علی اکبر قنبری

Mung bean is a suitable plant to enrich the agricultural systems diversity and to benefit from positive ecological effects. A total 47 mung bean lines along with control genotypes (Parto cultivar and 6173 line) were planted in Latis square design (7 × 7) in two replications at three different environments conditions . The most important agronomic traits including grain yield, pods and racemes number per plant and pod length were evaluated and different lines compared to each others. The results indicated existence of diversity in the under-studied lines and emphasized that it would be possible to perform selection the appropriate one for utilization in the future breeding programs. Inconsistent performance of lines across three different environments necessitate that appropriate line selection was done in each environment separately. Generally based on lines performance at three different environments, lines number 24, 25 and 41 from pod length point of view, lines number 23 and 42 from pod number per plant, lines number 43 from grain number per pod and lines number 5, 11 and 42 from raceme number per plant point of view ranked as appropriate lines at all three environments, The high genetic diversity in these lines make possible the introduction of new cultivars and the expanding the cultivated area of this plant at different regions with different climate conditions.

One of the strategic to solve the fodder shortage in the country is to use annual summer forage legumes under suitable irrigation system. Legumes are an important rich source of protein in human and animal nutrition.

This research was carried out in the research farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj in Alborz province for two years in 2019 and 2020. A split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. Three legume species was used including cowpea, mung bean, and guar. Three irrigation treatments used including normal, medium and  severe stress 60, 100, 140 mm evaporation, respectively, from the evaporation pan level of class A in the main plots, and three legume species in the main subplots. In this study, forage production return was done using profitability indices and productivity was measured using physical and economic productivity indices.

The results showed that the increase in average net income of cowpea forage production under normal irrigation to medium stress and Severe stress was estimated 48.5 and 55.1 percent and this increase in mung bean was 3.1 and 39 percent, respectively. Increase in average economic productivity of water in cowpea forage production under Severe stress condition to medium stress and normal irrigation was estimated 16.5 and 45.1 percent, respectively. Increase in average economic productivity of water in mung bean forage production under Severe stress condition to medium stress and normal irrigation was estimated 8.8 and 51.8 percent, respectively.

This study was conducted to obtain high yielding adaptive lines of PachBaghela (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Guilan region, using randomized complete block design with three replications in spring season in three locations of Guilan province (Lahijan, Rasht, Shanderman) in 2016 and 2018 cropping seasons. Nine lines were evaluated along with local landrace. The results of combined analysis of variance of fresh pod yield in three regions during two years showed that the effect of genotype and the interaction of genotype × location × year were significant. Also, the results showed that the lines had a significant difference in fresh pod yield. The comparison of the average yield of fresh pods in the studied regions during two years showed that the G9 line had the highest yield and the lowest yield was related to the local landrace in the spring cultivation. Analyzing the stability of fresh pod yield by the non-parametric rank method showed that G9 and G8 lines were the most stable lines. Also, based on the GGE biplot, G9 and G8 lines were selected as the best lines with high yield and compatibility.

In order to evaluation the genetic diversity of agronomical traits, determine the relationships between traits and the contribution of each trait in the diversity, a study was conducted on 49 mung bean accession’s in the field of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, in the 2019-20 growing season and the most important phenological and agronomical traits were recorded. Based on the results, grain yield, biomass, plant weight, number and weight of grains and pods per plant and number of cluster per plant had the highest coefficient of variation. The results of the factor analysis showed that plant weight, number and weight of grains and pods per plant and number of cluster per plant had the highest coefficients in the first component; Grain yield and harvest index had the highest coefficients in the second component and pod length and 100 grain weights had the highest coefficients in the third component. Cluster analysis using Ward’s method divided accessions into 3 distinct clusters.  Discriminant analysis showed that grain yield, biomass, harvest index and pods number per plant had maximum coefficient in the first function, which has the most effective role (75%) to discriminant clusters. Based on the Wilk’s Lambda values, except grains per pod, pod length and hundred grains weight, other traits had significant effect on dividing accessions into 3 clusters. High GCV, PCV, coupled with medium to high heritability of plant weight, number of grains and pods per plant, pods and grains weight per plant, cluster number per plant, 100 grain weights and harvest index, indicating that selection will be effective for these traits. Path analysis demonstrated the direct effects of biomass, harvest index and pod weight per plant on mung bean grain yield.  These results clearly elucidate that these traits had more diversity among mung bean accessions. The existence of such diversity makes possible the selection of appropriate accessions based on breeder’s desire.

