علی غنائی چمن آباد

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and mindfulness are two commonly used interventions for targeting cognitive processes related to emotional pathology.

The current research is applied and quasi-experimental. The population was students aged 19 to 26 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Among them, 60 healthy college students were selected through a purposive sampling method according to the stress, anxiety, and depression scale and were randomly assigned to 4 groups. In this study, we examined how tDCS in combination with mindfulness influenced the anxiety reactivity to induced rumination. All populations received either active or sham anodal tDCS to DLPFC or active or sham cathodal tDCS to the IPL, delivered either in active or sham mindfulness meditation. anxiety was assessed 5 times across the study. To collect data, the Spielberger State-Anxiety Inventory was completed by each participant. In the end, the data were analyzed descriptively by mean and standard deviation and inferentially by mixed variance analysis.

The between-group analysis revealed that after a single session of tDCS combined with mindfulness meditation, there were no significant differences in anxiety scores across the five stages. However, the within-subject analysis indicated significant changes in anxiety levels across the five assessment times.

Concurrent single sessions of tDCS and mindfulness in the form of a body scan did not create a significant difference between the groups in any of the anxiety assessment times. However, with the continuation of mindfulness in the form of focusing on breathing, there were significant differences in the level of anxiety response compared to the previous stage

Engaging in behaviors that violate university rules and regulations significantly impacts students' lives. Therefore, investigating the underlying factors contributing to students' criminal behaviors has become a critical area of focus for researchers in the field of criminal psychology in recent years, resulting in numerous theories. The aim of the present study is to examine the role of schema modes in the intergenerational transmission of mothers' early maladaptive schemas to their daughters and the formation of criminal thinking patterns among female university students.

This study employed a descriptive correlational research design. The research population consisted of all female students enrolled at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the academic year 2021-2022, along with their mothers. A sample of 200 female students and their mothers was selected using a convenience sampling method. The research instruments included three questionnaires: The Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, the Schema Modes Questionnaire, and the Criminal Thinking Patterns Questionnaire. All three questionnaires were completed by the students, and the Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire was also completed by their mothers. Data analysis was conducted using AMOS software to test the structural equation model.

The results demonstrated a direct and significant impact of mothers' early maladaptive schemas on their daughters' schema modes (P<0.05, β=0.20), daughters' early maladaptive schemas (P<0.05, β=0.43), and criminal thinking patterns in daughters (P<0.05, β=0.45). Additionally, the mediating role of schema modes between mothers' early maladaptive schemas and daughters' early maladaptive schemas, as well as between mothers' early maladaptive schemas and daughters' criminal thinking patterns, was confirmed.

As the statistical results indicated, mothers and their early maladaptive schemas play a significant role in the formation of criminal thinking patterns that contribute to university misconduct. Therefore, to prevent student violations, educational planners should focus on developing specialized educational programs for mothers.

Background and Puorpose: 

FIFA and continental football confederations annually invest substantial amounts of money to increase the likelihood of coaching success. Our country is no exception. Coaches' personality traits can play a significant role in their success in football teams. This study aims to examine the relationship between personality traits and the success of European and Asian football coaches.

This applied research is descriptive-survey in nature. The statistical population included Asian and European football coaches. The participants consisted of 200 European and 200 Asian coaches, selected through snowball sampling. They completed Form C of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality assessment and a researcher-made success questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression methods in SPSS-21.

Based on the charts and tables, the most frequent personality traits were Extraverted, Sensing, Thinking, Judging (ESTJ), Introverted, Sensing, Thinking, Judging (ISTJ), Extraverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging (ENTJ), and Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging (INTJ). This indicates that the most successful coaches in Europe and Asia possess these four personality types. Most Asian coaches fell into the ESTJ type (44 coaches), followed by ISTJ (15 coaches). The majority of European coaches were concentrated in ESTJ and ISTJ types, with 18 coaches in each type. The results showed a significant difference between the personality types of European and Asian football coaches.

Regardless of being introverted or extroverted, sensing or intuitive, the traits of being thinking and judging can be identified as traits associated with the success of football coaches. Therefore, it is recommended that more attention be paid to these personality traits in the selection and training of football coaches.

Hearing impairment is a communication disorder, the affected person is often confused and resentful by the society and causes damage to the mental health of the person; Therefore, Body psychotherapy is a scientific that includes the use of non-verbal communication through movement and combining it with neuropsychological exercises. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of Body psychotherapy on extroversion and neuroticism of deaf students.

