علی ضیغمی

Compliment is one of the practical speech acts, and how it is used plays an important role in the success or failure of communication with Arabic speakers. The use of compliments depends on factors that must be recognized, including the situation, speakers' position, and goals-factors that are relevant to pragmatic skills and cultural issues. This research chose the speech act of compliment for study, after extracting it from eight Arabic narrative texts and studying it according to the Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING model and the descriptive-analytical method. This research aims to identify how to use compliments in the Arabic language, and to reveal the importance of paying attention to pragmatic and cultural matters in successful communication with Arabic speakers. The results showed the coordination between the parts of Hymes’ model, where the nature of each part depends on the others. Using compliments in informal situations was higher than in formal situations. Most compliments occurred in equal and friendly situations. Nine purposes for using compliments were extracted, and the most-used was praise. The research revealed six tones that played an important role in communication. The tone of joy was used more than the others. Seven rules for compliment were also extracted, where positive features were more than the others. Furthermore, explicit compliments occurred more than implicit compliments. Five topics for compliments were extracted, where people's personalities and appearances occurred more frequently. There were seven linguistic styles for compliments, most of which were adjectives

Today, semantics is one of the key sciences widely applied in Qur'anic Studies. Cognitive semantics, a branch of semantics, posits that the relationship between form and meaning is strong and none of them exists independently of the other. The Conceptual Blending Theory (1993: Fauconnier and Turner) has garnered significant attention from cognitive linguists, offering insight into various linguistic structures, particularly those with figurative meanings, providing a precise and comprehensive understanding of them. The topic of the eschatological states of the righteous and the sinners is one of the significant Qur'anic themes, expressed through various descriptions. To gain a precise understanding of this subject, Conceptual Blending Theory serves as an effective and accurate tool. Conceptual blends, in terms of structure, are classified into two types: simple and multiple blends. Regarding integration networks, they are divided into four types: simplex, mirror, single-scope, and double-scope blends. In this descriptive-analytical study, the structure of these blends is first examined, and then their network type is identified. The results indicate that most of the Qur'anic examples studied possess a simple structure. Regarding integration networks, double-scope blends are more prevalent than the others, indicating the novelty and complexity of the examples analyzed.

 arguments is one of the pillars of deliberative studies,and it is a dialectical process in the discourse in which the sender seeks to convince the recipients of a certain idea, increase their conviction in it,or respond to a certain belief,supported by arguments and evidence for the purpose of understanding,which is an influential communicative process whose essence is an issue or an action,based on It is based on a set of philosophical, linguistic and rhetorical mechanisms.This article attempted to study the rhetorical argumments and explore its mechanisms in the correspondence between Amir al-Mu’minin and Muawiyah in the light of pragmatic linguistics, with the aim of revealing the rhetorical mechanisms in influencing and persuading the addressee.Therefore, I initially dealt with the concept of deliberativeness and pilgrims and the relationship between them and the rhetorical mechanisms of argumments.Then I dealt with reading the rhetorical argumentative mechanisms in correspondence after clarifying the general context in them.Among the results of the research are:The experience of Imam and Muawiyah in correspondence has deliberative features of the interaction between the sender and addressee.Each of them tries to provoke and consolidate the idea with the intention of convincing the other of the rhetorical mechanisms that they propose that have an effective effect in strengthening and influencing the argummentation.Imam seeks, through his argummens discourse,to make his addressee understand and guide him with guidance and suspense with a religious character, and Muawiyah to impress his addressee and show his superiority over him through satire and irony through violence and coercion.

By examining the works of poets and writers throughout history, we come across writers and poets who are disgusted with the current state of their society in various fields. These critics cannot easily ignore these anomalies due to their critical spirit; therefore, they criticize the shortcomings and deviations in various ways depending on the prevailing conditions of the society in order to inform the people and correct these anomalies. In this connection, Abul Alaa Maari and Obaid Zakani are two great writers in Arabic and Persian literature who expressed the moral and social anomalies of their time in the form of social criticism. Therefore, in this research, based on the "comparative method", the criticism in each of these two poets on the social conditions of their time, and the common social contexts in the poems of these two poets has been examined. Finally, it is found that both of their poems have used the title as a winning weapon to express social issues so that they can criticize anomalies such as injustice and oppression of the ruling classes, trickery and deception, hypocritical asceticism, ignorance and simplicity of people and other deviations in their society.

