علی سلگی

It seems that the study and investigation of topographical landforms and the pattern of the drainage network system, based on geomorphic indicators, can evaluate the status of active tectonic performance. However, the basic structure of the earth, the type of rock and the local factors that determine the microclimate are not taken into consideration. Asymmetry factor (AF) is used to measure the asymmetry of the drainage basin. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the tectonic activity of Golpayegan area using the asymmetry index of the drainage basin. The scope of this research is located in the Golpayegan area and in the structural zone of Sanandaj-Sirjan. The results obtained from the research show that Gudjan, Shah Enayat, Hazar Jarib Gharbi, Chehlkhane, Vanshan Gharbi and Vanshan basins are classified in tectonic class 1 and the rest of the basin in class 2 (moderate) to class 3 (relative tectonic activity) below) are shown. The calculated values ​​of the transverse topographic symmetry index are in good agreement with the calculated values ​​of the asymmetry index, and the values ​​related to the asymmetry index confirm well the values ​​of the transverse topographic symmetry.

Based on the research results and tectonic indicators, the region is in an average tectonic state. One of the threatening factors in the region is the effect of the Minab fault on the rise of the region, which increases the slope of the region in the northern parts. This, in turn, causes an increase in water flow and flooding of rivers in the downstream areas and causes slope instability and landslides in the region. The purpose of this research is to provide valuable insights about the influence of the geological structures of the region on the future geological and environmental challenges. By calculating morphotectonic parameters and morphometric indices in order to estimate the tectonic risks of Minab fault, its role on geological-environmental risks has been discussed. Based on this, the effect of the Minab fault on the rise of the region can increase the slope of the region in the northern parts and lead to an increase in water flow and river flooding in the downstream areas. This can cause slope instability and landslides in the region. In terms of tectonic risks, the existence of the Minab fault and its related tectonic activity can lead to various tectonic risks, including earthquakes. As a result, while the Minab fault and related tectonic activities can create significant environmental challenges, with proper planning and understanding of tectonic conditions, these challenges can be reduced and lead to sustainable development. The area helped.

The southwestern region of Lorestan, Zagros in Iran is known for its seismic activity, which is a result of the Arabian and Eurasian plates converging. This region is a part of the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic system, which was formed due to the closure of the Neo-Tethys oceanic during the Cenozoic era.

This study aims to explore the environmental impact of earthquakes in this region, with a special focus on the effects on geological features such as hidden faults, numerous fractures, a sedimentary layer, the Gachsaran Formation, and Hormuz salt.

The study involved the analysis of seismic waveforms collected from 2006 to 2019 from a network of 36 seismic stations. The quality factor of seismic body waves was estimated using the extended coda normalization method. Additionally, a quantitative morphometric evaluation was conducted through the Tu index to predict the catchment-scale suspended sediment yield on the scar area and derive the erosion rate affecting the landslide after the cut of the landslide dam by the Seymareh River.

The study found that the attenuation of seismic waves in the Zagros area is significant due to geological features such as hidden faults, numerous fractures, a sedimentary layer, the Gachsaran Formation, and Hormuz salt. The spatial variation in Q values reveals that the attenuation is higher in the northern parts of the region than in the southern parts. The Seymareh Landslide, one of the largest rock mass movements on the Earth’s surface with an estimated volume of 44 Gm 3, is a significant geological event in this region.

The study concludes that earthquakes in the southwestern region of Lorestan, Zagros have a significant environmental impact, particularly on geological features. The significant attenuation of seismic waves in the area is due to the complex geological features, leading to gravity-induced phenomena with considerable implications for natural hazards. The Seymareh Landslide serves as a prime example of the large-scale geological changes that can occur as a result of seismic activity.

The Hossein Abad area is located 120 km southeast of Zanjan. The volcanic rocks in this area belong to Eocene and younger a ges. Volcanic rocks include dacitic, trachyandesite and andesitic lavas, as well as tuff. Volcanic rocks have quartz, alkali feldspar, abundant plagioclase, pyroxene and amphibole. The alkali feldspar is Sanidine and plagioclases are oligoclase and andesine. The Porphyritic, microlithic porphyritic, glomeroporphyritic and poikilitic textures are predominant in these rocks. Examining the mineral chemistry of rocks in the study area shows that the clinopyroxenes are diopside and augite. Amphiboles in these rocks are magmatic and calcic with the chemical composition of pargasite. Based on magmatic diagrams, rocks in studied area are alkaline. According to the thermobarometric diagrams, these rocks have formed at temperature and pressure ranges of 700-750℃ and 5-6.5 kbar respectively. These values correspond to the depth of middle-lower crust. The rocks are formed in the active continental margin.

The studied area is located in the Lorestan sub-basin and the southwestern geological province of Lorestan. Lorestan is a folded part of Zagros, whose general trend is in line with the thrust region. Its north-eastern border is limited to the southern border of the Land slide region, and its eastern border corresponds to the rise of Balaroud, and its western-northwestern border corresponds to the southernmost Zagros anticline. The main folding in this basin is related to the Miocene and Pliocene times, which continues now and has caused the formation of elongated anticlines that form most of the oil traps in this region. Using the data of drilling wells in the study area and Arc GIS software, the same thickness maps have been prepared and analyzed. The thickness of the sedimentary layers may show lateral changes under the influence of tectonic processes. These changes can be related to erosion or the change of the lateral facies, which is of great importance in the oil industry. The aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between hydrocarbon seepage and tectonic processes in the Lorestan region of the Zagros region of Iran. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of hydrocarbon exploration and the environmental impacts associated with hydrocarbon spills. Based on the results and interpretation of the thickness maps of the Ilam, Asmari and Gachsaran formations in the middle parts of the area of the Kabirkoh, Samand, Anaran gas field and other folded structures in this area, which is related to the fissured reservoirs, more environmental pollution in have suffered the region.