The current research is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research includes all deaf female students between the ages of 13 and 20 who were covered by the Mashhad Welfare Organization. 24 people were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The research tool included the Eysenck Personality Test (EPQ). The experimental group participated in the physical psychotherapy process for 3 months, 3 sessions of 90 minutes per week, and one-way covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.

Descriptive indices in the physical psychotherapy group, the score of the neurotic component after the intervention had a significant decrease compared to before (p<0.05), and this change was not significant in the control group. (p=0.077) for the comparison of neuroticism in the experimental and control groups, the obtained F value is 7.039 significant at the 0.01 level (p<0.05).

The result of the research indicated that the use of physical psychotherapy to improve neuroticism characteristics in deaf female students should be considered and used.

The purpose of this study was to analysis of the electroencephalography signal to assess the effect of internal & external -sport advertising and attitude of athletes and non-athletes among them. In this study “Internal and external sport advertising “was independent variable and “Brain wave activity “and “attitude of athlete and non-athlete” are dependent variable. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in nature is semi-experimental. Statistical community of the present study consist of 32 university students, including athlete and non-athlete men and women, 16 athlete and 16 non-athletes that all right-handed in the age category 20-35 years and no history of illness and surgery in the head. Information for quantitative analysis using Matlab19 software and SPSS 22. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used for study normality of data distribution and was used paired T Test analysis of variance with repeated measures and the approach of Wilks Lambda to test the hypothesis. Results showed differences in the impact of external sport advertisement on the attitude in athletes and non-athletes’ groups.

Objectives:

 Problematic pornography use (PPU) is one of the emerging clinical concerns that can negative affect individual performance. Therefore, it is necessary to use emerging behavioral and technological treatments. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in reducing craving and PPU in young men.

Methods :

This is a clinical trial with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design. The study population consists of all men aged 18-24 years referred to the counseling clinic of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2022 with diagnosed PPU. Of these, 9 were selected purposefully based on the entry criteria. They were placed in three groups of ACT, tDCS, and ACT±tDCS, using the computerized random number generator in SAS software, version 9.4 and the sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes (SNOSE) to preserve random allocation concealment. The data were analyzed based on visual analysis, percentage of non-overlapping data index, and mean percentage reduction (MPR).

Results:

 The ACT led to a decrease in craving (MPR=26.2% with an effect size of 0.63) and PPU (MPR=27.05% with an effect size of 0.62). Also, tDCS led to a decrease in craving (MPR=22.7% with an effect size of 0.56) and PPU (MPR=21.2% with an effect size of 0.53). The combined treatment (ACT±tDCS) led to a decrease in craving (MPR=33.4% with an effect size of 0.72) and PPU (MPR=29.3% with an effect size of 0.67). The effects in all groups were significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

 The combination of ACT and tDCS can lead to a more significant reduction in craving and PPU in young men than ACT and tDCS alone. ACT is more effective than tDCS in reducing craving and PPU.

Technology-based interventions, such as electrical brain stimulation may be effective in the cognitive and personality processes of substance abusers, including nicotine dependents.

We conducted this study to investigate the effectiveness of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) using alpha frequency on inhibitory control and impulsivity in nicotine-dependent individuals.

We used a pre-test/post-test/follow-up quasi-experimental design with control and sham groups. We selected 30 eligible nicotine addicts from Mashhad using the available sampling method and randomly divided the subjects into three groups. We applied the intervention in eight sessions for 20 minutes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the first group, fake interventions for the second group, and no intervention for the third group. The Fagerström questionnaire, Barrett impulsivity questionnaire, and go-no-go task were used to collect data. After eight sessions, people’s inhibitory control and impulsivity were evaluated and analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Also, after two months, we evaluated inhibitory control data with repeated-measures analysis of variance.

The effectiveness of alpha-tACS intervention on short- and long-term inhibitory control was significantly different in the experimental group compared to other groups (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between these three groups in impulsivity (P=0.700).

Alpha-tACS intervention effectively increases inhibitory control in nicotine-dependent individuals but does not explicitly affect their impulsivity.

