علی فتاحی بافقی

Specialized training is the most crucial turning point of education in obtaining the professions related to medical sciences. Peer learning has advantages, including saving time and eliminating the limitations of traditional education. The purpose of current educational program during the COVID19 pandemic was to reduce students’ stress and more accepted in the parasitology PhD exam.

Faculty members and MsC Students in the Department of Medical Parasitology, Yazd medical university, performed the present developmental study based on the reference books and curriculum. First, a training virtual platform was designe using a topic, picture, video of a parasite or parasitic diseases between the learners under the supervision of all the scientific members. Learners designed questions and their answers for each title in the virtual platform. In the end, to help the students to participate in the PhD exam, two virtual pre-exams were also designed. Finally, the satisfaction level of faculty members and students, as wll as their stress level's was evaluate using Excel software.

Of 25 student participants, six succeeded in the first stage and finally, three of them were accepted in the second stage of the parasitology Ph.D. exam in the 2021-2022 academic years. Implementation of this peer learning method was also effective in reducing the stress level of students in the Ph.D. exam.

Considering the success of the peer learning program using virtual learning in current study and more passing in the Ph.D. exam, it suggests that this plan will be implemented in other educational groups with postgraduate education.

 Malaria is considered one of the most serious life-threatening diseases in Yazd, a central province of Iran, which hosts both domestic and foreign immigrants. This study aimed to investigate the trend of Malaria in Yazd during 2011-2020.

 In this descriptive retrospective study, all episodes of the disease (imported malaria) recorded at Yazd health center in Iran were carefully evaluated and reported. After preparing the peripheral blood smear and fixation with methanol, it was stained with Giemsa and examined with a light microscope by a skilled technician.

Totally, 95 confirmed malaria patients were investigated from 2011 to 2020. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species with 81 cases (85.26%). The highest rate of infection was observed in 49 cases (51.6.3%), in the age group of 50 years with 27 cases (42.86%), and in the working class with 69 cases (72.63%). Despite a decrease in Malaria cases through the implementation of the eradication program compared to the last two decades, its imported type is still showing up in the country, especially in the cosmopolitan city of Yazd, where domestic and foreign workers and tourists usually travel; thus it requires to be further monitored and controlled.

 Toxoplasmosis is a common parasitic infection that can endanger mother's and neonates' health during pregnancy. The disease is also prevalent in Iran. This study intended to evaluate the seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in neonates and postpartum mothers referred to health centers of Yazd in Iran in 2020.

 Totally, 184 postpartum mothers and 184 neonatal umbilical cords in health centers of Yazd were evaluated for Toxoplasma infection through a specific IgM and IgG antibodies kit. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS18.

Out of 184 samples of postpartum mothers, 8 cases (4.35%) were seropositive, and 176 (95.65%) were seronegative for IgG antibody; moreover, 7 cases (3.80%) were seropositive, and 177 (96.20%) seronegative for IgM antibody. Also, 184 neonatal umbilical cords were IgM negative, and no toxoplasmosis infection was reported. No significant correlation was found between seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection and caring for pets, consumption of raw meat, level of education, blood type, job, living area and type of delivery (P>0.05). However, a significant correlation was identified between the number of deliveries and the prevalence of toxoplasmosis (P=0.014). This study also illustrated a low prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in postpartum mothers and no congenital transmission of the disease in diverse health centers of the province. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between risk factors and the prevalence of Toxoplasma.

Annually, a large part of the world population is infected with trichomoniasis. On the other hand, the common medicines used to treat this disease can have many side effects. The aim of the present study was to construct a liposomal system containing essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi and investigate its physicochemical properties to combat trichomoniasis infection.

Liposomal vesicles were prepared using phosphatidylcholine (70%) and cholesterol (30%) by thin film method. In addition, the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi was loaded into liposomes and the encapsulation efficiency of essential oil was calculated. Then, the size, surface charge and particle morphology of this system were investigated using Zeta Sizer and Atomic Force Microscopy and pattern of essential oil release was evaluated at 35 oC and pH = 6 for 24 h.