The Zagros fold-thrust belt's Fars region is crucial for the placement of enormous gas reserves in Permo-Triassic carbonate sediments. Therefore, it's important to investigate the potential impact of the Hendurabi fault on the expansion of hydrocarbon traps in the inner Fars region. This will help advance the exploration goals of hydrocarbon materials. The study area is located in the inner Fars region of the Zagros thrust belt. In this research, maps of equal thickness have been prepared, analyzed, and evaluated based on drilling well data in the region, using ArcGIS software. Given the importance of changes and evolutions of the hydrocarbon system in the exploration of hydrocarbon resources, the function of the main basement faults with the role of controlling the bottom of the sedimentary basins, along with the changes that have occurred, can change the nature of a hydrocarbon system and the created hydrocarbon traps. Overall, the activity of the Hendurabi fault has caused thickness changes on the sides of the fault, confirmed by the uplifts and subsidence’s created on the sides of the Hendurabi fault at the same time as the deposition of some formations such as Dashtak. The activity of this fault as a controlling fault of the sedimentary basin floor during the sedimentation of formations like Dashtak is confirmed. Based on the obtained results, the southeastern area of the studied area, containing hydrocarbon traps, is suitable for exploration due to the adequate and appropriate thickness and suitable depth of the Kangan reservoir horizon and Dashtak caprock.

The study area is part of the Troud geological quadrilateral, which is located in the central Iran zone from the perspective of structural geology of Iran. The two main faults of Troud in the south and Anjilo in the north, with their vertical movements and the extension of their left slip, play an important role in structural events and the movement of mineral fluids and mineral deposits. The study area is composed mostly of volcanic rocks and less volcanic-sedimentary rocks with a combination of intermediate to basic and Upper Middle Eocene.
Gazkhizan region has a mineralization zone 350 meters long and 50-70 meters wide with an almost "east-west" trend. The fracture geometry in this region was determined using Win Tensor and Georeient software.
There is also a northeast-southwest shear zone with copper veins. Fracture analysis in this area shows that most vein fractures are consistent with T-type fractures due to the function of a left lateral shear area. These vein fractures are located north, northeast-south, southwest.

This research focuses on the evaluation of the improvement of urban tissues with a crisis management approach with a standard criterion to reduce vulnerability and improve the standard of living in dilapidated tissues. Therefore, the importance of this research is to extract and localize crisis management indicators for the city of Mallard, which is located in Mallard City, the west of Tehran, and integrate them with the concepts of regeneration and worn-out fabric, so that effective solutions can be provided for the sustainable improvement of the worn-out fabric. It should be noted that Mallard City was upgraded from Shahryar City to an independent city in 2008. The population of Mallard has been declared as 281,016 people based on the population of 1395, and it is considered one of the most populated cities around Tehran. In terms of innovation, various studies have been stated about the dimensions, components, and indicators in crisis management, each of which has been considered and addressed crisis management from a specific point of view, with the aim of improving the worn-out fabric. However, no research combines the approaches of crisis management and the reconstruction of worn-out fabric. Therefore, this research can be considered innovative and its findings and outputs are useful. The purpose of this research is to formulate a framework for combining approaches related to crisis management, including regeneration, and providing practical and effective solutions for improving the worn-out fabric of Mallard, as well as providing a model in the field of comprehensive regeneration in combination with other approaches for the cities of the country. This study is applied in terms of purpose and discovery-based descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. The method and tools of data collection are documentary and survey. Documentary data, including related articles, theses, books, study plans of Mallard urban development, statistics center data, and municipal data, as well as field observation and survey methods were used to collect data related to the research subject. Interviews and questionnaires were conducted to explain how to combine the approach of crisis management and urban regeneration to improve the dilapidated fabric in Mallard City. Factor analysis was used to analyze the research data. The analysis of various factors revealed that based on the state of the worn-out fabric of Mallard City and the respondents’ views, the effect of the factors has been determined in the order of health-medical, sports-recreational, security, educational, municipal (common), cultural, and economic services and the regeneration of worn-out Mallard tissues due to the existence of obstacles and problems in the implementation of plans or the increase of their time frame has caused that the goals of the existing plans from the perspective of development, especially spatial and physical, have not been implemented regularly, and there is a need to continue management and planning activities in various conditions and face threats and limitations and remove obstacles through the development of management capacities in the field of worn-out fabric.