The involvement of ideology in the text is the main axis that connects linguistic and discourse studies together. The discursive study of the media with the aim of explaining the techniques used in competitions and conflicts is a broad field that is often conducted in Iran about visual, audio and written English-language media. Researches have also been done on Arabic media.Entman's framing theory tries to represent the author's goals from the written text by using interpretive methods and to discover and represent the hidden content of the message through the interpretation of the text and its implicit meanings (Iman, Mohammad Taqi and Noshadi, Mahmoudreza (1390). " Qualitative Content Analysis ". Ayar Quarterly Journal of Research in Human Sciences. Tehran: Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute (RA). Number 6. pp. 15-44.).Saudi media, including Al-Arabiya, have a place among the Arab media due to the political and religious base of this country in the Arab world, and for this reason, considering the role of the media in shaping the public opinion of the region and Iran's neighbors, their strategies need to be based on Identify scientific standards and help researchers and policy makers to adopt appropriate media approaches.Considering the importance of the media as an influential element in the formation of thoughts and beliefs and the spread of desired ideas in societies and on a large scale, this research has analyzed the media frameworks and the techniques used in the process of implementing these frameworks.

Pragmatics is a branch of modern linguistics that is concerned with the use of language – and here Arabic – according to the context of speech in communicative situations. Therefore, pragmatic issues are of great importance for their vital role in the success of communicating with native speakers; accordingly, teaching the pragmatics of Arabic language is a necessary and important matter for Iranian students in the classrooms. One of the best ways to teach it is using modern technologies due to their effectiveness in attracting students and simulating Arabic language environment for them. The present research has investigated the teaching of pragmatics using the descriptive-analytical method by highlighting the two techniques of computer games and PowerPoint and explaining using them inside or outside the classroom through the Brock and Nagasaka curriculum. Researching computer games, it has been found that they can be used for teaching pragmatics; since their effectiveness lies in designing a virtual environment similar to the real environment of Arabic language for the Iranian students. The research also presented different ways of using computer games within pragmatics teaching, either directly or indirectly according to the Brock and Nagasaka curriculum. Another result of the research is that the PowerPoint software is suitable for teaching pragmatics by designing an interactive program through it. It can be used in the use step or within the experiment step of the Brock and Nagasaka steps. Since it breaks the monotonous atmosphere of the class, it makes it attractive, facilitates learning, and strengthens students’ pragmatic awareness.

Radial network theory is one of the important theories in cognitive semantics. According to this theory, first, meaning of words (Serat, Sabil, Tariq) is discussed in order to find their central meaning; Then connecting will be examined their concepts with the development of concepts in the radial network.The radial network indicates that each word can have a different meaning related to its central meaning in different speech contexts. Semantic development is also analyzed in the relationship of coexistence, conceptual metaphor and image schemas.The present researcher tries to deal with the semantics of Quranic words (sarat, sebil, tariq) with a cognitive approach and relying on the descriptive-analytical method with the radial network theory. From this research, according to the conceptual metaphor and image schemas, it is obtained that tangible things are expressed as the origin for intangible spiritual things as the destination, so that man understands spiritual things better in the form of tangible things and uses From the radial network, it can be inferred that God, taking into account the various conditions and situations of man, puts the message in the center of attention according to the knowledge and understanding of human.