Sepehr cultivar (line KS940144) was selected from common bean germplasm (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and in breeding experiments conducted from 2014 to 2018 was one of the top lines in the green pod yield. In 2014, 302 lines of common beans were studied the presence or absence of string in the pod, the number of pods per plant, and the shape and length of the pod in the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) and line KS940144 along with 24 other desirable and marketable lines were selected for preliminary yield comparison trial. In the summer of 2015, 25 lines were compared with the commercial cultivars Sunray, Valentino and Contander. In the spring of 2016, eight selected lines from the previous year were planted along with the commercial cultivars Sunray, Valentino and Contander. According to the results, all eight lines were selected for adaptability testing. To evaluate the adaptability and yield stability of the selected lines, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three regions of Karaj, Sari and Zarghan during two years (2017 and 2018). Comparison of the average yield of green pods in the regions over two years showed that the line KS940144 had first rank for the green pod yield (17720 kgha-1). The yield difference of this line compared to Valentino and Sunray cultivars was more than 31% and 36%, respectively. In 2019, the results of yield evaluation of line KS940144 in comparison with Sunray cultivar in the conditions of farmers of Alborz, Mazandaran and Fars provinces showed that the average yield of line KS940144 (16355 kgha-1) was 11.77% higher than Sunray cultivar (14632 kgha-1). In 2020, the reaction of line KS940144 to BCMV virus disease was studied and this line was identified as a resistant line. Due to the high yield, excellent pod marketing and disease resistance to common bean mosaic virus, this line was released as Sepehr and is recommended for cultivation in cold, temperate and temperate-cold regions.

Ariyan cultivar (line KS10071) was selected from common bean germplasm (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In an observational evaluation of 302 common bean lines in 2014 in Karaj, Ariyan cultivar along with 24 desirable and marketable lines were selected for a preliminary yield trial. In 2015, 25 lines were compared with Sunray, Valentino and Contander check cultivars in summer cultivation. According to the results, eight desirable lines without string in pods and marketability were selected for the next year's cultivation. In the spring of 2016, eight lines were planted along with the commercial cultivars Sunray, Valentino and Contander. According to the results, all eight lines were selected for adaptability testing. To evaluate the adaptability and yield stability of the selected lines, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three regions of Karaj, Sari and Zarghan during two years (2017-2018) and eight lines were compared with commercial cultivars Sunray and Valentino. Results showed that the Ariyan cultivar with 14850 kgha-1 green pod yield had 10% and 14% more yield than Valentino and Sunray commercial cultivars, respectively. In these experiments, no signs of mosaic virus and two spotted mites were observed in this cultivar. In 2019, the results of yield evaluation of Ariyan cultivar under conditions of farmers in Alborz and Mazandaran provinces showed that the average of green pod yield of Ariyan cultivar (15748 kgha-1) was 4.98% higher than Valentino cultivar (15001 kgha-1). In 2020, this cultivar was recognized as a tolerant cultivar in the reaction to BCMV virus. Due to the desirable characteristics of Ariyan cultivar such as high green pod yield, excellent pod marketing, uniformity of pods and tolerance to BCMV disease, this cultivar was released as Ariyan and is recommended for cultivation in the cold, temperate and temperate cold regions of Iran.

The red bean Ofogh cultivar introduced to Iran in 1994 under the name of Line D81083 from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and was evaluated in several experiments with breeding, agro-techniques, plant protection and onfarm aspects. This cultivar with grain yield of 2324 kgha-1 had 11% higher yield compared to the Goli check cultivar in evaluation of adaptability of red bean cultivars in Khomein region. Based on its grain yield and also due to early maturity, plant stand type, excellent grain size and good marketing this line was selected for further studies. Ofogh cultivar had the lowest yield reduction under drought stress conditions and had a lower susceptibility index and higher drought tolerance index compared to Goli check cultivar. Also, with an efficiency of 0.28 kgm-3 under drought stress conditions, it had a good water use efficiency. This cultivar is resistant to bean common mosaic virus disease. Also, it is 20-25 days early mature than conventional red bean cultivars and cut down at least four irrigations, where under flood irrigation conditions it will save at least 3400 m3 of water consumption. This cultivar is recommended for areas where cultivation of beans is not possible due to early autumn cold damage, or in the areas where bean planting time is delayed in spring due to coincidence with irrigation of autumn crops such as wheat, barley and canola.