In this research, the sequence stratigraphy of the Kazhdumi Formation was investigated at two stratigraphy sections on the northern limb of Lar Anticline and south limb of Khumi Anticline in the NE of Gachsaran township. Given the discerned facies and their vertical transformations, two 3rd degree sedimentary sequences were identified in the Kazhdumi Formation. At the northern limb section of Khami Formation, the TST of the 1st and 2nd sequences are designated by basin and outer ramp sub-environment facies. The HST of the 1st and 2nd sequences consists respectively of basin, outer, middle and inner ramps and of outer ramp. The TST of the 1st and 2nd sequences is formed of basin and outer ramp sub-environment facies and the HST of the 1st and 2nd sequences is formed of the outer ramp facies, all at the southern limb of Lar Formation. Notwithstanding the presence of a subtle lamination, planktonic organisms special to deep environment as with radiolarian, planktonic foraminifers and oligosteginids and also profusion of fine-grained clasts and alternation with marly and shaly limestones in the Kazhdumi Formation, the MFS is discernible on both sequences. The underlying boundary of the 1st sequence on both sections rests over the Dariyan Formation and Kazhdumi Formation boundary. Iron nodules at this boundary signifies a discontinuity (a sequential boundary of SB1 type). The overlying boundary of the 1st and sequence and the underlying and overlying boundaries of the 2nd sequence, given the dearth of evidence on retrogradation, is of SB2 type.

The Gazkhizan Copper deposit is located in the Troud-Reshm zone, Central Iran. It is situated in a shear zone bounded by the Anjilo and Troud sinistral strike-slip faults from the north and south, respectively. Mineralization is done by siliceous-shear veins along with copper mineralization. About 41 mapping points carried out around the fault outcrops, along with the interpretation of the Win Tensor software data and geometrical analysis of structural features paved our way to study the Riddle pattern in the region. The structural features include sinistral and dextral strike-slip faults, normal faults, reverse faults (rarely), and mineralized veins, as well as different types of shear zone fractures with different grades of copper ore. The mineralized veins in the area are frequent in four types including the R´, R, T, and X fractures, respectively. The highest number of the veins have been formed within the Riddle fractures. Because of the hybrid nature of the fractures, the veins are formed within the tensile fractures, and then they are aligned along the R fractures’ strike by the clockwise rotations. The importance and necessity of this research work is as what follows. The definitive reserve of this mineralized area is 434,500 tons of copper ore with an average grade of 1.61% of copper. For this reason, it is necessary to determine and classify the fractures that host this reserve.

Shurijeh Formation is deposited in Kopeh Dagh sedimentary basin, and it is one of the gas reservoirs in northeastern Iran. Khangiran gas field with a northwest-southeast structure is located in the northeastern part of Khorasan Razavi province. The purpose of this study is to investigate facies, sedimentary environment and diagenetic processes that have been effective on the reservoir quality of Shurijeh Formation in the studied wells. Based on petrographic studies on thin sections of Shurijeh Formation in the studied wells, nine main rock facies including Sandy Conglomerate, Quartz Arenite, Sublitarnite, Subarcose, Quartz Wackes, Claystone/Shale, Nodular Anhydrite, Sandy Dolomudstone and Sandy Dologrenston have been identified that are located in the tidal, river, flood plain and meandering sedimentary zones. Petrographic studies of thin microscopic sections show that diagenetic processes in three marine, meteoric and burial environments have affected the Shurijeh Formation. The primary processes affected in the facies of Shurijeh Formation include cementation, bioturbation, primary dolomitization and anhydrite. Finally, using image log, petrophysical log and combining the results of thin section studies in the key well of Khangiran field, was determined that in most cases there is a good conformity between the results of image log, thin sections and petrophysical log.

Internal quality control is a necessary part of the quality control system that assays the accuracy and precision of the analytical phase. This study has been considered the assessment of internal quality control results and their matching to Westgard rules at Hamedan teaching hospital medical laboratories in 2021-2022.

Methods and Materials: 

In this research, the internal quality control result data of six Hamedan teaching hospital medical laboratories in 2021-2022 was collected for assessment of their matching to Westgard rules. Then, frequency diagrams were used to describe the collected data.

The usage of control was 415 cases (90%) in the hematology department, 86% in the microbiology department, 347 cases (75%) in the biochemistry department, and 15 cases (10%) in the serology department. Matching to the Westgard rules indicated that 88 cases (85.3%) of results were in the warning range and 15 cases (14.7%) of the results were in the result rejection range in the biochemistry and hematology department. The performed actions to eliminate errors were 65% equipment calibration, 13.3% equipment rewashing, 13% replacement of controls/ solutions, and 8.7% repairing of devices.

The highest percentage of internal quality control implementation was at the hematology department, the lowest one was at the serology department, and the most performed action was equipment calibration.

The southern section of the Caspian Sea convexity is included in the Central Alborz, which stretches from Semnan to Qazvin. The Central Alborz zone is the focus of the research because of the strong association between lead and zinc mineralization and tectonics, as well as the great potential of this zone. The major horizons of lead and zinc mineralization, as well as the location of these horizons with orogenic events, have been investigated in this study, based on fieldwork and office studies as well as previous research. According to this research, there are eight lead and zinc mineralization horizons in Central Alborz, ranging from old to recent, including the mineralization horizon of Soltanieh Formation associated with Zaygonin orogeny, the mineralization horizon of Mila Formation associated with Caledonian orogeny, the mineralization horizon of Mubarak Formation With Alborz orogeny, Mineralization horizon of Ruteh Formation related to Hercynian orogeny, Mineralization horizon of Elika Formation related to Early Cimmerian orogeny, Mineralization horizon of Lar Formation related to Middle Cimmerian orogeny, Cretaceous mineralization horizon related to Laramid orogeny and Mineralization within the Karaj Formation is related to the Eocene age in the Pyrenean orogen. According to mathematical modeling in the Central Alborz area, the lead and zinc mineralization controls by thrust faults and reverses-strike slip faults. According to the findings of this study, more than 60% of mineralizations connected to structures occur in the Mesozoic. Triassic mineralizations occurred along with extention tectonics, while Cretaceous mineralizations formed under a compressive regime.

