 treatment, namely rainfed wheat cultivar with low tillage and 45 kg/ ha nitrogen fertilizer, be known as the best economically treatment in Sararood region of Kermanshah.

The present study was conducted to investigate the response of durum wheat cultivars to different planting dates and densities under rainfed conditions during the years 2014-2016 in Sararood, Kermanshah, using a split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Three durum wheat genotypes (SAJI, BCR and STJ) with three sowing dates, prior to effective rainfall (the amount and time of effective rainfall were 33.2 and 34.5 mm, and 26 October, and 5 November for two years of experiment, respectively). 15 days after effective rainfall and 30 days after effective rainfall were evaluated for four densities of 250, 350, 450 and 550 plant per square meter. Traits like number of spikes per square meter, 1000 kernel weight, seed and biological yield, harvest index and absorbed radiation percentage were measured. The results of mean comparisons of simple effects showed that the number of spikes per square meter in the planting date before rainfall was more effective than two other planting dates. Biological yield and absorbed radiation percentage were 26.9 and 12.9 percent higher respectively in second year of experiment as compared to the first year. Comparison of interactions means showed that STJ genotype under 250 seeding density and 15 days sowing date after effective rainfall, produced highest 1000 kernel weight, while SAJI cultivar at 550 seeding density and planting date before effective rainfall showed the highest kernel yield. The SAJI cultivar showed highest biological yield under 450 seeding density and planting date before effective rainfall. For all three genotypes, the highest percentage of radiation absorption was observed when sowing date used before rainy season using 450 and 550 seeding densities. In this study all genotypes showed the highest traits values at first planting date and under 450 seeding density. The highest values of protein and chlorophyll content were observed using 350 seeding density.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of tillage and nitrogen fertilizer on wheat yield in rotation with chickpea and introduce best economic treatment, a split plot experiment based on  randomized complete block design with 3 replicates during 4 years were conducted. tillage methods (minimum tillage and no tillage) were located in main plots and different nitrogen fertilizer application (without nitrogen application, 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha pure nitrogen) was located in sub plots. The results showed that tillage treatment did not have a significant effect on grain yield. The effect of tillage treatment on soil moisture was significant and in without tillage, soil moisture was higher than low tillage. The results of the economic evaluation showed that no tillage treatment with 60 kg/ha of pure nitrogen fertilizer with The ratio of the difference in the present value of the interest to the difference in the present value of the expenses, equivalent 43.6 was recognized as the best financial treatment. In the treatment without tillage and 45 kg/ha of pure nitrogen this ratio was 41.2 and was ranked second. Finally, due to the importance of designing cultivation systems and with respect to environmental principles and ecosystem services and in order to increase the sustainability and productivity of production and production of healthy and high quality products, without tillage treatment and consumption of 45 kg/ha Nitrogen (T0N45) as the most economical treatment in areas Cold rain is recommended.

In regard to importance of rape seed in production of vegetable oil, it is necessary to pay attention factors of production including water period and N-fertilizer. Rapeseed needs to much N-fertilizer،In the other hands water restriction is preventative factor in rape seed plant. Therefore determination of irrigation period with N-formulation that cause increasing rape seed yield is needed.

The trial was conducted as a split plot factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design with 4 replications and tow crop years at Broujerd Agricultural Research station. In this design, Irrigation period was I1=50 mm, I2=75mm and I3=100mm collective evaporation from pan A as main plot and three rate of urea via N1=0.7R=112 kg.ha-1, N2=R=160 kg.ha-1 and N3=0.3R= 208 kg.ha-1 (R: Was determined base on recommendation Department of Nutrition, Institute of Soil and Water Research) was subplot. N fertilizers were consumed in three stage Contains planting, Stems and flowering. In this research was used from Regent X Cobra cultivar.