Polite method is one of the important issues in communication, as it paves the way for a successful communication with the addressee and prevents pragmatics failure. This article has studied the polite method in the Arabic language according to the politeness theory of Brown and Levinson, which is considered one of the most famous theories in this field in addition to the theory of Brooke and Nagasaka taken from the original theory. However, the research did not stop at the theory, rather it studied the types of polite methods in the Arabic language with functional examples, after studying the background of politeness in the Arabic language and showing the difference between Euphemism and politeness, which are two terms that some researchers have confused in defining their significance. This paper has suggested levels of politeness from Level 1 to Level 3 to facilitate the use of polite techniques in communicative situations. It concluded that it is better to use Euphemism in the sense of good expression that corresponds to the linguistic taboo, and to use politeness to name Brown and Levinson's theory due to its linguistic connotations. Polite methods can also be dealt with within its division into four main categories (addressing others, using the direct method politely, apologizing, and interrogating) and subcategories, where levels of politeness are presented according to Brown and Levinson's theory in three levels, and the higher the level, the higher the threat level more.

In post-coronavirus societies and the return of enthusiasm and motivation of people to exchange cultures and travel, the need for translation is felt more than ever. In the meantime, different branches of the tourism industry have been associated with interpretation. The purpose of this research is to find the most suitable solutions in the translation of proper names of tourism, know the most used strategy from the ten strategies of Van Coillie's theory (2007) in this documentary, and learn about its challenges. The research method is descriptive-analytical, in which 200 proper names were extracted from the tourism-historical documentary "Ma’alam Men Khuzestan" (Khuzestan at a Glance in Farsi) which was broadcast on Al-Kawthar International Channel, and after comparing the samples in the two Persian and Arabic versions of the documentary, it has been criticized and analyzed based on Van Coillie's theory. The research results indicate that the strategy of not translating, reproducing and copying has been used more than others. In the field of tourism, the strategy of non-translation, reproduction, and copying is considered the most appropriate translation strategies, because introducing the unique attractions of a region is one of the goals of the translator in this type of text, which must be preserved and distinguished by mentioning its original name. Other strategies are reproduction along with phonetic or morphological adaptation to the target language, deletion, non-translation along with additional explanation, and replacement with an equivalent in the target language, respectively.

The use of any literary phenomenon in poetry and prose is not in vain and without prior motivation, and the same is true about repetition. Repetition has become one of the clearest tricks for making news texts. Repetition also plays an important role in access to content of a text and the transmission of hidden meanings to the audience. It is a powerful strategic tool that makes the audience pay attention to the intended meaning of speakers or writers. This study analyzed the news texts of Al-Alam and Al-Arabiya channels by focusing on the role of repetition in highlighting meanings and its importance in drawing the audience's attention to specific meanings based on Van Dijk's theory. Al-Alam News Agency repeats words such as success, peaceful use and defense in its published news. Al-Arabiya also repeats such terms as non-peaceful, threat and extreme concern in its news, because putting words together in a news text creates a positive or negative image of Iran in the mind of the public. This research is important as repetition technique has been considered by various media in recent years for news related to Iran. The purpose of this media action is to convey a hidden message to the audience about Iran. So, the audience's awareness of the way of using this technique will increase their media literacy.

This article aims to investigate the descriptive semantics of the two words "Fe’al" and "Amal", by analyzing their syntagmatic relations in a semantic domain that aims to explain their place in the Holy Quran with the axis of companionship. One of the most important ways that are of interest to literary scholars in the science of semantics today is knowing the meaning of words in terms of syntagmatic relations; that is, by placing the words together, they obtain a special meaning. For this reason, the words that are close in meaning in Qur'an follow a specific purpose being mentioned in different and special positions. Words that are common to each other in some cases and also have differences in meaning, need to be proved. This research aims to apply the descriptive-analytical method to two words "Fe’al" and "Amal" using the syntagmatic relations which have the highest frequency in the Quranic context. First, the main meaning of these two words, which is the material meaning, is discussed based on dictionary books. Then, the Quranic usage of these two words is explained. The result is that these two words in the representation of the verses do not have the same meaning, nor can they replace one another. Therefore, the word "Fe’al" in divine conceptualization refers to influencing, creating and doing something that is intense, or fast and transitory, with or without intention and plan. For this reason, in relation to companionship, the word "Fe’al" has the most companionship relationship with the word "Allah". As a result, God uses the word "Fe’al" to describe doing His work, which He does with seriousness and speed, or to show that His desire and will affect doing something, to put the doer in the center of attention. However, the conceptualization of the word "Amal" implies doing something with continuous effort and with knowledge and discretion. For this reason, it has syntagmatic relation with "faith" and "disbelief", which are expressions of the results of good or bad deeds in a continuous manner, and as a result, the divine punishment and reward to judge human acts is shown by the word "Amal".