The purposes of this study were to, estimation of profitability indexes of Lettuce production and selecting of the best treatment in different systems.This study was conducted on a farm with land area of 5000 m2 in a randomized complete block design with four replications and three treatments in 2013 including: transplanting, seed planting (seeding) and delayed transplanting in Nazarabad, Karaj province. Economical analysis of this study done with Partial budgeting technique and Marginal rate of return (MRR ) by Excel. Results of this study showed that indirect planting (transplanting) to seeding and delayed transplanting increased 11.6% and 85.9%, respectively. Means of cost and gross income for lettuce production in transplanting method to seeding method increased 15% and 48.8%, respectively, while, increasing of income is more than increasing of cost production. Means of cost and gross income for lettuce production in transplanting method to delayed transplanting method decreased 2.1% in cost and increased 178.8% in income, respectively. Net income in transplanting, seeding and delayed transplanting methods was estimated 170.2, 86.5 and -32.6 million rials/ha, respectively. Marginal rate of return (MRR) for replacement of transplanting treatment instead of other treatments was estimated more than interest rate.Thus, investment in transplanting method is economic and selecting as a the best treatment.

Green beans are one of the vegetables with high nutritional value in the food basket of Iranian households. However, the domestic variety of green beans has not been improved and released so far. Therefore, in order to obtain high-yielding cultivars of high quality green beans, this experiment was performed.

Eight lines (KS10008, KS10069, KS10071, KS10072, KS10073, KS940102, KS94014 and KS940144) were compared with the commercial cultivars Sunray and Valentino in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three regions: Karaj, Sari and Zarghan over two years (2017-2018). In both years, at the end of April and the beginning of May, the seeds of each line were planted in six rows of five meters long with a seed spacing of 10 cm and a distance between lines of 60 cm. Morphological traits such as the number of pods per plant, length of pods, weight of pods per plant, as well as phenology traits (such as days after planting to emergence of the third trifoliate leaf, flowering and maturity) and finally green pod yield of each genotype were recorded. The marketability of pods (size, shape, color, crispness and taste) was also checked in each genotype. The results related to the yield of the green pods of the lines were analyzed. Non-parametric rank method was used to determine the degree of compatibility and grouping of genotypes.

The results of combined analysis of variance of green pod yield in three regions during two years showed that the effect of year and location was not significant, but the interaction of year×location, genotype× year, genotype× location and genotype×year× location were significant. Also, the results showed that the genotypes were significantly different in the green pod yield. The comparison of average yield of green pods showed that KS940144 line had the highest pod weight per unit area. Lines KS10071 and KS940102 ranked second and third in terms of green pod yield. The lowest green pod weight was related to KS10072 line. The KS940144 line also showed the highest number of pods per plant. The highest and lowest weight of green pods belonged to KS940144 and KS10072 lines in Karaj, respectively. In Sari, the highest and lowest green pod weight belonged to KS940144 and Valentino and in Zarghan, the highest and lowest green pod weight belonged to KS940144 and KS10072 lines, respectively. One of the factors affecting the production of crops is the interaction between genotype and environment. The less this interaction is, the more stable the production will be. Yield stability analysis by non-parametric ranking method showed that KS940144 and KS10071 lines were the most stable lines. One of the important characteristics of green beans, apart from stringless of pod, is the length of the pod or its elongation. The crispness of the pod and its color are also prominent features in the marketability of green beans. KS10073 line, although it was identified as a stringless line in the previous steps, but in this experiment, it was observed that for this trait, it is variable with the change of environmental conditions and its crispiness is also different. KS10008 line is one of the early mature lines and can be suggested for areas with a shorter growing season. Of course, the greater thickness of its pod compared to other lines and commercial cultivars reduces its marketability. Lines KS940143 and KS940144 are similar in pod and have good pod elongation. These two lines are similar in appearance to Sunray variety and even better than it. Their difference is the lighter color of the KS940143 line compared to the KS940144 line and the Sunray variety. Also, the KS940144 line has an elongated and slender pod, while the pods of Sunray variety and KS940143 line are sword-shaped. Lines KS10071 and KS940102 are similar to each other in terms of pod shape and also similar to Valentino variety. These three genotypes have elongated pods. Their difference is the lighter color of the KS940102 line compared to the KS10071 line and the Valentino variety.