Liposomal vesicles containing essential oil had a size of 110.1 nm, 40.12±2.71% essential oil loading, and zeta potential of -9 mV. The liposomal system is controlled release and releases all essential oils within 24 hours. Atomic force microscopy also confirmed the formation of liposomes and appropriate particle morphology.

In the present study, the liposomal system containing the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi had a relatively high loading percentage and surface charge verification confirmed that the nano-carrier is anionic. Thus, given the slow and complete release of the essential oil within 24 hours, this liposomal nano-carrier can be a suitable carrier for delivering the essential oil to Trichomoniasis parasite.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common causes of human parasitic infections and other warm-blooded vertebrates that has worldwide spread. The purpose of this study was to determine the mean level of Toxoplasmosis-related IgG, IgM in young couples at the time of marriage referring to Yazd Counseling Center 1396.

In this study, 200 girls and boys were randomly selected to get married at Yazd Health Center. Samples were taken from both statistical populations to determine the presence of Toxoplasmosis infection and were evaluated with specific IgM and IgG antibody kits. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software.

Of the 200 girls and boys studied, 25 (25%) were positive for IgG and 75 (75%) negative. In IgM, 6 (6%) were positive and 94 (94%) were negative. IgM was positive in 4 (4%) and 96 (96%) negative in girls. In IgG, 12 (12%) positive and 88 (88%) negative in girls. There was no significant relationship between hair loss (0.614), job (0.470) level of education (p = 0.488), blood group (p = 0.618) and p = 0.663.

Although there was no significant correlation between the main variables, namely keeping the cat, education in the lower educated groups had a domestic cat.

Professional belongingness is one of the most important aspects of studentschr('39') clinical work experience. An understanding of the relation between students’ belongingness on clinical setting and their professional behavior can significantly aid in promoting their professional behavior. This study determined the correlation between nursing students’ dependence on the clinical setting and their professional behavior.

This research is a descriptive analytical study in which 110 third and fourth year nursing students  at Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, were included in the study as a sample. Sampling was done by census method. Data were collected using questionnaires of demographic with 9 items, Levett-Jones clinical belongingness with 34 items and Goze professional behavior with 27 items. These questionnaires have been used in several studies and their validity has been assessed using content validity and reliability using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. After completion, the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson, t-test) by SPSS software version 16.

The total score of professional behavior and clinical belongingness on clinical setting were 111.06 ± 16.38 and 118.69 ± 16.38, respectively. The subscales of efficiency (71.98 ±13.19), self-esteem (61/99 ± 11.56), and connectivity (42.62 ± 17.00) had the highest weight in the scores of clinical belongingness, respectively. Besides, there was a direct significant correlation between “belongingness on clinical setting and its dimensions” and “professional behavior”, based on Pearson correlation test (r = 548 and P = 0.000).

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between belonging and professional behavior. This means that with increasing belonging, professional behavior improves. Thus, educational decision-makers and instructors/educators can enhance nursing students’ professional behavior through using appropriate educational strategies and creating a supportive environment to increase feelings of belongingness clinical setting.

Leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp. In some loci from Iran, some isolates have ITS1 like the one in Crithidia spp. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed molecular characters of the mentioned isolates. DNA was extracted from all clinical isolates harboring ITS1 like the one in Crithidia spp. Amplification was performed using the specific primer pair of 13A/13B and followed by sequencing. The sequences were assessed using BLASTn, multiple alignment, T-coffee, and Vector NTI. Phylogenic tree was used for grouping and analyzing the isolates. Findings: Sequencing analyzing showed low heterogeneity among the mentioned isolates, but high heterogeneity between the mentioned isolates and the ones in genbank, therefore the mentioned isolates were grouped separately. Moreover, although ITS1 from the mentioned isolates were homolog to the ones in Crithodia spp., but 13A/13B loci on mitochondria showed homology with Leishmania. As Crithidia is a monoxenous, and its natural host is flies, finding its genes in the agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis may show these parasites may meet each other in sandfly. Till now, no sexual reproduction has been reported in Leishmania spp., therefore it is likely recombinant.