The translation of various texts, especially sacred ones and the literary images used in them, including irony, requires basic solutions. Larsen is one of the linguists who has provided practical strategies in the methods of translating metaphorical images. By introducing three strategies and distinguishing between semantic underpinnings and grammatical, lexical and phonological superstructures of language, he first emphasizes discovering the main meanings by examining the linguistic construction and then re-expressing it in the form of the target language. His semantic translation is a faithful translation into the source language and a reliable way to translate texts, especially religious texts. The purpose of this study is to identify the translation methods in Larsen's model, the effectiveness of the strategies proposed in this model and their compatibility with the translation of Makarem and Ansarian in translating the allusions of the first half of the Qur'an. This research is organized by the method of reviewing translations based on Larsen's approach who has selected twelve ironic images from among twenty-one images purposefully on the subject of resurrection. The results of the research show; translators have performed differently in the components of semantic translation. In translating the virtual meaning, Makarem is more accurate. In translating important lexical components and conveying tacit and explicit information of the text, Ansarian has a more precise and delicate function. But in translating the general and special relations of words, both translators have a similar approach. Summary: The effectiveness of Larsen's semantic components in translating both is evident in varying proportions.

Regardless of the clear meaning of the words, the words also convey the implicit meaning behind them to the audience. Undoubtedly, vocabulary is one of the places where the ideology of media owners is hidden, this is one of the most important reasons why the media is very sensitive in choosing words to write news texts so that they can indirectly target the ideology. In this research, we tried to determine how those in power use words cleverly and purposefully to induce their own attitude in the media, a topic that was selected for research and analysis. The issue is Iran's attack on US military bases in Iraq after the assassination of “Sardar Soleimani”. Researchers examined the meaningful use of words on four news channels: Al- Arabiya, Al-Jazeera, Al-Maydeen, and Al-Alam, based on a critical discourse analysis from Van Dijks point of view. For this purpose, the news of these networks on this topic was collected and after purposeful selection, forty news texts that had the most relevance to the research topic were analyzed. The results show that the media used different terms to describe this base bombed by Iranian missiles. Including: Ain Al-Assad base in Iraq, American base Ain al-Assad and International coalition bases and US capital. A closer look at the meaning behind these words shows that these four words create four different meanings in the mind of the audience

Information processing in memory includes, encoding, storage and reminder.Factors such as the difficulty of finding the equivalent and forgetfulness are effective challenges for short-term memory in oral translation Persian-Arabic. Purpose of this study is to explain the in memory function in the Arabic-Persian verbal translation process and vice versa. Our method in this study is descriptive-analytical. The mode of operation of this type of memory in two simultaneous oral translations and interruption. The first is the line, and factors such as the placement of the verbs in the Arabic- Persian language and the linguistic interference in the pronunciation of some letters in these two languages can interfere with the performance of this type of translation and the second is by encrypting the information in the memory, and then by transferring it to the active memory. We presented some strategies, to enhance in memory such as using helpers.

Studying the second language from a pragmatic perspective, which is called Interlanguage Pragmatic, is an important issue that must be taken into consideration, especially for second language learners; As mastery of pragmatic issues in the target language will ensure a successful communication when interacting with the native speakers of the language. This research has benefited from the theory of speech acts, including the request, which is one of the most important speech acts.  Current research deals with different forms of request (e.g. direct, indirect request, and the use of supportive strategies for it), according to the politeness theory that searches for elements of polite dialogue, in addition to how to teach speech acts in the classes based on Brock & Nagasaka curriculum, and through the modern technologies. Among the most prominent results of this research paper is the need to teach pragmatic functions in Arabic language and its literature in Iran, because despite the similarities that exist between Arabic and Persian from the linguistic and cultural aspects, there are differences in the use of speech acts between the two languages. Moreover, using Brock & Nagasaka’s curriculum to teach request leads to teaching pragmatic skills in a functional way. Because this method involves learners with process of pedagogy and learning and using modern technologies to solve problems of learning and maximize the motivation to learn Arabic