In general, according to the results obtained in the regions, the stability analysis of green pod yield and also considering the important trait of marketing, KS940144, KS10071, KS10008 and KS940102 were selected as the superior lines.

Identification of bean genotypes in terms of water use efficiency is important in developing a breeding program to improve cultivars efficient in water use under water deficit conditions. Different indicators are used to better understand the response of cultivars to water scarcity. One of the indicators that can help in selecting the best genotypes under stress conditions is the yield efficiency index. Therefore, to determine the yield, yield components and efficiency index of beans under water deficit condition, this experiment was performed as split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Irrigation conditions (normal and stress) in the main plots and eight bean genotypes in the sub-plots were investigated. Analysis of variance of traits showed that growth period, yield and yield components were significantly different in the evaluated genotypes. Water deficit stress reduced grain yield of genotypes by 47%. AND1007 and COS16 genotypes had the highest grain yield efficiency index, respectively. These two genotypes, along with MCD4011 and WA4502-1, were classified as efficient water consumers. Based on susceptibility and resistance indices, the best genotypes were AND1007, COS16 and MCD4011. In general, the grain yield efficiency index is a good criterion for determining the response of bean genotypes to water deficit stress. Cultivars that produce higher yields under stress conditions and respond well to optimal irrigation are the most desirable genotypes because they are able to maintain their high yield potential over a wide range of available water.

Improving knowledge on the relationships between agro-morphological traits in Chitti bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) will contribute to identifying key traits affecting grain yield for use in bean breeding programs. A field experiment was conducted using an augmented design consisting of 116 breeding lines and three checks (Sadri, Kousha, Khomein local). Statistical analysis showed that grain yield and seeds per plant had the largest variations. Regression analysis showed that days to emergence of the first trifoliate leaf (V3), seeds per pod, and plant height, explained more than 39 percent of the variation in grain yield. Path analysis indicated a high negative direct effect of V3 and a positive direct effect of seeds per pod on grain yield. Cluster analysis helped to classify all genotypes into four distinct groups. From the genotypes studied, 38 superior genotypes were selected, which can be used in the breeding programs of Chitti bean Also, number of days to emergence of the first trifoliate leaf and the number of seeds per pod were identified as traits useful to consider in bean breeding programs aiming at improving the grain yield of Chitti beans.

All breeding programs and the development of new superior cultivars around the world are based on germplasm genetic diversity. In order to identify the phenotypic diversity and the morphological and agronomical traits relationship among 57 cowpea accessions,  the study was implemented in the field of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran,in the 2019-20 growing season, The most important phenological, morphological and agronomic traits were recorded. Analysis of variance showed the existence of genetic diversity between the understudied accessions in terms of all quantitative traits except the number of pods per peduncle. The emphasis that it is possible to find out the desired trait among these accessions. Biomass, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length and 100-seed weight had the highest coefficient of variation. The range of phenological traits of day to 50% flowering (43-103) and day to maturity (69-177) showed that these accessions could be categorized as early, medium and late- maturing biotypes. Grain yield and harvest index had a significant negative correlation (P <0.01) with phenological traits. The 100-seed weight and pod length (P <0.01) were determined as traits affecting grain yield. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the three components explain seventy-two percent of the variability between the accessions. Plant height, number and weight of pods per plant, seed number in pod and grain weight per plant had the highest coefficients in the first component and day to flowering, day to maturity and grain yield had the highest coefficients in the second component. A bi-plot drawing of components and grouping genotypes based on  the traits showed that seventeen accessions are noticeable from yield component point of view. Also, seventeen accessions categorized as early-mature accesssins with high grain yield These results in one hand provide useful information about the agronomical traits diversity among local cowpea landraces and on another hand enable the selection of promising genetic resources for use in future breeding programs.