Assessment is an integral part of the management of medical universities. This manuscript is a report of performance assessment of faculties of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.
Performance assessment process was started from 2013. A team of experts was formed in order to evaluate performance of various schools across the university. After determining indices of performance assessment by the team of experts, and obtatining approval from the Board of Directors of university; Field phase of assessment was conducted from 2013-2014.
The highest final score in the evaluation of the implementation process was gained by the School of Public Health (67.5 and 72), in 2013 and 2014 respectively, and the lowest by School of Pharmacy 28.60 and 29.25). School of Paramedical Science had the best progress (21.55) over the two years and School of Pharmacy had the lowest progress (0.65) over the same period. Generally, the final score of all schools improved.
Faculties officials were informed about the results and were encouraged to improve their position in the future ranking.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is considered as an important health problem in Iran. This disease begins as small papules and then they gradually grow and turn into wounds. Since the epidemiological study of this problem is effective in preventing and controlling it, the current research was conducted on epidemiological pattern of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the province of Fars, Iran (2010-2014)
This cross-sectional study was conducted on the registered information (20601 patients) and documents of the patients having problem in Fars province remedial and health care centers over the last 5 years. First, the registered demographic and epidemiological data of patients were extracted and then analyzed through by using SPSS software.
A total of 20601 patients including 10607 males (51%) and 9994 females (49%) participated this study. Patients were in the age range of 20-29 years old and minority of them was 5-9 years old. Most lesions were on the hand and leg of the patients. It was also found that there was a significant relationship between age groups and types of Leishmaniasis (P According to this is investigation, there was an ascending trend in disease frequency which was based on the descending process. This indicates promotion of educational- hygiene status as well as observance of personal hygiene principals.

As Lieshmaniasis is considered as a huge hygienic problem and since epidemiological studies are effective in controlling this disease and taking prevention steps, the present study deals with cutaneous lieshmaniasis in Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchestan from 2008 to 2010.
The current research has been conducted as descriptive-analytical, based on victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis during previous years in health centers of Chabahar, by extracting the demographic and epidemiologic information, recorded in Chabahar health centers, and analyzing them via SPSS 18.
From total victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis under the study, the total incidence rate in male 1.14 and 0.9 per 1000 in female. The highest total incidence rate of the disease were in the age range of birth to 4 years (with incidence rate 1.96 per 1000) and the lowest one in the age range of 5 to 9 years (with incidence rate 0.7 per 1000). Most damages (wounds) were in the hands and feet and the majority of the patients had two wounds (with incidence rate 0.66 per 1000). The studied patients were Iranian and Afghani with the majority belonging to the former. A sum of 241 patients (37%) lived in cities with the remaining 412 (63%) residing in the villages. Moreover the Highest incidence rate of the disease were reported in winter, 2008, with least ones in autumn, 2010.
Based on the study results, disease incidence rete in Chabahar during 2008 and 2010 had a descending trend, which can indicate an improvement in educational-hygienic status as well as following hygiene practices by the people.