The results obtained indicated that among irrigation treatments, the most of seed yield Related to I1 (50 mm collective evaporation from pan A) and I2 (75 mm collective evaporation from pan A) treatments with amount of seed yield 3146 and 3164 kg.ha-1 respectively which was significantly different to I3 (100 mm collective evaporation from pan A) with seed yield of 2684 kg.ha-1 Also maximum number of seeds per pod and pod per plant were obtained I1 treatment. There was a positive correlation among seed yield, plant height, number of seeds per pod and pod per plant. Maximum water use efficiency was obtained by I3 treatment(100 mm collective evaporation from pan A) with amount of 0.394 kg.m-3 which was significantly different with other treatments at a probable level of 1%. The effects amount of nitrogen on water use efficincy, seed yield, the number of seed per pod, the number of pod per plant,plant height and 1000 of seed weight was significantly. Among interaction effect of irrigation and N rates, the most of seed yield was obtained by I2N1 treatment with 3498 kg.ha-1 and the lowest seed yield was obtained by I3N1 with 2401 kg.ha-1.

According to the results, irrigation from the beginning of April to the maturity, with irrigation interval of 75 mm, collective evaporation from pan A, is suitable and nitrogen fertilizer consumption with 0.7 amount of recommended by the plant nutrition research department of the soil and water research institute by splitting in three stages during planting, stemming and flowering stage in similar region of Borujerd, is recommended. Therefore, in order to increase the yield of rapeseed under Borujerd weather conditions, the use of nitrogen fertilizer is 0.7 times recommended by the Institute for Soil and water research and irrigation with irrigation intervals based on 75 mm cumulative is recommended as a result of that an effective step towards optimal use of agricultural inputs and ultimately achieving sustainable agriculture.

In order to evaluate the productivity potential of some barley varieties and promising lines under no-till condition an experiment was conducted in cold (Sonqor) and warm (Sarpol-e Zahab) dryland regions of Kermanshah province during 2017-18 cropping season. In the cold condition, seven winter genotypes and in the semi-warm condition seven spring genotypes were evaluated for grain yield and some agro-physiological traits. The results of ANOVA in the cold condition indicated significant differences (P<1%) days to heading, chlorophyll content (SPAD), days to physiological maturity and grain yield. In the semi-warm condition the genotypes were significantly differed (P<5%) for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and canopy temperature (CT). In cold condition, grain yield of genotypes varied from 2818 (Sahand variety) to 5864 kgha-1 (belong to breeding line G4). In the semi-warm condition, due to severe drought and terminal heat stress the grain yield of genotypes varied from 208 (Faraz cultivar) to 367 kgha-1 (local variety). Based on genotype × trait biplot analysis, in cold region genotypes G4 and G6 was the best for grain yield (YLD) with 1000-kernel weight (TKW), number of grain per spike (NGPS) and days to heading; and in semi-warm condition genotype G3 had the best results for both YLD and TKW. The profiles of trait associations were relatively different in cold and semi-warm conditions. The positive correlations of NGPS and TKW with grain yield showing the importance of these traits to enhance yield productivity under dryland conditions.

In order to evaluate the productivity potential of some bread wheat varieties and promising lines under no-till rainfed condition two different on-farm trials were conducted in cold (Sonqor) and warm (Sarpol-e Zahab) regions of Kermanshah province during 2017-18 cropping season. In the cold condition, 12 winter genotypes and in the warm condition 32 spring genotypes were evaluated for grain yield and its components, morphological traits, canopy temperature, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). In the cold condition, the genotypes were significantly different for peduncle extrusion length, number of grain per spike, number of spike per m2 and thousand-kernel weight, peduncle length and gain yield. Grain yield of genotypes varied from 2849 (Sardari) to 4274 (G10) kgha-1 and four genotypes (G2, G4, G10 and G12) had higher yield than check variety (p < 0.05). In the warm condition, the genotypes were different for SPAD, plant height, peduncle extrusion length, peduncle length, 1000-kernel weight and days to heading. Grain yield of genotypes varied from 364 (G22) to 1363 (G8) kgha-1, and G8 and G10 were superior to the check variety (Aftab) by 89% and 61%, respectively. The profiles of trait associations were relatively different in cold and warm conditions. NDVI was positively correlated with grain yield, number of kernel per spike and 1000-kernel weight and negatively correlated with canopy temperature in the warm region. These results showing the importance of NDVI in identifying productive wheat genotypes for dryland conditions.