Existence of seismic activity history and high rate of tectonic activity in the region, which indicates that the study area is releasing energy in the pre-seismic stage and as a result in some points of stress accumulation, which will lead to high seismic potential in the future. For this purpose, the active faults of the study area have been drawn and the scatter map of the relative tectonic activity level has been evaluated with instrumental seismic data. Finally, the maximum seismic acceleration of the area has been calculated and the area lines have been obtained by PCA method. After examining the area lines, it was found that lines L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 do not have a counterpart in the aerial magnetic map and therefore are a surface fault. L6 has good compatibility with F-9 magnetic line and surface lines L2, L3, L4, L5 do not have any compatibility with any of the faults exposed in the geological map and magnetic line and their faulting needs to be investigated. It has a desert.

The sensitivity of the drainage pattern to the active tectonics processes leads to a geomorphic expression that provides a useful tool to evaluate relative tectonic activity (Cox, 1994). Geomorphic indices provide a useful method for assessing the extent of tectonic activity; Especially in areas where earthquakes happen on faults in which there was not enough information in advance. The study area is in the west of Lut block, southeast of Iran, which is in the range of longitude from 55°22ˊ 15˝ to 58° 31ˊ17˝E and latitude from 28°50ˊ4˝ to 31°9ˊ30˝N. This region has a long history of devastating earthquakes, the historical types of which date back to around 1850AD. The occurrence of earthquakes on previously unknown faults (Bam, 2003) and the need to pay attention to areas in this part that have not yet experienced a devastating earthquake despite being surrounded by active faults (Kermen city), are the most important reasons that led us to find the best way of morphotectonic analysis and compare the results to seismic structures and data as a tool to identify structures and their activities also to estimate the seismic risk.

To obtain the drainage network layer, basins area, and water dividing layer in the study area, the hydrological modeling process was done by Arc GIS10.3 software. The basic data used are 30 m resolution DEM and geological maps. Also, to investigate the relationship between seismicity and tectonic activity, seismic data were used for earthquakes greater than 0.4 Mw. In this study, the results of calculating 7 geomorphic indices, including stream length-gradient index(SL), drainage basin asymmetry(Af), hypsometric integral(Hi), the ratio of valley-floor width to valley height(Vf), index of drainage basin shape(Bs), index of mountain front sinuosity(Smf), and Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor(T), for 51 basins were analyzed by Iat and AHP methods. Finally, by using seismic data and field studies, we discuss our findings to compare the accuracy of AHP and Iat methods in analyzing morphometric indices to assess seismic risk, which is the aim of this paper.

The evaluation of the distribution of relative tectonic activity in the study area according to Iat, which is obtained by averaging the different classes of morphotectonic indices, divided the region into three categories in terms of tectonic activity. Class2, class3 and class4, have allocated 5.9%, 54.9%, and 39.2% of the total study area to themselves, respectively. It should be noted that none of the basins were in class1. 43.2% of epicenters were located in basins with high activity and 17.6% in low ones. Since the Iat index is not based on the weighting of the indices, all the indices were calculated with equal importance ratios. Therefore, there are some inconsistencies in comparing the Iat distribution map with the main structures of the region and the epicenter of the earthquakes. The AHP makes it possible to determine the amount of tectonic activity in the study area base on the weight and importance of each index compared to others, instead of relying solely on the average of each index (Iat). The values of the coefficient of determination(R2) are extracted from the graph of the indicators relative to each other. The correlation coefficient(R) was calculated from the roots of R2. After checking the acceptability of the Inconsistency, the final weights assigned to each of the indicators are (0.015)Bs, (0.012)Smf, (0.025)AF, (0.021)T, (0.104)Hi, (0.116)Vf, (0.708)SL. These results were classified into four categories. Accordingly, class1, class2, class3 and class4, occupy 21%, 24%, 31%, 24% of the total study area, in turn. The basins with very high and high tectonic activity, are all located along the main faults of the region, in addition, the distribution of earthquakes in these basins (81.8.% of earthquakes were in high active basins and 4.4% in low ones), shows how they are consistent with the results of AHP.

In this study, we tried to more accurately assess the impact of active tectonics and determine the most appropriate method for analyzing geomorphic indices, by comparing the results obtained from Iat and AHP methods. Proper matching of geomorphic features, calculated indices, and classification of relative tectonic activity obtained by the AHP, with the main structures, field observations, seismic data and previous studies in the study area, confirms the significant superiority and higher accuracy of AHP over the Iat in the identification of tectonically active areas which subsequently leads us to seismic hazard assessment. Based on the final map derived from the AHP, the study area was divided into four tectonic activity classes. The results show that morphological features in the study area are strongly affected by the main faults. The basins along them, generally show very high to high tectonic activity rates. The existence of many active faults, the epicenter of earthquakes and the location of most cities in the study area within or adjacent to basins with very high to moderate tectonic activity indicate the need for attention and additional studies there.The findings of this paper show how using a suitable way of morphometric analysis can help us to identify areas with the potential for seismic hazards. Due to its low-cost and timesaving, this method can be a good alternative for expensive and complex methods, especially in vast and remote places. As a result, it can be a useful tool for regional planners and decision-makers involved in seismic risk assessment and disaster risk reduction.