Leishmaniasis is among top ten infectious diseases in the world, including the three diseases is important that the development of vaccines, medicines and insecticides is difficult to control it. The aim of in this study was Effect of direct electricity current on viability of Leishmania (L) tropica promastigotes: an In vitro study. Leishmania (L) tropica [MHOM / IR / NADIM3] to an appropriate level in NNN medium and RPMI1640 culture and promastigotes was prepared both stationary and logarithmic phases. The effects of the direct current from the electrodes 2 or 4 cm Leishmania parasite when staining the size of 1 × 1/5 cm in a arose gel and the parasites create both stationary and logarithmic phases were separate. Electrodes are 2 or 4 cm, and when the voltage in the order of 2/5, 3/5 and 4/5 was applied to the electrodes at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 70 minutes. Mean number of live promastigotes stationary and logarithmic stages when the distance between the electrodes was 2 cm to voltage 2/5, 3/5 and 4/5 compared with promastigotes in the control group showed significant differences (P=0.003). Also mean number of live promastigotes static stage when the distance between the electrodes was 4 cm to voltage 2/5 and 3/5 V was not significant (P=0.148). And 3/5 and 4/5 volts for voltage are not significant (P>0.05), the mean number of live promastigotes logarithmic stage when the distance between the electrodes was 4 cm, the voltage difference between the number of parasites for 2/5 and 3/5 V Not significant (P=0.725). The electrodes are more sensitive and dynamic stage promastigotes lower and higher voltage electric current effect on growth control well.

Leishmaniasis is wide range, worldwide, without drug, vaccine, secticide and has not sterile immunity and Efforts in this field has not been successful. Research on efficacy of medicinal plants, is including the research infrastructure. Herbaceous plants tomentose perennial local name Khouchoobe in Kerman And official Zangoolaei Looleh baric and scientific name Onosma stinosiphon "Traditionally in the past as a poultice to treat skin, superficial cuts, wounds and acne has been used. Its disinfectant properties at the site of the wound have been proved. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is throughout the country as epidemics and endemic. Purpose of this is Effectiveness Comparison between Onosma. This study was to Effect of Onosma stinosiphon Extract on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Infected BALB/c mice. sufficient root of Onosma stinosiphon were minced and they were dissolved in Ethanol 80. Then they were placed into the stirrer with magnets in room temperature for 24 hours. Next, they were softened. This compound was, first, sterilized and prepared as tropica with concentration of 40, 60 and 80%. It was refrigerated until used. In the lab, 50 BABL/c mice were infected with the parasite Leishmania (L) tropica, They were divided into four control groups and a group that received 40, 60, and 80% concentration of the extract- Onosma stinosiphon and Honey As soon as the Leishmania lesion appeared, Extract- Onosma stinosiphon was applied every two days. As well, the foot and the size of the lesion were measured; the weight was also taken in all mice in the four groups by using ale and coliss every week until the death of the last mouse in the control group. Average weight of mice receiving extracts each other and an average weight of mice of receiving honey with an average weight of control mice showed no significant difference (P> 0.05). Average diameter ulcer mice receiving extracts each other and an Average diameter ulcer mice receiving honey with an average diameter size of mice control mice showed significant difference (P = 0.000). Determine the average size of the spleen (mm) and compare survival time (days) in any study group which was not significant (P> 0.05). topical use of Onosma stinosiphon extract in the treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis wounds causes to be the growth slower diameter size and use of topical honey prevention of cause necrosis and creation of secondary bacterial infections are, but it Do not none whole parasite removal from the body.

The transmission chance of blood transmitted infections in heart patients underlying surgery and interventional measures due to repeated examinations and transfusions is to be taken into consideration. The important causes of chronic and deadly diseases in patients and healthcare workers are Hepatitis C, HIV and Hepatitis B infections that have recently attracted the attention of all the medical fields. This study assesses frequency of HCV, HBV and HIV infections in heart surgeries and cardiac interventions.

In this cross - sectional study, all the patients for cardiac surgery or invasive cardiac measures in Yazd Afshar Hospital were enrolled (admitted from 2008 to 2012). Data were collected from medical records using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test.

Of 2414 patients admitted during these years, 27 patients (1.1%) suffered from HBV infection and 29 patients (1.2%) from HCV infection; no HIV positive case was identified. HBV prevalence was highest in the age group of 16 to 30 years. In the case of HCV, a significant relationship was found between different groups in terms of age, gender and geographic location. In the age group of 31 to 45, the highest prevalence of HCV was observed in men (2%) and women (0.1%) respectively. Infected individuals from Yazd (1.7%) were significantly higher than non- Yazdi (0.3%) individuals.