Introduction Crop sequencing with a particular arrangement in a 2-3 or more yearly period is known as crop rotation. Considering crop diversity and soil fertility crop rotation is essential because it prevents soil degradation which is a result of sequential cultivation of one crop causing nutrients imbalance, exudation of different compounds and antibiotics from crop roots. Determining crops sequencing, affects crops yield and its quality. It was reported by many researchers that including the forage crops and legumes as a winter crop in rotation either for forage production or green manuring, i.e. growing two or three crops annually was a necessary practice for improving the soil fertility as well as increasing the annual revenue. So, this study was conducted to investigate effects of different crop rotations on grain yield and some agronomic traits of wheat in dryland conditions.
Materials and methods The experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in two neighbor sites in dryland agricultural research sub-institute Sararood - Kermanshah during six years from autumn 2006 fall to 2012 summer. Treatments were concluded five crop rotations as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - wheat, fallow - wheat, chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) - wheat, vetch (Vicia dasycarpa Ten.) - wheat and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) - wheat. All crop rotations were included wheat so in one site the first year wheat was cultivated in all plots and in other site the other components of crop rotations were cultivated. Plot area was 10×20 m2. Plant height (10 randomized plants), number of spikes per meter square, number of seeds per spike, thousand seeds weight, biologic yield and grain yield were analyzed.
Results and discussion Main effect of year on wheat plant height and yield components were significant and showed different climatically conditions in experiment years. Interaction effect of rotation × year was significant on wheat plant height and number of spikes per m2, and in the end of rotation period (2011-12) effect of continuous wheat appeared on number of spikes per m2 as in this year the lowest number of spikes per m2 in continuous wheat observed compare to other rotations. Ghaffari (2002) considered the rotation of chickpea, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and fallow with wheat and reported no significant effect on plant height of wheat in three period of rotation. The results of thousand kernel weight showed non significance difference among rotations and year × rotation interaction that were similar to results of Dogan et al. (2008) in two rotation period of wheat and sunflower, canola (Brassica napus L.), chickpea and forage pulses. Results of composite ANOVA for biologic and grain yield of wheat showed significant effect of year and treatment × year on these traits; and continuous wheat had the lowest yield and other rotations were located in higher classes. Continuous wheat treatment at the last year had the lowest spikes per meter square among rotations. Stevenson and Kessel (1996) stated an increasing trend in wheat grain yield in pea (Pisum sativum L.) – wheat rotation compared to continuous wheat due to breaking of diseases cycles and availability of potas, phosphorous and sulfur. Correlation between wheat grain yield in different rotations with total precipitation showed that in all rotations except continuous wheat, there was a positive significant correlation between precipitation and wheat grain yield. So, it can be concluded that continuous wheat has reduced the potential usage of optimum growing conditions.
Conclusion Rotation of wheat with each of these crops (chickpea, vetch and safflower) can be proposed, considering the importance of crop diversity and additional yield of these crops.

Intercropping is known to improve the utilizing resources and increasing yield and yield stability as compare with monoculture. To evaluate wheat-chickpea intercropping، an experiment in factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute، Sararoud، Kermanshah، Iran، during two years (2008-10). Two factors، N fertilizer in three levels (1. No fertilizer; 2. 60 kg. ha-1 urea for wheat and 20 kg. ha-1 for chickpea and 3. Nitragin as a biofertilizer + 30 kg. ha-1 urea for wheat and no urea for chickpea) and weed control in two levels (no weeding and weeding) were placed as factorial in main plots. In the sub-plots were also placed ten intercropping patterns including: 1. Wheat monoculture، 2. Chickpea monoculture، 3. Mixed-row intercropping with 1:1 ratio of wheat: chickpea، 4. Mixed-row intercropping with 2:1 ratio of wheat: chickpea، 5. Row intercropping with 1:1 ratio of wheat: chickpea، 6. Strip intercropping with 2:5: 1:5 ratio of chickpea: wheat: chickpea: wheat، 7. Strip intercropping with 2:7 ratio of chickpea: wheat، 8. Strip intercropping with 7:2 ratio of chickpea: wheat، 9. Strip intercropping with 4:9 ratio of chickpea: wheat and 10. Strip intercropping with 9:4 ratio of chickpea: wheat. Results showed that number of grain per spike، number of spike per m2، grain yield، plant height، biological yield and harvest index of wheat were affected by inter-specific competition (cropping pattern)، year and their interaction effect. Wheat had higher competition ability to uptake and use the resource than chickpea. Strip intercropping patterns with lower width of the wheat strip and more width of chickpea strip (patterns 8 and 10) and row intercropping (pattern 5) were better than the wheat monoculture in most studied traits like plant height in first year، biological and grain yield، harvest index and light absorption. The row intercropping in second year reduced weed biomass in chickpea which not only was superior to monoculture، but it can be used as an approach to weed control in chickpea