Chalderan shear zone (SCZ) is located 270 km north of Urmia and 868 km west of Tehran. The structural and microstructural studies show two groups of the main structure in this area. The first group includes structures related to inclined shear movements, which include: asymmetric mantled porphyroclasts, fabric C and S and mineral fish structures, and the second group is related to thrust movements that occur in this area. The inclined shear movements are created by inclined transpressional strike slip component and thrust movements are created by inclined transpressional component. There is kinematic evidence of the function of shear and transpressional stresses in this region, all of which indicate the function of a shear zone with a moderate slope mylonitic foliation to the northeast and stretching lineation to the northeast with inclined strike slip mechanism with inverted component in this region. In the study area, we proposed inclined dextral transpression strike slip model.The fact that the structures and microstructures indicating reverse shear and inclined strike slip in this zone are observed with each other indicates the occurrence of partitioning in this shear zone. This indicates that tectonic forces inclined to Chalderan shear zone deformation zone occurred due to transpressional tectonics between Arabian plate and Central Iran block in northwestern Iran.

Study of area (Golpayegan area) is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone, which is one of the most dynamic tectonic seismic zones in Iran. Among the most important faults of Janba in the study area, we can mention Khansar, Hila, Narpalang, Boland Ab, Qara No, Bid Arab faults. In this study, a theoretical model is proposed to evaluate the Fault Movement Potential based on the relationship between the geometric properties of the fault and the regional tectonic stress field. This model by et al. (1997) Lee, and has been used to evaluate the mobility potential of major faults in the Hong Kong area. This parameter allows for the percentage of possible movements in the current tectonic regime (CTR) for all active faults in a range. It should be noted that the results of this method are consistent with past seismic records and current micro-seismic activity in the region, so this theoretical model is based on the relationship between the geometric properties of faults and the regional tectonic stress field. To evaluate the mobility potential of active faults in Golpayegan area in the northwest of Kush to the southeast of Bid valley, the structural zone of Sanandaj-Sirjan.

 Structural data were collected in a large area of ​​the study area in order to achieve the position of the main stress axes. The equations of this model were used in 6 stations in the mentioned area. Finally, using the inversion method, the maximum maximum stress in each section was obtained separately and placed in the equations.

According to the calculations, the motion potential of the fault in each section of the faults in the area was determined that the Arab willow fault has the highest movement potential compared to other fault parts, which according to the calculation of the mountain frontal maze index is well visible. Category 1 tectonics with high activity, other faults are in the pre-seismic stage. The results of calculating the potential of faults in each section show a good agreement with the frequency of earthquakes, so that the eastern part of the study area has a higher seismicity rate than other parts. Due to the average landslide velocity of faults in recent years and also according to previous studies and results obtained from the area and data from the calculation of fault potential values, the eastern part of the area (the distance between Arab willow fault and male leopard fault ) Has the highest probability of slipping in the future. The southern part of Bid Arab fault is associated with the highest mobility potential of the fault and the tectonic structures of its areas are introduced as the youngest neotectonic activities in the area.

The studied area is a part of Eastern central Alborz, bestween southeastern piedmont of Alborz (NW of Damghan) and North Alborz Fault (South of Sari). The Alborz Mountain range which forms the heights of northern territory, separated the Caspian Depression from Iran central plateau. The Alborz is one of the Iranian mountain ranges that were deformed during two Cimmerian and Alpine organic events. This deformation is continued until the present day. This research is based on the satellite images, field investigations, drawing structural sections, stratigraphic sequences from the folded and thrusted parts of Alborz Mountains. The studied area is composed of numerous anticlines and synclines from South to North as Tuyeh- Darvar anticline, Sabour anticline, Talma- Darreh anticline, Alikhani syncline, Tarkan anticline, Babr cheshmeh syncline and anticline. Some of these folds are related to faulting which occured due to the typical continuous shortening and faulting of Alborz crust and destroyed their original patterns. The function of main faults and specially thrust faults played an essential role on the present models of mentioned folds. Regarding the axes of the folds, the effective compression over the area has a North, North Waste-South, South-East direction. This direction is perpendicular to axial trend of folds.
The physico-mechanical properties of Alborz geological units caused development of detachment surfaces on main faults. The shortening intensity and large displacements have led to disappearance of a limb or whole  fold. In this study the three surfaces of detachment were introduced inside the stratigraphic sequences from Precambrian to middle Eocene based on the well-known and documented data.

Distribution of heavy metals in rock units and their pollutants are necessary environmental issues which have high importance.

Because of not performed environmental geochemical studies of heavy metals in Iran based on chemostratigraphic studies, for this purpose, this study on chemofacies of Gachsaran formation in Kermanshah with the aim of assessing environmental heavy metal pollution was carried out. For determine the concentrations of heavy metals, XRF and ICP mass techniques were used and the amount of metal contamination was investigated using statistical softwares and pollution indices.

The results indicated high concentration of cadmium in sediments of Gachsaran Formation (3.3) ppm which is higher than (0.3) ppm in crust. All three used indices (Igeo, EF ANF CF) showed cadmium contamination in studied sediments but molybdenum, aluminum, cobalt and iron did not showpollution in sediments. Furthermore the values of CF and EF indices showed a similar trend about element contamination in sediments.

Significant amounts of cadmium in the Gachsaran Formation can be further affected by the dissolution process of rocks and sediments by surface and groundwater, as well as by biological (agricultural and mining) activities and can has non optimal environmental impacts. Therefore, it is necessary to anticipate and make the necessary arrangements in this case. High levels of cadmium in the sequences of the Gachsaran Formation can effected by dissolution, as well as biological activities (agriculture and mining).