The prevalence of viral hepatitis in cardiac patients is similar to that of the general population. Therefore, there seems to be a need for tests such as HIVAb, HCVAb, and HBsAg before surgery. These tests are recommended for patients with a higher risk of infection.

Toxoplasmosis is Zoonoses among humans and animals with cosmopolitan distribution. Acquired form of the disease often has no symptoms or discomfort of swollen lymph nodes and associated Chorioretinitis. The congenital form of the disease from mother to fetus via the placenta is delivered. Congenital infection may cause abortion or damage the central nervous system and eye disorders. The aim of this study was to determine toxoplasmosis Seroepidemiologyin serum of suspected patients referring to medical lab, 2013. This study is cross- sectional. Of the total 712 cases during 2013 in the physical examination was diagnosed with suspected toxoplasmosis infection, were referred for evaluation of serological diagnostic laboratories. Produced in the laboratory from patient's serum samples by ELISA method using kits of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies Chorus Toxoplasma IgG, IgM were tested. Data on age, sex and time of the visit and laboratory test results were recorded in the Czech list, and then were analyzed using SPSS software. A total of 712 sera tested 649 patients (91.2%) were female and 63 ((8.8% were male. 171 (24.3%) of the antibody IgG and 25 ((3.5% in terms of IgM in serum were positive. In sex 159 women (93%)) and 12 males (7%) IgG were positive. In females, 24 (96%)) and 1 male (4%) IgM were positive. Most positive tests than 9.5% in those aged over 50 years were observed. The lowest percentage of positive samples in the age group less than 20 years (20%) and highest in patients older than 60 years (8/47 percent) was observed. As a general conclusion, it can be stated that the frequency of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in toxoplasmosis, in the suspected-to-have toxoplasmosis and control groups was not statistically significant. Also, we can conclude that abortion is involved in the development of chronic toxoplasmosis.

The prevalence of parasitic infections in many countries, especially in developing countries as a health problem arises and intestinal parasitic diseases have adversely effects on quality of life. Mentally disabled individuals that are kept in boarding institutions for various reasons, including close contact with each other, the impossibility of self-care at acceptable levels and the lack of personal hygiene standards are at risk for these infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among mentally retarded residents of Alzahra center in Taft city This descriptive – cross sectional study was carried out on 129 institutions of mentally retarded patients of Taft city in the summer of 2014. Stool samples were collected from each person; direct smear, formalin-ether concentration method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained smear were examined microscopically for intestinal parasites. Data using SPSS software and chisquare test were statistical analyzed. Of 129 disabled patients in this study, 48.1% were male and the rest were female. In this study, a total of 55 cases (42.6%) were infected with at least one of intestinal parasites. Prevalence of intestinal parasites were as follows: Chilomastix mesnil 8 cases (6.2%), Giardia lamblia cysts 17 cases (13.2%), Entamoeba coli cysts 22 cases (17%), Blastocystis hominis 4 cases (3.1%), Iodamoebaa butschlii 3 cases (2.3%) and Endolimax nana 1 case (0.8%). Chi-square test showed that there was no significant relationship between sex and parasitic infection (p>0.05). The results showed that the prevalence of intestinal protozoan particular some pathogen species were higher than expected. Further efforts to improve the health level, early detection and treatment of those infected can limit transmition of infection in the population of mentally retarded.