This experiment was performed to evaluate the feasibility of Lima bean cultivation in Guilan province and to evaluate the effect of planting date and plant density on its yield and growth.

The experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors of sowing date (April 9, April 24, July 27, August 11) in main plots and plant density (plant distances 10, 15 and 20 cm) in sub plots in 2016 and 2018. Morphological traits and yield and yield components as well as phenological stages were evaluated. Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of year on the studied traits was significant. Therefore, annual analysis of variance of the experiment was performed.

In the first year, the results of analysis of variance showed that in exception the grain yield per unit area and percentage of grain protein, other traits were significantly affected by the interaction of sowing date and plant density. The effect of sowing date on yield and grain protein percentage was significant, but these two traits were not significantly affected by plant density. Comparison of means showed that the first sowing date had the lowest grain yield per unit area. The sowing date of April 24 showed the highest yield and percentage of grain protein. In the second year, the results of analysis of variance showed that in exception the percentage of grain protein, other traits were significantly affected by the interaction between sowing date and plant density. According to the mean comparison of the traits, the highest grain yield was related to the sowing date of August 11, with a distance of 15 and 10 cm plant spacing, respectively. The lowest grain yield per unit area was obtained from the sowing date of April 9, with a plant distance of 15 cm.

According to the results of two years of experiment, a plant distance of 15 cm is suitable for planting lima beans. Considering the fixed distance of planting rows, in both spring and summer sowing dates, 24 April and 11 August are preferred. Also, due to rice cultivation in Guilan province as the main crop, cultivation of Lima beans after rice harvest in early August is recommended.

Food legumes are a central part of the diet for many communities around the world and lentil could be an excellent choice to provide more nutritious foods. Lentil breeding program aims to develop adapted, high yielding, biotic and abiotic tolerant varieties. The success of any breeding program is dependent on the availability of genetic materials with sufficient diversity. In order to investigate the genetic diversity in elite germplasm of lentil, a total of 138 genotypes received from ICARDA were evaluated in research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute during 2015-2016 cropping season. These materials were studied in an observatory design by evaluating 28 quantitative and qualitative traits according to the Bioversity international descriptor. Results indicated that the highest Shannon index belonged to ground color of testa (1.33), testa pattern (0.85) and color of testa pattern (0.8). The traits seed weight per plant (CV=111.23%), grain yield (CV=81.58%) and pod weight per plant (CV=72.55%) had the highest coefficient of variation. The highest 100-seed weight and grain yield were recorded for genotypes 118 and 69, respectively. Genetic relatedness of genotypes was investigated by their pedigrees and values of genetic distance. Analysis of proximity values based on quantitative traits showed that genotypes 6 and 114 had the highest similarity and genotypes 42 and 130, had the highest genetic distance. The results of discriminant analysis of principal components indicated a successful classification based on quantitative traits in differentiating groups of genotypes. Totally, results indicate the presence of a valuable genetic diversity which could be used in advanced breeding programs.