valuation of the translation of Qur'anic metaphors on the subject of resurrection based on Newmark theory (first half of the Qur'an)Ali Zeighami, Hosain Bayat, SayedReza MirAhmadi, Ebrahim RezaPourAbstractOne of the challenges of translation, especially about Qur'an, is to translate metaphorical phrases. This matter requires special precision and delicacy and is one of the topics that has attracted the attention of theorists such as Peter Newmark. Newmark introduces seven strategies for translating metaphors that can be used to translate metaphorical images into the target language. In the light of Newmark's theory and with a critical analytical method, the present study critiques the methods of translating metaphorical images of doomsday scenes in the Qur'an and while explaining the methods of trans-mitting metaphorical interpretations, has evaluated the performance of four Persian translations "Makarem Shirazi", "Fooladvand", "Ansarian" and "Gar-maroodi" in the first fifteen parts of the Qur'an. this study reviewed the trans-lation of 14 samples out of 21 metaphors related to the Day of Judgment, which was the point of disagreement between the mentioned translators. The results show that all four translators have used the methods proposed in Newmark theory to different proportions. The translation of Makarem Shirazi and Fooladvand is based more on the semantic and literal method and the translation of Ansarian and Garmaroodi is more on the equivalent method and interpretive additions. Although these translators have used less equivalent metaphorical interpretations, Ansarians have used metaphorical equivalents more than others.

Abstract In addition to delivering messages directly, all media try to convey part of their messages indirectly to their audience. They try to use a variety of methods to impress their audiences. One of these ways is linguistic methods. This paper analyzes the Americans' consecutive requests for negotiation with Iran after leaving the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. In this paper, based on Teun Adrianus van Dijk's theory, we are trying to explain how news networks such as Al Arabiya, Aljazeera, and Al Mayadeen convey hidden meanings to the audience by using some specific letters and highlighting and marginalization techniques. We focus on these three networks as they have different views on Iran.

This article examines the emotional system of discourse in selected verses from volume 30 of the Holy Quran. The discourse approach considers language productions as a function of a process in which many semantic-semantic factors are involved. Types of discourse systems from Garms's point of view are: active, prescriptive, inductive or persuasive, emotional and tension and eventual discourse systems. Literary discourse is a fluid flow in which the interaction of two cognitive and emotional species causes the production of meaning that the uncertainty of meaning and its evolution is due to the stressful process of discourse. In this article, we examine the production and perception of meaning in part 30 of the Holy Quran, relying on the emotional system of discourse. Therefore, approaches such as: We have examined emotion, action, and stillness in the text of selected verses. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The analysis of the emotional system of the verse discourse indicates that all the constituent elements of the emotional discourse produce two concepts; A: Teaching the program of religion and worship B: Transmitting the hegemonic discourse of God's legitimacy and oneness

The media can never force their audience to think ‏but they can use some techniques to make you think about what they want to manipulate. By highlighting the messages in line with their goals, they attract the audience's attention to the subject they are interested in. ‏This study deals with the linguistic analysis of the American withdrawal from the  Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in the discourses of the two satellite channels called – Al-Arabiya  and Al – Manar adopting Teun van Dijk theoretical framework. In order to foreground a message in media, there are several techniques among them the linguistic ones are highly common. By analyzing the exit of America from JCPOA, the current research aims at investigating linguistic components of this event as reflected in Al-Arabiya and Al – Manar. Marginalization and foregrounding are among the techniques used by these channels in order to highlight the power of their discourse and to bold the weakness of the rival discourse. The reason to choose these channels was their different ideology vis-à-vis the JCPOA. These channels have tried to use linguistic tools such as repetition, exaggeration and contradiction to influence and persuade the audience. To do this, they carefully selected the letters and words used in the text of the act in a different way.