However human oral cavity consist a mass of microorganisms, some alteration such as application the complete removable denture with poor oral hygiene in edentulous patients may cause overgrowth of several opportunistic microorganisms resulted denture stomatitis. The aim of present study was to compare the dominant oral micro-flora between edentulous denture users with dentate elderly. In current analytical, cross-sectional study, 30 edentulous patients with complete removable denture and 30 dentate subjects, who admitted for non-prosthetic treatments, were randomly selected in Yazd dentistry department. Their oral cavity samples were obtained using sterile cotton-tip swabs, for direct smear analyzing and cultivation on the selective fungal as well as bacterial media. Isolated predominant bacteria and fungi were enumerated and identified by microbiological differential diagnosis tests. Data were analyzed with SPSS software with T test and differences were considered statistically significant when p<0.05. The non-aureus staphylococcus and alpha-hemolytic streptococci showed the highest positive culture among the isolated microorganisms in both groups, whereas beta hemolytic streptococci showed the least percent of isolated microorganism in both groups. The higher density of non-aureus Staphylococci, α-hemolitic Streptococci, Gram negative cocobasillus, non-pathogenic Neisseria, Candida and Corynebacterium were recovered from oral samples of denture users in compare with dentate subjects (P= 0.0001). There was also seen a statistical significant correlation between the number of isolated microorganisms and the duration of denture utilization in denture users (P=0.013). Results of the present study showed that complete denture can be act as a predisposal factor in overgrowing of several oral micro-flora particularly Candida, non-aureus Staphylococci, α-hemolytic streptococci, gram negative cocobacillus, non-pathogenic Neisseria, and Corynebacterium, which emphasized the users denture hygine.

The vaginal flora is a dynamic ecosystem that can be easily altered. Although, there are four causes of vaginal discharges which cover almost 95% of vaginaitis. Candidal Vaginaitis is an infection of the vagina’s mucous membranes by Candida albicans (CA). Present study attempted to Candidal Vaginitis in women referred to health centers in Yazd and the role of innate & cell-mediated immunity against Candidal Vaginitis. A cross-sectional study conducted from September 2011 to September 2012 in Yazd city. A total of 360 women were recruited. The collection of material for diagnosis is ideally performed during a comprehensive pelvic examination using a speculum for diagnosis of CA with identify vaginal pH; smear preparing and staining and culturing. Finally all of 360 women that observed and tested, 120 (33.33%) of them have involved and 240 (66.67%) have not involved. from 120 infected women, 55paitents had Bacterial vaginosis (15.6%) 40 patients had Ca (10.8%) and 25 patients had Trichomonas vaginalis (5.9%). Despite the role for cell-mediated immunity in host protection against the majority of mucosal CA infections, studied has been in women with recurrent vaginitis, in HIV-infected women. Thus, current investigations have been focused specifically on innate and acquired immune responses against CA at the vaginal mucosa instead of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis being caused by defective or dysfunctional CD4+ T helper 1-type cell-mediated immune reactivity. Strongly suggest that distinct vaginal lymphocyte subsets participate in the adaptive anti-Candida immunity at the vaginal level, with the vaginal CD4_ T cells probably playing a major role.

Sarcocystis species are one of the most important meat borne parasites. Sarcocystosis causes several symptoms in human as well as numerous diseases with high economic impact in livestock. In current paper at first results of a pilot study for determination of disease agent in lamb of Yazd province central Iran is presented. Then status of parasite in red meat products in study region gets discussed. Muscles of 70 slaughtered Sheep from both sexes and different ages were investigated for presence of parasite cysts during September to October 2013. Carcass inspection with naked eye at industrial slaughterhouse of Yazd for macroscopic cysts, and pepsin-digestion method for microscopic cysts was performed on common infected sites of infection. No macroscopic cyst was seen at inspection, however bradyzoites of parasite were observed in 97.14% of animals’ digested muscles. No significant difference between infection and age groups or sex of animals was observed. As humans are considered as final and intermediate host of different species of Sarcocystis, and parasite cysts present at microscopic sizes, transmission of infection from lamb meat should come into consideration. Hence public training of disease health importance, parasite cycle and methods of inactivation probable cysts in meat is recommended.