This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of field water deficit on quality and accumulation of some mineral nutrients in the bean seeds. Field experiment was carried out as split plot based on RCBD with four replications in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, in both normal irrigation and water deficit conditions as main plots and eight bean genotypes (red beans: KS31163, KS31164 and KS31170; white beans: KS41237, KS41107; Chitti beans: KS21478, KS21486 and KS21489) as sub plots, in 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons. Seed yield and accumulation of nitrogen, iron, zinc and phosphorus in the seeds were assessed. The results indicated that seed yield and minerals were reduced by water deficit. Genotype KS31163 had the highest seed yield under both irrigation conditions. The impact of drought on iron and phosphorus was more than on zinc and nitrogen. The highest Fe reduction was assessed in red bean genotype KS31170. The white beans showed lower levels of Fe and N in the seeds than red and Chitti beans under water deficit conditions, while stored more phosphorus amounts. In both conditions, KS21478 and KS41237 genotypes had the highest and the lowest amount of zinc, respectively. The greatest impact of water deficit was related to the iron accumulation in the seed, averaging more than 19 percent. Overall, water deficit decreased the concentration of mineral nutrients in the seeds. The cumulative amount of minerals in the seeds of KS31170, KS21478 and KS31163 were more than other genotypes under both irrigation conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of seed priming with growth regulators on yield and yield components of red bean lines this research was conducted as spilt factorial in RCBD design with three replications. The treatment consists of three levels of irrigation (after evaporation of 60-55, 85-80 and 115-110 mm) two lines of red beans ( KS31169 ,D81083) and seed priming including salicylic acid and naphthalene acetic acid at four levels (P0:control, distilled water; P1: 0.5 m mol L-1 NAA; P2: 0.7 m mol L-1 SA; P3: combination of SA and NAA at rates of 0.5 and 0.7 m mol L-1). The results showed that the simple effects and the interactive effects of genotype × seed priming with on all the studied traits were significant except for the harvest index and pod length.
Maximum 100-seed weight of (44 g) and biological yield of (14715.88 kg h-1 ) were achieved in the KS31169 line through the use of (NAA), under irrigation after 80-85 mm evaporation. The seed yield of (3454.16 kg h-1) were observed through the use of (NAA) and (SA) pretreatments for drought stress treatment. The results of stepwise regression of yield and the related traits 88 % of grain yield changes was explained by biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, number of seeds per pod and seed weight. Generally, it can be concluded that seed pretreatment can help improve and develop the yield under drought stress, directly and indirectly by affecting the morphological and physiological properties of plants.

Ghaffar cultivar was introduced during 1995 in the form of F2 generation from the International Research Center for Tropical (CIAT) for the first time. Adaptability tests were performed in three areas including Khomein, Boroujerd and Zanjan during 2008 to 2010 that line of Ghaffar was superior in compared to Khomein control. This cultivar in Zanjan by producing 4474 kg ha-1, Khomein 2922 kg ha-1 and Boroujerd by producing and 2965 kg ha-1, which was 32.1%, 16.1% and 27.1% respectively was superior than Khomein as control. Overall in 3 locations and 3 years Ghaffar produced 3376 kg ha-1 more grain yield than control that was about 25.8% increase in grain yield. During 2002 resistance of 36 bean genotypes evaluated to two-spotted mite in a rectangular lattice design. In this study, Ghaffar was the one of the genotype with high-yield and had the highest resistance to the two-spotted mite based on composite index of resistance. Drought tolerance tests were performed during 2009-2010 and yield of Ghaffar was higher than Sadri as control, in normal irrigation and drought stress by about 25.2 and 57% per hectare respectively. Also in 2010, research project extension was conducted and Ghaffar produced 2824.5 kg ha-1 which was 27% more than control. Finally, according to several tests, Ghaffar line in terms of yield, compatibility, marketing, pest resistance and drought tolerance showed superiority to Sadri control. Line Ghaffar has high yield with plant type 2 (indeterminate standing), business class Cranberi, 100-grain weight 40 grams.

In order to investigate the effect of seed pretreatment with growth regulators on biochemical characteristics of red bean genotypes, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this research, seed pretreatment with growth regulators namely salicylic acid (SA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were applied at four levels including P0: control (pretreated with distilled water); P1: pretreated with NAA hormone (0.5 mM/lit); P2: pretreated with SA hormone (0.7 mM/lit); P3: pretreated with combination of NAA hormones (0.5 and 0.7 mM/lit) and two genotypes of red beans (KS31169 and D81083). The ANOVA results showed that the simple effects and the interactive effects of genotypes × priming with growth regulators on all traits were significant except the relative chlorophyll content. The results of mean comparison for the interactive effect of genotypes and priming with growth regulators showed that application of SA increased the amount of chlorophyll a in D81083 genotype. The highest rate of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll belonged to D81083 genotype with application of NAA. The rates of flavonoids and carotenoids decreased by using growth regulators, therefore the highest rates of these traits were observed in control × D81083 genotype. Seed priming with combined treatments (NAA) led to the highest stability of cytoplasmic membrane in KS31169 genotype. In general, the results of the present study indicated that the use of growth regulators as seed pretreatment will increase the main pigments of photosynthesis and cytoplasmic membrane stability.