One of the most striking aspects of the aesthetics of metaphor is the "capability of interpretation" (interpretability). Interpretability is the property by which the reader can participate in completing the meaning and image of the metaphor and, as a result, his cooperation with the author. This feature of metaphor is more evident in texts such as Nahj al-Balagha''s sermons, because the first characteristic of the addressed texts is the relationship between the author and the reader. The author, using tools such as metaphor, encourages the reader to aquire knowledge about relevant aspects. Thus, in the process of translating, maintaining aesthetic aspects of the metaphor is a prerequisite for the acceptance of the translation. Accordingly, the present study, relying on a descriptive-analytical method and based on the Newmark seven strategies, examined the translation of the metaphor in the third sermon of Nahj al-Balaghah. Results show that in order to maintain aesthetics based on the metaphor''s interpretability, the methods which render methaphorical products are more appropriate. Therefore, we suggest   literal translation for a metaphor based on almost common shared impressions and experiences between two languages; Translation into a similar and equal metaphor for culture-based metaphor whose aesthetic scope extend beyond the range of the language-speakers of language of origin; and Translation into similitude for an interpreter who is not able to find or make an equal metaphor. The results of the evaluation of translators'' performance suggest that Mr Garmaroudi is more successful in maintaining the metaphor''s interpretability, due to the most appropriate and correct adoption of the first to the third methods of Newmark.

Although there is still controversy surrounding the nature, definition, and application of the concept of equilibrium, it is one of the fundamental concepts in translation studies. Due to the wide variety of texts in terms of their aims and styles, balance cannot be judged as a general relation between the original text and its translation. In translating a text, or specific sections of it, the translator must determine what kind of balance has to be struck. Since metaphor is an aesthetic structure in its translation, aesthetic balance is of paramount importance. The aesthetic balance means preserving the communicative value of a metaphor in its translation in terms of the degree of interpretation and presence of the audience to discover its ambiguity. The present study, employing a descriptive-analytical method, examined three popular translations of Nahj-ul-Balagha and came up with the following

first, the literary features of metaphors are translated into the target language under the condition that the translator reads, like the reader of the original text, along with intellectual reflection and challenge; second, the ambiguity in metaphor is the factor that prompts the curiosity of the audience to intimately understand the meaning and image of the metaphor, third; literal translation is recommended for metaphors with intercultural implications; proverbial metaphors are suggested to be replaced with some communicative value in the target language; other metaphors, however, might be translated into similes.

Social revivalism and fighting against the stagnation that entangles societies are the main reasons for nation's awakening and their freedom from colonizers and oppressors. The renowned Tunisian poet, Abu al-Qāsim al-Shābbi, has called for uprising and awakening of people throughout his poetry book and has asked people not to be indifferent about what is going on around them. In this book, numerous revivalist images can be seen that emphasize people's will and volition. The recent uprisings in the Islamic world started from Tunisia in the beginning of 2011. The slogan in these revolutions was often “People want the fall of the regime”, which shows the central role of people’s will. Besides, people carried al-Shabbi’s poems in the form of slogans on banners, an act that reflects the direct or indirect effects of this poet on the recent developments of the Arab world.

Algeria is one of the Arab Countries، which is suffering under the authority of colonialism and then was able to get rid of his dominance over the redemption and sacrifice lives، resistance Algerian longer weapon spokesman in the face of colonialism and cry Dawih and the revolution burst to awaken the spirit of jihad and dedication to the people to achieve freedom and independence. This research is studying the features of the anti-colonial resistance in the Algerian poet Al-Shahid Al-Rabia Booshamah to show elements of resistance literature in the poetry of this poet. It shows us that colonialism، oppression and persecution French is the main reason for the emergence of resistance in literature of Al-Rabia Booshamah. Abides that home، and the call to revolution and struggle، and the call to unity، and in honor of martyrdom and martyr، and the hope of freedom، and exposing colonialism، challenge and defend the Palestinian cause is one of the most important features of the resistance in the poetry of this Algerian poet.