Today despite all the advances made in all scientific fields specially in medicine and health sciences, still parasitic diseases are considered as a major health-economic problem in most countries especially in the developing countries thereby inducing some troubles for these countries including a large loss of human resources, high cost, and spending much time for eradicating and controlling parasites. Sampling method was conducted through the convenience design of sensus including all the visitors to Central Laboratory and Shahid Sadoghi Hospital laboratory. Most of the fecal samples were taken with a direct method (physiologic serum and lugol) and were examined by light microscopy. Out of the total of 33096 fecal samples examined, 17481 were relating to men (52%) and 15615 to women (48%); out of all samples, 624 cases (1.8%) were positive and among the positive cases 380 were pertinent to men (60.8%) and 244 to women (39.2%). There was a significant relationship between contamination and sex. Most contamination rate was related to Giardia (43.4%) and Blastocystis hominis (40.1%) respectively. The findings of this study indicate that in Yazd with the hot and dry weather, due to the prevalence of intestinal parasites, health level is low and compared to the past years has a significant reduction but as in other parts of the country the highest contamination outbreak is related to the younger groups and Giardia and Blastosystis hominis.

Obstructive sleep disorders and their effects on dental and maxillofacial growth has long been debated. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy as the most common cause of Obstructive sleep disorders with its consequent impact on dental growth has recently gained greater attention and its treatment may help prevent or reverse these effects. In this corss-sectional study 120 children were enrolled.60 patients assigned to undergo adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep disorders were compared with 60 children without obstructive sleep disorders. Both groups were matched in terms of gender and age. Dental casts and measurements with caliper were used.Crowding of upper and lower teeth, anterior open bite, posterior cross bite, overjet, class II malocclusion, width of upper and lower dental arches were documented and compared. Differences were found in crowding of upper and lowerteeth, anterior open bite, posterior cross bite, overjet, class II malocclusion and width of upper and lower dental arches. This study suggests the effects of obstructive sleep disorders on dental growth, probably due to the long term impact of the position of the head, mandible and tongue to keep the airway open in oral breathing.

Corticosteroids are used for the management of allergic rhinitis. We compared the efficacy of systemic and local corticosteroid in symptom relief and serum IgE levels in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.

A randomized experimental study design, (clinical trial) was used. 86 patients with a history of perennial allergic rhinitis were selected and randomly divided in two groups. For the first group systemic corticosteroids were given in the form of prednisolone tablet 5mg twice daily, (10mg/day), tapered every 3 days. For the second group, Beclomethasone nasal spray 50 µ g/puff was administered twice daily as two puffs in each nostril for three weeks. Rhinorrhea, nose and eye itching, sneezing, nasal obstruction and serum IgE before and after treatment, (3weeks) were evaluated and compared.

We found a significant decrease in serum IgE in both groups but the decrease was more marked with systemic corticosteroids (P<0.05). After therapy the percentage of sneezing and eye itching decreased significantly in the systemic corticosteroid group and percentage of rhinorrhea decreased significantly in the local corticosteroid group. Pre and post intervention evaluations showed improvement in all symptoms in systemic corticosteroid group and all symptoms except eye itching in local corticosteroid group.

The result of this comparative study showed that systemic corticosteroids are more efficient in improvement of sneezing and eye itching but local corticosteroids may have a better efficacy in the improvement of nasal obstruction.