The current study investigated whether the cognitive neuroscience dimension affects auditors’ judgment in an increasingly competitive emerging audit market. In addition, other influential dimensions, including “identity characteristics,” “biological characteristics and moral values and spirituality,” and “environment” were also considered. The research was a descriptive survey, and the statistical population consisted of independent auditors. The field survey and questionnaire were used for data collection. The results generally showed that the cognitive neuroscience dimension affects auditors’ judgment positively. Among the examined factors, “the auditor’s selectivity about which problems to solve,” “the auditor’s level of attention,” and “the level of concentration” were the most important factors. In addition, other investigated dimensions, including “identity characteristics,” “biological characteristics and moral values and spirituality,” and “environment,” were considered influential factors. The findings imply that different neuroscience factors that require more research in this area affect auditors’ judgment and performance. Studying cognitive neuroscience factors as a novel stance to the audit literature can help auditors improve their professional judgments and opinions, resulting in reduced audit risk and increased audit quality. It can also help develop a new era in interdisciplinary studies via associating decision-making with cognitive theories and implementing neuroscience related technologies.

The term concreteness and emotionality effects refers to the reality that concrete and emotion words are processed faster and more accurately than abstract and neutral words. This effect has been observed in various cognitive tasks and several models have been proposed to account it. The aim of present study is investigating concreteness and emotionality effects on semantic processing in the Persian language using Event-related potentials. A quasi-experimental design, repeated measures is employed to examine concreteness as well as emotionality effects on visual word processing. 24 male students were taken by convenience sampling and set in the experimental condition that included a lexical decision task. The activation of neural networks was recorded while participants responded to concrete, abstract and emotional words. Comparison of related-potentials showed that emotional words elicited an early and more pronounced P300 than both concrete and abstract words. Nonetheless, concrete and abstract words evoked late and larger N400 and P600 In the second and third time windows respectively. The pattern of results suggest that concreteness effect in Persian is not entirely consistent with existing theories provided in this paper, so there may be an increased chance for other explanations to clarify the concreteness and emotionality effect on visual word processing in the Persian language.

Obsessive compulsive disorder has a wide prevalence in human society. Based on this, it is of great importance to know the cognitive, behavioral and neurological backgrounds of these patients and the effective methods of therapeutic interventions to improve their conditions. The aim of the current research was to compare the cognitive, emotional and neurological profile of people with obsessive compulsive symptoms with normal people.

The present study was a correlational descriptive study. The statistical population consisted of all people with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the second half of 1400 in Mashhad, who entered the research through an invitation. After conducting the screening interview and checking the criteria for entering the research, 80 people were selected as the research sample. The research tools included the Stroop color word test, Wisconsin cards, anxiety sensitivity, ambiguous scenarios, Googlen behavioral disorders questionnaire, Yale Brown obsessive compulsive disorder questionnaire and uncertainty intolerance scale. In order to analyze the data, partial least squares (PLS) approach was used due to the exploratory nature of the model, the small sample size, and the non-normal distribution of the variables. Analyzes were performed with SPSS.25 and SmartPLS.3.3.2 software. The findings showed that the trajectory of predicting obsessive-compulsive symptoms by five indicators was significant in all dimensions. Based on this, it was found that from the cognitive indicators, congruent reactions (P < 0.01), incongruent reactions (P < 0.01) and ambiguous scenarios (P < 0.01), among the neurological indicators (01 P < 0.01) and completion of classes (P < 0.01), among the emotional indices of anxiety sensitivity (P < 0.01) and intolerance of uncertainty (P < 0.01) and among the behavioral indices of behavioral tendencies Consistency (P<0.01) and impulsive behavior tendencies (P<0.01) were significant predictors for OCD symptoms. These results indicate that in explaining the psychological profile of obsessive-compulsive sufferers, the need to pay attention to cognitive, behavioral, emotional and neurological indicators has an important place. Also, based on these findings, it was found that emotional indicators have the highest level of predictability and behavioral indicators have the lowest level of predictability among the investigated indicators.

The importance of Professional Skepticism is such that is being called as the heart of auditing and the auditors must perform the auditing process using a Professional Skepticism attitude. As the auditors’ personality can affect their Professional Skepticism, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of personality types on auditor’s professional skepticism. Research data was collected using Neo Big 5 personality trait and Hurtt questionnaires during 2020. The statistical population is the auditor working in the Auditing Organization and accounting firms listed in the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants. The sample includes 96 auditors who have been selected by using the simple random sampling method. The results show that the personality type affects the auditor professional skepticism and the auditors with a higher (lower) level of extraversion, a higher (lower)  level of stability, a lower (higher) level of agreeableness, and a higher (lower) level of conscientiousness, have a higher (lower) level of professional skepticism. In other words, auditors’ independence is affected by their personality type. The results can help the audit firms to recruit new employees and also to evaluate and maintain the current employees.