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a self pollinated crop of Solanaceae family. Iran is known as one of the diversity zones of pepper. For genetic improvement of Iranian pepper landraces، a pure line selection program was conducted in the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in karaj during 2010-2012 cropping seasons. Six Iranian pepper landraces، including Ghalehbala، Khankhodi، Foroumad، Baram، Guilan and Hamedan were evaluated in this program. In the first year، Single plants were selected from each landrace based on quantitative and qualitative traits. In the second year، seeds of each selected plant were planted in separate rows together with their maternal landraces as control and at the end of season، thirty superior lines were selected. Totally 33 entries including 30 selected lines، the Singer hybrid and the two maternal landraces (Guilan and Ghalehbala) were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the third year. Finally 17 high yielding pepper lines with good fruit uniformity and well known marketing quality were selected. The selected lines had significantly higher yield than their material parents، so that the yield of thick peppers was 10-40 percent and thin peppers 16-31 percent higher than those of the material landraces.

Some of the morpho-physiological characteristics related to the leaf growth and development of Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes have been studied in the field conditions at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII). The study was performed as split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications in well-watered and water deficit conditions with eight genotypes of white، red and Chitti beans. Results indicated that water deficit reduced the number of trifoliate leaves and the reduction in the vegetative stage was greater than the flowering stage. Due to water stress، MCD4011 had the least reduction and COS16 showed significant reduction in leaf numbers in both stages. Leaf angle was affected by irrigation regimes and increased under water deficit condition. White beans showed more than the average in leaf angle. Drought also increased leaf temperature of all genotypes. Genotypes WA4531-17 and KS21486 had the highest specific leaf weight (SLW) and succulence index (SucI) in both irrigation conditions، respectively. Water shortage caused significant decreases in leaf area index (LAI) and relative water content (RWC) in all genotypes. In this condition، AND1007 had higher LAI than other genotypes. The white lines had mean RWC higher than other two groups. Reduction percentages of RWC in genotypes were between 3-10%. Drought stress reduced quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of PSII photochemistry، the lowest decrease was observed in MCD4011 line. Whereas the white lines had the greatest mean proline content in well-watered treatments، but showed the least values of it under stress conditions. Overall، water deficit caused reductions in the most evaluated traits، and increased leaf temperature، leaf angle and proline content of all genotypes up to 2°C، 59% (α=24°) and 105%، respectively.

Given the importance of phenology in crop growth and development, especially in stressful conditions, this study evaluates the phenological stages and their relationship with the yield production of bean genotypes in seed and plant improvement institute (SPII). The experiments were arranged as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Eight bean genotypes (Akhtar, D81083, AND1007, WA4502-1, WA4531-17, COS16, MCD4011, and KS21486) were evaluated under two contrasting moisture regimes (normal irrigation and water deficit conditions). The results showed that days from emergence to R5 (floral initiation), R6 (flowering) and R7 (pod set) stages shortened, while R8 (grain filling), R9 (maturity) and grain filling duration (GFD) took relatively longer time under drought conditions. The situation was not similar for all genotypes. K 21486 line had the lowest vegetative growth period but was also the earliest maturing genotype in both conditions. Under both irrigation conditions, GFD of white beans were longer than the other genotypes. The lowest decrease in GFD due to water deficit was observed in KS21486. Drought in some genotypes accelerated maturity and the others were delayed. Grain yield decreased by 50% due to water deficit. Percentage of yield loss by drought in the AND1007 and D81083 genotypes was the highest and the lowest, respectively. Average grain yield of red beans was higher than the other two groups in both normal and water deficit conditions.

The benefits of social capital make a higher position in the views of the social, economic and political. Due to the positive functions of social capital, resources cognition and solutions of reinforce can have positive outcomes for society. In the meantime, attention to psychological grounds that "emotional intelligence" is one of the most important has a particular importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and social capital of Qom province NGOs organizations. Given the role of NGOs facilitation in the formation of group and social capital, In this study, 859 persons was selected as effective members of statistical population of NGO Qom province, this community sample of 265 people were selected by random Stratified sampling method. The purpose of this study aimed to applied research, and the data collection methods, are descriptive and the correlation type. To measure the variables, have been used emotional intelligence questionnaire Sybrya Schering (Cronbach's alpha 0.845) and social capital Nahapyt and Qshal questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha 0.865). Spearman test results showed there is a direct relationship between emotional intelligence and social capital and achieved correlation coefficient is positive and equal to 0.469.