Different kinds of Lavandula species have been used traditionally throughout history. Lavandula extract (fragment oils of its flowers) is used in blood clotting treatment, neurological diseases and rheumatoid. In this research, the effects of suppress the immunosystem of the BABL/c mice, which were infected by cutaneous leishmaniasis, were studied. Sufficient twigs of Lavender flowers were minced and put in ehanol 80%. They were placed into the stirrer with magnets in room temperature for 24 hours, then separated. This compound was, first, sterilized and prepared as topica with concentration of 40, 60 and 80%. It was refrigerated until used. In the lab, 40 BABL/c mice were infected with the parasite Leishmania (L) major [MRHO/IR/75/ER]. They were divided into four control groups and a group that received 40, 60, and 80% concentration of the Lavandula extract. As soon as the leishmania lesion appeared, Lavandula extract was applied every two days. As well, the foot and size of the lesion were measured, the weight was also taken in all mice in the four groups by using ale and coliss (Mettler, Switzerland) every week. The mean of the measurement and weight of the mice that were received 40 and 60% of the Lavandula extract showed significant difference comparing with the mean of the weight of the mice in control group, but the mean of weight in the mice received 80% of the Lavandula extract did not show significant difference with the weight of mice in control group (P > 0.05). The mean of lesion size of the mice that received 40 & 60 of Lavandula extract showed significant difference with the lesion size in controls groups (P = 0.000), but the lesion size of the mice receiving 80 of the Lavandula extract did not show significant difference with those mice in control groups (P > 0.05). Using of the Lavandula extract, the process of weight decrease of the animal increase, and as much as the concentration of the Lavandula extract increase, the weight of the animal decrease. However, increasing the concentration more than 80%, showed no remarkable increase in weight of the animal. Totaly, in comparing to control group, the process of mortality was increased with weight decreasing and lesion size increasing, in mice receiving Lavandula extract. In addition, the death of the mice receiving Lavandula extract was more than the mice in control groups and their lesion size was wider with severe necrosis.

One of the important aims of biological investigations is finding substances which are involved in relieving pain. Application of medicinal herbs for relieving pain is very useful. Carum copticum (L.) C. B. Clarke from Umbelliferae family has been introduced as an analgesic agent in Iranian traditional literature which is widely used for relieving neuropathy pain and headache. This study was conducted to investigate the analgesic effect of Carum copticum fruit on formalin induced pain as compared with oil part of Carum copticum. Formalin test was used as a standard pain inducing test and the analgesic effect of intra peritoneal injection of 20ml/kg of Carum copticum extract were evaluated. Our findings showed that aqueous part of Carum copticum extract had no effect during one hour formalin test as compared with control group (P>0.05). Therefore, due to the analgesic effect of essential fatty acids and its crude extract of Carum copticum, the non analgesia property might be related to absent of oil part.

Henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaf has long been used for industrial, commercial and medical purposes. The present study was performed to determine the efficacy of henna on cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion in BALB/c mice. Sufficient amount of henna leaves were prepared, grounded, and dissolved in 80% alcohol and the extract was prepared by percolation method. The dry extract was sterilized and prepared in ointment base at 40, 60, and 80% concentrations. At the same time, 40 mice (BABL/c, 8 weeks old) were infected by Leishmaniasis Major [MRHO/IR/75/ER] through the injection of 0.1 ml promastigotes subcutaneously in their tail base. Then animals were divided into one control group (without receiving any drug) and three experimental groups receiving respectively 40, 60, and 80% concentrates of henna extract every two days and immediately after the appearance of the lesion. Weekly monitoring of weight and lesion diameter was recorded. Data analysis was done through SPSS software. In regard to the mean weight, the groups receiving 40% extract and 60% extract showed significant difference with each other (P=0.000) but not with the group receiving 80% extract. There was also no significant difference between control group and case groups in mean weight. Lesion diameter in 40% extract group had significant difference comparing to the control group and 60% and 80% extract groups. Mean lesion size of the mice receiving 40% henna extract compared with mice receiving 60% extracts showed significant difference (P=0.000). Totally, henna extract reduced the rate of weight decrease but it was not significant. However, the mean lesion size of mice receiving henna extract was significantly reduced as compared with that of control group.

Total laryngectomy is the mainstay of treatment for laryngeal cancer. Fistula is one of the most common complications after total laryngectomy. In patients without risk factors such as prior radiotherapy, diabetes mellitus or chronic renal disease, the incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula is related to wound healing and duration of operation. We have developed a new method that is both simple and without the complication of pharangocutaneous fistula. Herein, we report the efficacy of this innovative method for the closure of total laryngectomy compared to the conventional method for closure. In this clinical trial, we included 40 patients with grade T3 or T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.