The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulty in the relationship between executive dysfunction and internet addiction. The research plan of this study was in a descriptive-correlation way, and of structural equations type. The statistical population of this study included Iranian adults, from whom, 400 individuals were selected by the available sampling method. Data were collected using the Young Internet Addiction Test a.k.a. (IAT), the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale, or (BDEFS), and the Gratz and Roemer Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, (DERS). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation method and route analysis using SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that the assumed model possessed an eligible fitting. In this model, executive dysfunction had a direct and significant relation with emotion regulation difficulty (P<0.01), executive dysfunction and emotion regulation difficulty had a direct and significant effect on internet addiction (P<0.01), and emotion regulation difficulty, also has a significant mediator role between executive dysfunction and internet addiction (p=0/001, β =0/217). Therefore, based on the results of the current study, it can be said that executive dysfunction predicts Internet addiction through emotion regulation difficulty.

Many of the Muslim philosophers view human free-will as among the most significant means of knowing God; that is because they believe that man is similar to God in his essence, attributes, and actions and thus knowing human free-will and its limits would clarify his role in the world of being as well as his relation to God. Mulla Sadra has stated this discourse in a coherent and innovative way based on the principle of the ontology of genuineness, gradation, and oneness of being and ultimately has ingeniously explained the theory of intermediate position (amr-i bain al-amrain) through the theory of individual oneness. Similarly, in respect to explaining human free-will, Gazzaniga, as a leading researcher in cognitive neuroscience and the study of the neural basis of mind, believes that human free-will is made up by the brain's "interpreter" and freedom of choice is attained for man through interaction in society and environment, but at the same time humans are responsible beings. In this paper, first, each of these thinkers' principles of thoughts is elucidated and then, after explaining the similarities and differences of their viewpoints, both viewpoints are analyzed and evaluated.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of rational emotive behavior group therapy on the executive functions and the irrational beliefs in mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In a quasi-experimental study, 30 mothers of children with ADHD referred to counseling centers in the city Bojnurd were selected by available sampling method and then randomly designed into three experimental, placebo and control groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of rational emotive behavior group therapy, while placebo and control groups were not in any treatment. The participants completed Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT, 1969) and Tower of London Test (TOL, 1982). Data were analyzed by SPSS22 software, using analysis of covariance. The results showed that REBG leading to improving the executive functions and decreases irrational beliefs in experimental group than placebo and control groups (P<0.05). The result showed that REBG might be an efficient way to improving executive the functions and decreases the irrational beliefs in mothers of children with ADHD. Also, therapists can use this therapeutic approach for decreases irrational beliefs and improving executive functions.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy based on exposure and response prevention on the patients with contamination obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and scrupulosity.

The method was semi-experimental pretest-posttest design by control group. Sixty OCD participants who were suffering from scrupulosity and contamination OCD were diagnosed by means of diagnostic interviewing, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Penn inventory of scrupulosity. They were selected through convenience sampling method and were assigned in two experimental groups and one control group (each group 20). The cognitive behavioral therapy based on exposure and response prevention was performed on the subjects in nine individual sessions for 45 minutes for each experimental group. The data were analyzed using SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL; Version 16 by the multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc tests showed that cognitive behavioral therapy based on exposure and response prevention were effective in decreasing OCD in the experimental groups compared to the control group (0.001≥ P). Bonferroni post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between the scrupulosity group and the contamination group and control group on the obsession variable (0.05 < P). There was no significant difference between the contamination group and the scrupulosity group on the compulsion variable (0.15 < p).

The findings suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy based on exposure and response prevention could help alleviate symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in both religious and contamination OCD.

Throughout history, human beings have always explored their existential angles in various dimensions and ways. The interaction of the soul and the body is one of the issues that has been introduced from philosophy to the empirical sciences with the development of various sciences such as Cognitive Science. Mulla Sadra has answered this question in an innovative way by proposing the corporeal origination of soul on the basis of the principles of the gradation in existence and the substantial motion. Gazzaniga, as a neuroscientist, is also trying to answer the question of how the interacts of brain / mind by studying the brain and its structure in the form of a Emergentism perspective. In this article, first the Emergentism perspective is expressed, then it is attempted to provide a reading from the perspective of Mulla Sadra in the framework of theory of Emergentism and to compare it with the emergentism perspective of Gazzaniga, and finally, after comparison and analysis, their views are evaluated.