Planting date and plant density are effective factors for optimum yield. Hence, an experiment was conducted to determining the best planting date and plant density of advanced genotypes of bread wheat in dryland conditions. The experiment was conducted in factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Sararood research station (Kermanshah) during three cropping seasons 2006-2009. The treatments were planting date with 2 levels (before and after effective rainfall), plant density with 3 levels (250,400 and 550 seed/m2) and 4 bread wheat genotypes (Ww33G/Vee"S"//Mrn/4/HD2172/Bloudan, Rizhaw, Awhadi and Sardari). The results showed that under intense drought stress, the effects of plant density, and planting date and their interactions with genotypes were significant on grain yield and its components. Planting before effective rainfall is recommended in Kermanshah along with 250-400 seed/m2. According to mean yield, Rizhav variety had better performance than Sardari especially under severe drought conditions.

This study was conducted to investigate economic aspect and some soil properties in different crop rotations of wheat in dryland conditions in Sararood - Kermanshah during six years 2006-2012. The experiment carried out based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in two neighbor sites. Treatments were wheat-wheat، fallow - wheat، chickpea-wheat، vetch-wheat and safflower-wheat. Soil organic carbon percentage in vetch - wheat treatment increased (0. 18%) in the end of rotation period in compare to the first of period. Mean comparison of soil compaction in 20-30 cm depth of soil showed fallow - wheat treatment had highest and safflower - wheat the lowest soil compaction. Soil permeability results in the end of experiment period showed effect of crop rotation was significant and safflower- wheat and fallow-wheat had the highest and the lowest permeability، respectively. Results of economical analysis showed the most economical treatment was chickpea-wheat and after that safflower-wheat was economical. Therefore، in Kermanshah province continuous wheat couldn’t be recommend but to increase and reserve soil productivity and to access higher income biannual rotation of wheat with vetch، chickpea or safflower crops can be proposed.

Regarding the high cost and environmental pollution usage of herbicides، new approaches to identify new genotypes with high competitive ability in order to decrease the damage of weeds are required. This study was undertaken to evaluate the promising barley genotypes under weedy (weed interference; WI) and weed free (WF) conditions and to identify the effect of seeding rates in their competitive ability with the weeds. A factorial experiment based on RCBD with 4 replications was conducted for three cropping seasons (2004-2007) at Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute (DARSI)، Sararood station، Kermanshah، Iran. Factors were included: genotypes (four promising barley genotypes and one check cultivar (Sararood-1)، seeding rates (350، 400 and 450 plant/m2)، and weed conditions (WI and WF). Results showed that promising line G4 (Lignee 131/3/4679/105/YEA168. 4) with grain yield production equal to 3938 kg/ha significantly was better than the check. No significant difference was observed in grain yield between promising line G1 (Roho//Alger/Ceres 362-1-1/3/Alpha/Durra) and the check، while the other promising lines were out-yielded by the check. The results indicated that no significantly differences were observed among the genotypes for the levels of seeding rate and weed conditions in first cropping season (with unfavorable growth condition)، while in two next cropping seasons (with favorable growth conditions) significant differences were observed among the genotypes based on both seeding rate and weed conditions factors. The highest grain yield productivity was found for the genotype 4 in 400seeds/m2 and under weed control condition in second cropping season. According to weed interference tolerance index (WITI)، promising lines G4 and G1 were better than the others، thus G4 and G1 due to high yield performance and high WITI can be recommended for cultivation under natural conditions (without weed control). High WITI values were observed in 450 plant/m2seeding rate. Regarding to increasing of WITI in higher seeding rates، increasing of seeding rate until 450 plant/m2 can be recommended as an approach to control of weeds for barley genotypes under rainfed condition.