The Shemshak Group contains a rich and diversified flora in the Abyek and Jirande areas (western Alborz). This paper considers the description of ferns and horsetails from this flora and their ecological significance. The study revealed the occurrence of five species of Equisetales, seven species of Filicales, and two species of Marattiales; among these, two genera and five species are recorded for the first time from Iran. Moreover, two species are recorded as new to the western Alborz. The studied horizon in the Abyek area represents a Rhaetic delta lowland. Monospecific thickets of Equisetites muensteri, Clathropteris meniscioides, and Dictyophyllum nathorsti were extended across large regions of the lowland, providing an accessible source of food for sauropods. The studied horizon in the Jirande area is Liassic in age, well developing in parts of delta lowland and delta upland sub-environments; the different parts of these sub-environments were covered by monospecific thickets of Equisetites laevis, Schizoneura paradoxa, Neocalamites hoerensis, N. ishpushtensis, Clathropteris obovata, Dictyophyllum exile, D. nathorsti, and Thaumatopteris brauniana, forming a significant food source for sauropods, while drier habitats within the delta were occupied by Symopteris pseudolobifolia and Marattiopsis barnardii , which had a less important role in sauropod’s diet.

The study area is located in the northern part of Jask, southeastern Hormozgan. The drainage basin is of ​​the North-South trend and mostly except for one case that flows into the Strait of Hormuz, the rest flows into the Oman Sea and the main ones are Bahmadi and Tabarkan Rivers. From a geomorphological point of view, the study area can be divided into two parts, the high part near the fault and the low part that flows into the deltas of the Oman Sea and the Strait of Hormuz. The highest points in the region are Mount Riman, Samuki, Perke and Mubarak. The most important geomorphological controlling factors in the Jask area are the type of rock units, structural features, deformed landforms, and erosive activities due to the greater weakness of rock units and their lithological compositions, which cover large parts of the area as low and eroded lands. The erosional activities in the southern part, which mostly composed of marl, is much higher than the northern part, and the impact of the Zendan Fault in the erosion, followed by floods and landslides, is very evident.

The area is one of the most hazardous areas in the South Iran due to its location on the border between two plates of Zagros and Makran, and the compressional stress caused by the movement of these two plates. So, to better understand and identify, prevent and deal with natural disasters and hazards, in this study using the geomorphological indices of SL, Smf, Vf, Af, T, Bs and Iat, which determine the tectonic conditions prevailing in each region, the high-risk points in terms of geodynamic processes occurring on the area and the impact of the Zendan Fault on these indicators are discussed. 

A set of several geomorphic indices can be used to study the relative active tectonics. These indicators can be used as a quantitative method to study geomorphology related to erosional and sedimentation processes in the river channel, longitudinal profile and morphology of the river valley, or tectonic features such as fault escarpment. Tectonic indicators are able to determine the different zones created as a result of local change in tectonic activity. In this research, several geomorphic indices in the basins of the Jask region were investigated and the results of each index were analyzed based on the values ​​obtained for that index. The various geomorphic indices mentioned in the above section in relative tectonics (Iat) were divided into four categories: very high activity, high activity, medium activity, low activity. By calculating the average class category of indices (S / n) in each basin and evaluating it by the method [3], the relative tectonic index (Iat) was divided into four class categories. In this classification, category one is very high tectonic activity (S / n between 1.5 to 1), category two is high tectonic activity (S / n between 2 to 1.5), category three is medium tectonic activity (S / n is between 2.5 to 2) and category four is low tectonic activity (S / n is more than 2.5). According to this classification, the following results were obtained in the study area (table 1-1). Table 1. Tectonic activity index (IAT) in the case study area of the author 1400
 

After examining the geomorphological indices and calculating them, it was found that the study area is relatively affected by the three major tectonic phenomena of the Zendan Fault, uplift and rough topography, oceanic subduction, and the presence of soft sedimentary rocks as the value of Iat index indicates moderate tectonic activity in this region.

The Zagros suture zone is one of Key regions. Continent - Continent collision between Arabian plate and Iranian Block. This region is coincided by High Zagros and Zagros Simply Fold Zones in Western side and in other side is the Sanandaj- Sirjan Zone. The region of this research in situated in Northern part of suture zone. The Zagros suture is oriented parallel to the other collision Structures as passive and active margins of Neo- Tethys Basin and also to Magmatic Arc (Urmiyeh - Dokhtar Arc).The main Faults in this region which we can mention by name are Zagros Main Thrust Fault and Zagros Main Recent Fault, Which they are also parallel to others structures. This region of suture zone in highly deformed and structures as folds, faults and nappes are the evident of a long compression Tectonics. The aim of this research firstly is analysing of folds and secondly is calculation of shortening rate of crust in this part of collision Zone. Three structural section (Eslam Abad- e- Gharb - Mahidasht, Kamyaran and Gazorkhani) have been balanced and the rate of shortening which is obtained respectively is 6252m , 6530m and 2040m.