Psychotherapy sessions and the control group received routine treatment. Patients were assessed via demographic questionnaires, Beck Depression Inventory, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and computerized tests of executive performance measures including the Wisconsin Card Test, Tower of London, ion: Due to the high prevalence of post-stroke depression, appropriate rehabilitation is needed to improve and rehabilitate them. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of body Psychotherapy on improving executive functions of depressed patients with post-stroke depression.

This clinical study performed in Mehrana Nursing Home in Bojnourd city in 2019. Twenty women with post-stroke depression were selected by purposeful sampling and were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n = 10) and control (n = 10). The intervention group participated in body psychotherapy sessions and the control group received routine treatment. Patients were assessed via demographic questionnaires, Beck Depression Inventory, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and computerized tests of executive performance measures including the Wisconsin Card Test, Tower of London, Visual-Cubic Visual Memory, and Wechsler cultivars. Data were analyzed by t-test and covariance analysis by SPSS software.

The intervention group showed significant improvements in the London Tower tests (p = 0.000), cursive cubes (p = 0.03), Wisconsin card and Wechsler memory space (p = 0.03) than the control group.

Based on the findings of this study, body psychotherapy can help improve executive functions in people with post-stroke depression.

Alpha frequency band in the range of 8-12 Hz is associated with cognitive functions, such as creativity. The aim of this study was to examine the activity of the alpha frequency band in two divergent and convergent thinking positions. In accordance to the available sampling and voluntary participation, thirty-eight postgraduate students of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (19 males and 19 female) were chosen. Two subjects were excluded from the analysis due to artifacts in their brain waves. This study was a quasi-experimental research with repeated measures. The EEG was recorded during the performance of four tasks (alternative uses test, counting the snakes, counting numbers test, and Missionaries and Cannibals task) in two divergent and convergent thinking. The findings revealed that there is no significant difference between the activity of alpha waves in the left and right hemispheres in divergent thinking as well as in convergent thinking. In addition, the results of the analysis of variance of repeated measures indicated that in divergent thinking activity of alpha waves in the temporal, central and frontal areas were synchronized, while in the convergent thinking position de-synchronization of alpha waves was observed.  Alpha band power changes in two divergent and convergent thinking positions represented of different functional mechanisms of alpha waves in these two thinking positions in different regions of the brain.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of executive-function training and neuro-feedback on improving normal students’ academic performance. Through a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with a control group, thirty six male students from the fourth grade of primary school were randomly selected and put into three groups of twelve including 1) executive-function training and neuro-feedback group, 2) executive-function training group, and 3) control group. The two groups of executive function training plus neuro-feedback and mere executive-function training participated in 16 sessions of class trainings of executive functions and the group of executive function training plus neuro-feedback attended in 8 sessions of neuro-feedback training in addition to the previous sessions; the control group remained in the waiting list. The results indicated a significant improvement in academic performance of the students attending the training sessions of executive function relative to those of the control group manifested as with an effect size 0f 0.89 an improvement in total score of educational performance and comparison of the groups indicated the higher significance of academic performance in “executive-function training plus neuro-feedback” group relative to the group utilizing the class training alone. The results of this study suggest that through training the executive functions, it is possible to improve students’ academic performance and these trainings would be more influential and effective in association with neuro-feedback.

Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by epileptic seizures that are identified by suddenly attacks, usually without eliciting external event, along with disorder of consciousness and involuntary movements. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on improving the inhibition of childhood drug-resistant temporal lobe Epilepsy.
The present research use a single subject design. The research population included all clients referred to the clinic of Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad, in 2015 to 2018 and were diagnosed by an expert neurologist with experience on drug-resistant temporal lobe Epilepsy. The age range of subjects were between 6 and 18 years old and 5 patients were selected. The research tools were Porteus Maze Test and the Go-No Go Test. The final results were analyzed using a visual analysis chart and a recovery percentage formula.
Results were shown that in the Go-No Go Test, for the majority of subjects the commission error decreased. The percentage of recovery for 3 subjects were over 50 percent which is a sign of clinical recovery. The other two subjects revealed a lower recovery in commission error.
This study suggest that tDCS intervention play a significant role on improving the inhibition of epileptic children. Hence the use of such a new therapies as tDCS that requires no medication will have beneficial effects on patients’ lives and their mental functioning.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Metacognitive therapy and Neurofeedback training on Anxiety Symptoms, Emotion Regulation and Brain waves activity in Female Students with Social Anxiety Disorder.
5 students with diagnosis of SAD were selected from Ferdowsi and Farhangian universities of Mashhad by volunteer sampling method and using SCID-I and SPIN, peered and randomly assigned to the MCT and neurofeedback groups. 8session per week for MCT and 16sessions 3times per week for neurofeedback was performed. Participants completed the Emotion Regulation questionnaire in the baseline, the end of the treatment and follow-up. Conner's Inventory was answered 2times within the treatment and brain waves activity was recorded in the neurofeedback group before and after the treatment. The revised graphs and Percent recovery was used for data analysis.
Findings: the effectiveness of both treatments was positive and significant in SAD's symptoms and participant's recovery was continued during follow up, but the effectiveness of both treatments for the Emotion Regulation was not significant and only one of the MCT subjects had a significant effect. Also the subjects of the neurofeedback group experienced a normal alpha waves and F3 and F4 areas after treating.
In sum, the results indicate the positive effect of metacognitive therapy and neurofeedback on SAD and brain waves of subjects, but in Emotion Regulation, the effect of these treatments was not significant.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Group (REBG) therapy on the executive functions and mental health in mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

In a quasi-experimental study, 30 mothers of children with ADHD referred to counseling centers in the city Bojnurd, during four months, were selected by available sampling method and then randomly designed into three experimental, placebo and control groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of rational emotive behavior group therapy, while placebo and control groups were not in any treatment. However, the placebo group participated in 8 sessions of Word-Windows software training. The participants completed General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Tower of London Test (TOL). Data were analyzed by SPSS22 software, using analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The findings showed that REBG leading to improving the executive functions and increase mental health in experimental group than placebo and control groups.

The results showed that REBG might be an efficient way to improving executive functions and increase mental health in mothers of children with ADHD. Also, therapists can use this therapeutic approach for improving executive functions and increase mental health.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) can improve or impair the function of the brain. This has turned tDCS into a tool that can be used for evaluation of hemispheric specialization in motor programming and final position accuracy, as components of motor control and learning.
Two different studies were designed. 53 male students (21.34±1.61 years) and 43 male students (20.442±1.578 years) were participated in the first and second studies, respectively. Participants were randomly assigned into four groups. C3 /C4 and F3/F4 areas were stimulated with the 2mA current in the first and second studies, respectively. The Repeated Measure test was used to analyze data.
In the first experiment, left M1 group (left anode/right cathode stimulation) significantly improved motor programming compared to the other groups. In the second experiment, the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex group (right cathode/left anode) significantly decreased final position accuracy compared to the other groups.
Our data suggested that the left hemisphere is specialized for motor programming whereas the right hemisphere is specialized for final position accuracy. These results are interpretable with hybrid motor control hypothesis.

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is the most common anxiety disorder that damages one's functionsand social relationships. Each one of the therapeutic approaches has focused on treating one aspect of the damaged substructures in this disorder and none was completely successful. So lately new treatments such as Metacognitive therapy (MCT) and Neurofeedback training are considered. The aim of this research was to compare MCT with Neurofeedback in reducing the symptoms of SAD. This research was a single subject study with volunteer sampling method. 7 students from Ferdowsi and Farhangian universities of Mashhad were peered and replaced randomly in three groups (control, MCT and Neurofeedback). Conner's Social Phobia Inventory and DSM-IV-TR structured interview were used. 8 session per week for MCT and 16 sessions 3 times per week for neurofeedback was performed. Conner's Inventory was answered 2 times within and at the end of the treatment and also in 45 days follow-up. Percent recovery was used for data analysis. MCT and neurofeedback had 88 and 49 percent recovery in milder SAD subjects at the end of the sessions and Percent recovery in the three more severe subjects in both treatments was in the range of 17 to 39 percent and recovery for all the subjects has continued in the follow up. MCT and Neurofeedback were both effective in reducing SAD comparing to control group but MCT was more effective in milder SAD and Neurofeedback was more effective in severe SAD than MCT.