In order to evaluating wheat-chickpea intercropping in dryland condition with diferent levels of nitrogen fertilizer and weed free and weed iterference conditions an experiment in factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications carried out during two years (2008-09 and 2009-10) in dryland agricultural research sub-institute Sararood - Kermanshah. The main plots contained factorial plots of N fertilization with 3 levels (N1: no fertilization, N2: 60 kg ha-1 urea for wheat and 20 kg ha-1 for chickpea, and N3: nitragin as a biofertilizer + 30 kg ha-1 urea for wheat, and chickpea no urea); and weed conditions with 2 levels (weed infested and weed free). The third factor as sub-plots arranged in main plots was cropping patterns with 10 levels (P1: wheat sole crop (wh.SC), P2: chickpea sole crop (ch.SC), P3: wh./ch. mixed intercropping (wh./ch.MIC) in 1:1 ratio, P4: wh./ch. MIC in 2:1 ratio, P5: row intercropping (RIC) 1row wh.:1row ch., P6: strip intercropping (SIC) 5wh.1ch.5wh.2ch, P7: SIC 7wh.:2ch., P8: SIC 2wh.:7ch., P9: SIC 9wh.:4ch., and P10: SIC 4wh.:9ch.). Results showed in intercropping system most of studied traits in chickpea were affected by applied factors and interspecific competition. Wheat had higher competition ability to use resources and was dominant on chickpea. Strip intercropping patterns with wider chickpea strip and narrower wheat strip (P8 and P10) had land equivalent ratio (LER) higher than one, and were stable during years. According to results superiority in intercropping drived in low or no application of urea and no weed control, so these results help to organic production of the crops.

Increasing crop competitiveness against weeds through crop management has been proposed as an agro-ecological approach. In this research، the effect of plant density on weed control، and determining proper seeding rate and row spacing was investigated. This experiment was conducted in a factorial strip-block in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The experiment was repeated in three cropping seasons (2007- 2010) under rainfed condition. Weed conditions with two levels (weedy and weed free) was considered as horizontal factor and plant density (40، 70، 100 and 130 plant m-2) and row spacing (15، 30، 45 and 60 cm) were combined as factorial treatments and considered as vertical factor. Results of combined ANOVA showed that the seed yield was significantly influenced by year، which showing diverse environmental conditions in the experiment. The weed and row spacing treatments had significant effects on grain yield، where weed-free treatment with 334 kg/ha، 15 cm row spacing with 349، and 30 cm row spacing with 329 kg ha-1 had the best yield production among the treatments. The results indicated that oil seed percentage in weed-free condition with mean value of 30. 9% was significantly higher than weedy condition with mean value of 29. 2%. Interaction between weed condition and row spacing was significant and the highest oil percentage was achieved in 30 and 45 cm row spacing under weed-free condition. Mean comparison for oil percentage based on plant density showed that the treatments of 40 and 70 plant m-2 had significantly higher oil percentage than the treatments of 100 and 130 plant m-2. It can be concluded that less row spacing (15 cm) and medium seed rate (70 plant m-2) can be recommended for higher seed yield and oil production in safflower.

The response of bread wheat genotypes to weed interference was evaluated under dryland conditions. An experiment was conducted with 26 genotypes of bread wheat and two known cultivars, Sardari and Azar2, as checks in a strip plot (Split block) arrangement based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in 2002-03 at Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Srarood, Kermanshah. Weed-free and weedyconditions were assigned to horizontal factor with genotypes as vertical factor. Plant height, number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per square meter, grain yield, weed density and dry matter, and indices of Weed Interference Tolelance Index (WITI) and Competition Index (CI) were recorded. Mean comparison showed that genotypes 13, 1, 26 and 8 had higher grain yield than those of checks under both weed-free and weedy conditions. These genotypes also had higher WITI in comparison with the checks. According to CI values, genotypes No. 1, 9, 13, 26 and 27 including checks had a high potential of weed competition. Results of stepwise regression analysis based on WITI as the dependent variable indicated that the number of spike, plant height and number of seed per spike had positive and significant effects on WITI. On the wole, considering WITI and grain yield as two main attributes, genotypes 13, 26, 1 and 8 were selected as appropriate since they showed a high weed competitive ability and also produced higher grain yields under both weedy and weed-free conditions.