Particle size distribution (PSD) is one of the sediments' most important physical properties, affecting other physicochemical properties. Fractals are the objects or processes that show a similar appearance or behavior on some large, spatial, or temporal scale. Each fractal can be divided into several parts, each of which resembles the main body. Many natural phenomena and processes are based on fractal models. Loess particles maintain good self-similar properties even when modified through pedogenesis so that the fractal dimension of their particle size is considered as a new indicator of particle size. The loess sequences, produced by aeolian under the influence of past weather changes, have been transported, deposited, and undergone many changes by pedogenesis, whose information is recorded in loess particles. By studying the PSD loess, which is a natural fractal, one can discover data about the past environment. Therefore, PSD changes can be used to indicate the pedogenesis intensity and process or the soil age.Post-depositional pedogenesis, including chemical and biological weathering, causes further particle crushing, the extent of which may vary in different locations due to deposition PSD and the time and intensity of pedogenesis or some other factors. Typically, intense pedogenesis or poor to very poor sorting occurs in warm and humid climates, while poor pedogenesis occurs in cold and dry climates. Changes in the loess texture reflect its post-deposition conditions. Thus, this study sought to analyze Golestan's loess texture developments via fractal PSD for the first time, which could interpret the extent of tissue changes at different points. The results were then compared to the fractal geometry obtained from the electron microscope images.

This study was conducted in Golestan province. The study area is located at latitudes of 38° 8' to 36° 30'N and longitudes of 53° 57' to 56° 22' E. Based on three types of loess texture, including sand loess, silt loess, and clay loess, sixteen samples were totally collected from three zones. Moreover, the fractals were measured using differential box-counting and PSD. The PSD fractal was calculated by sieve-hydrometric (DbH) and laser (Dbl) methods.

The mean DbH for region 1 was 2.64  and region 2 was 2.30. DbH in region three differed in two values. For two regions S12  and S13, the values of DbH are 2.74  and 2.70 and for S 14, S15 and S16 are 2.62,1.06 and 2.24 respectively. Also, the results showed a mean of 4.37 microns and sorting is very poorly (mean φ = 2.96) for region one, a mean of 14.35  microns and sorting is very poorly (mean φ = 3.17) for region two and  a mean of 49.56 microns with two different sorting values show very poorly sorting (mean φ = 2.28) at S13 and S12 stations and sorting poorly (mean φ = 1.78) at stations S16, S15, S14  for zone three. The average fractal grain dimension in region one is 0.673  in region two is 00.788  and in region three is 0.850.. The fractal dimensions of the grain surface in region one have an average of 0.51  in region two is 0.49  and in region three is 0.50. The average value of fractal geometry of grain density arrangement (DFf) is 1.94  in region one, 1.87 in region two and 1.91 in region three.The average fractal arrangement of pore fabric density (DFp) in region one is 1.47  in region two and 1.5  in region three is 1.59.. The fractal geometry of the cement fabric density arrangement is 1.33  in region one, 1.43 in region two and 1.52 in region three.

The results of examining DbH dimensions in the loess of Golestan province show that the percentage of sand decreases and the clay content increases with the increase of DbH. Comparison of fractal with sediment textual parameters indicate that the number of sorting increases and the sorting of particle decreases with the increase of DbH. This means that the samples have a better gradation of PSD and a larger volume of particle size classes. The kurtosis index decreases with the increase of DbH and the curvature broadening increases as a result of the increase of the particle size classes.The results of examining DbL fractal dimensions in the loess of Golestan province show that the percentage of sand decreases and the silt and clay contents increase with the increase of DbL. Based on the results of laser sizing, the increased silt and clay contents lead to a better gradation of sediments. The negative trend of particle sorting against DbL means that the sorting index decreases and the particle sorting increases with the increase of DbL. The positive trend of kurtosis against DbL means that the kurtosis index increases and the curvature broadening decreases with increase of DbL.Three stations of AlmaGol, AlaGol and Agh Ghala Belt in zone 3 had lower DbH and DbL, better sorting, and the highest median size. This may be due to the differences in the sediments’ origins or forming environment and retransfer. This implies that the fractal values ​​can be useful for identifying the transfer mechanism in different sediments.The fractal geometry changes with the changes in loess texture. Therefore, a higher fractal dimension content indicates a higher soil formation and higher fine particle ratios. According to the results, if particle distribution is well graded, it can be claimed that fractal geometry demonstrates the changes after loess deposition. According to the fractal results obtained from electron microscope images in Golestan loess, the fractal dimensions of the grain increased with the increase of diameter. This confirms that near the source, grains are deposited with higher order and away from the source, the fractal number becomes smaller as the grain size decreases. The fractal dimensions of the grain decrease with the increase of particles roundness from zone 3 (near the source) to zone 1 (away from the source). This implies that the sedimentss order decreases and the texture undergoes less changes with the increase of particles roundness. On the other hand, the fractal grain dimensions increase with the increase of sphericity. Since the sphericity decreases from zone 3 to zone 1, the fractal number of grain dimensions decreases. This means that a higher sphericity leads to a higher initial order of the sediment and less texture exposure to changes.The fractal geometry values ​​of the grain fabric density of the fabric in different parts of Golestan province are not equal. Zones 3 and 1 have a higher order than zone 2. Zone 3, with the fractal number close to 2, has a high order during the deposition due to its proximity to the source. In zone 2, with a farther transfer, the particles have been highly subjected to changes in size and arrangement, and thereby the fractal number and order have been subjected to changes and decline. The highest fractal number is seen in zone 1. This can be due to the humid climate in zone 1, which induces the formation of secondary clay and increases the fractal numbers and sediment order. These results show that the content of clay can determine the order and homogeneity of the sediment texture. It can be concluded that fractal and its related parameters, as an efficient tool in analysis of loess sediment, can justify the zone of texture changes, distance from the main source, pedogenesis and climate and The results of DbH dimensions analysis in Golestan province's loess showed that the percentage of sand decreased, and the clay content increased with an increase in DbH. Comparing the fractal with textual sediment parameters indicated that the number of sorting increased and the particle sorting decreased with an increase in DbH, suggesting that the collected samples had a better PSD grading and a larger volume of particle size classes. Moreover, it was found that the kurtosis index decreased with an increase in DbH, and the curvature broadening increased with an increase in particle size classes.The results of Dbl fractal dimensions analysis in Golestan loess showed that the percentage of sand decreased, and the silt and clay contents increased with an increase in DbL. Furthermore, according to the results of laser sizing, the increased silt and clay contents led to a better sediments gradation. A negative trend of particle sorting against DbL means that the sorting index decreased and the particle sorting increased with an increase in DbL. on the other hand, a positive trend of kurtosis against DbL means that the kurtosis index increased and the curvature broadening decreased with an increase in DbL.Three stations, including AlmaGol, AlaGol, and Agh Ghala Belt in zone 3, had lower DbH and DbL, better sorting, and the largest median size, which could be due to the differences in the sediments' origins or the environment's form and retransfer, implying that the fractal values could help identify the transfer mechanism in different sediments.The fractal geometry would change with the changes made in loess texture. Therefore, a higher fractal dimension content indicates a higher soil formation and higher fine particle ratios. According to the study's results, should the particle distribution is well graded, it can be claimed that fractal geometry demonstrates the post-deposition changes in the loess. Based on the fractal results obtained from electron microscope images in Golestan loess, the grain's fractal dimensions increased with an increase in diameter, indicating that the grains are deposited with higher-order near the source, and the fractal number becomes smaller with the decrease in the grains' size away from the source. It was also found that from zone 3 (near the source) to zone 1 (away from the source), the grains' fractal dimensions decreased with an increase in particles roundness, implying that the sediments' order decreased and the texture underwent fewer changes with an increase in particles roundness. On the other hand, the grains' fractal dimensions increased with an increase in sphericity. Therefore, as the sphericity decreased from zone 3 to zone 1, the fractal number of grain dimensions decreased too, indicating that higher sphericity led to a higher initial order of the sediment and less texture exposure to changes.The fractal geometry values of the grain's fabric density in different parts of Golestan province are not equal. Therefore, zones 3 and 1 had a higher order than zone 2. Due to its proximity to the source, zone 3, with the fractal number close to 2, had a high order during the deposition. In zone 2, with a farther transfer, the particles were highly subjected to changes in size and arrangement, and thereby the fractal number and order were subjected to changes and decline. Moreover, zone 1 was found to have the highest fractal number because of its humid climate, inducing secondary clay formation and increasing the fractal numbers and sediment order.These results suggest that the content of clay can determine the order and homogeneity of the sediment's texture. Therefore, it can be concluded that as an efficient tool in analyzing loess sediment, fractal and its related parameters can justify the zone of texture changes, distance from the main source, pedogenesis, and climate, and determine the model of post-deposition changes.

The Sarvak and Ilam Formations in the Zagros sedimentary basin are known as hydrocarbon reservoir formations. More than half of the hydrocarbon fields in the Zagros Basin on the Sarvak and Ilam horizons contain hydrocarbons. In this research, to identify areas with hydrocarbon potential of the horizon of Sarvak and Ilam at Bandar Abbas hinterland, parameters such as outcrops of formations, main faults, salt plugs, isopach maps and upper sediment volume of formations from the geological map of the region and well data were extracted. With designing a network inference among data and using Fuzzy logic method with the high hydrocarbons, potential of the Sarvak and Ilam horizons were identified in the Bandar Abass hinterland. This area identified as a relatively weak area in terms of exploratory potential in Sarvak and Ilam reservoir horizons. 68% of the hinterland region has low hydrocarbon potential, 18% has medium hydrocarbon potential and only 14% has high hydrocarbon potential for exploration in Sarvak and Ilam horizons. However, considering the effect of anticlines, the mentioned percentages for areas with high hydrocarbon potential reduced to 4.3%. Together, it seems that the anticlines of South Gashu, Bastaneh, Kisn, West Namak and Suru have hydrocarbon potential in Sarvak and Ilam horizons.

The Alborz Mountains has been separated the subsiding Caspian Basin from the foreland basin of Central Iran. This mountain range from east to northwest, has changed greatly in structural trend formed spirally. Two orogenic phases, Cimmerian and Alpine events caused more changing in sedimentary basin of Palo Tethys and Neotethys and it caused the complexity of abundant structural in other way too. The aim of this research is to investigate and analysis of existence structures in east central Alborz from northwest of Damghan (South of Toyeh) to South of Sari (North Alborz fault). The Structural features Analysis indicate that the Alborz Mountains are a fold and thrust belt. During the intense shortening of Alborz crust in the studied area the initial model of folds have been modified or destroyed. Some of these folds could take place in flexural flow folds or Drug folds classes since one limb of folds on the surface of low-angel thrust faults was thrusted recumbently. The thrust faults with south and north dipping is the main controller for variety structures in this part of Alborz. Based on geological and structural properties, construction of folding structures initiated during the Alpine orogeny since the late Eocene (37 million years) and the most shortening and faulting had occurred during at the Late Miocene. Data presented here demonstrate that shortening percent in the study area of Alborz Mountains is about 36.27% and the Rate of Shortening is estimated about 0.93 mm/y.