فهرست مطالب علی کیالاشکی

Forests are dynamic systems that are constantly undergoing permanent changes. Understanding elements in the forestland ecosystem and factors affecting it will help preserve this ecosystem, as preservation of species diversity will help protect the ecological values of the ecosystem. By studying various environmental factors such as vegetation and topography, soil and climate, we can understand the stability of plant communities and the correlation between these factors and vegetation. This is very important and practical for forest community development and regeneration. The importance of biodiversity and its management especially based on the protection and sustainable use of ecosystem resources is one of the main objectives of natural resource management.

The present study examined unique species and rich specie reserves in the forestland region of Neimour in Iranian Noshahr, aiming to evaluate the vegetation of the edges surrounding the Khezr Nabi swamp. Simultaneously with survey, based on the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the vegetation units in relation to the distance from the marsh, ultimately, the zonation of marsh plants was carried out in three zones and sampling was done. Using the Braun-Blanquet method, samples were gathered by taking 1×2 meter frames in eight geographical directions. Plant species diversity in the growing season was examined using the Simpson and Shannon-Weiner indicators, and the richness and uniformity of the species were measured using menhinick and margalef richness indicators.

The results of this study, taken from biodiversity indicators, suggested that the most species diversity and richness pertained to the east, north and northeast, with the swamp directions noting no statistical differences; but a statistical difference(p<0.05)was observedin menhinick and margalef richness indicators. The soil texture, including sandy clay loam (62.5%), sandy loam (25%) and loam (12.5%).The clay(p<0.01), organic matter(p<0.01)  and soil acidity (p<0.05) characteristics have significant differences. The study also found that in terms of the number of the species, most species pertained to the beech trees, while in herbal and fauna species, the Gramineae family and soil ant family were seen most in the northern direction.

As the findings suggested, the cover tree, fauna, and the edaphic cover were affected by the Khezr Nabi swamp, which formed a sub-habitat with a special micro-climate.

Population growth as well as increasing migration to cities in recent decades has led to increased population density as well as the area of ​​large cities. Noise pollution is one of the environmental problems in big cities, which endangers human health in various psychological and physical aspects. Unfortunately, this type of pollution has received less attention than other pollutants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and model the effect of tree species, growing season (summer and winter), distance from the sound source and stand attributes including mean diameter at breast height, average height of the stand, basal area per hectare, total basal area of trees from sound source to location on noise pollution. The present study was conducted in Noor Forest Park in which 6 stations including 5 different tree stands and one control area were selected for the study. Measurement of noise pollution was performed in each station with 5 replications at distance intervals of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 meters from the sound source with two noise frequencies of 250 and 500 Hz in two seasons of winter and summer.  Based on the model selection criteria, the linear model showed the best fit for modeling the effect of environmental factors on the amount of noise pollution. Based on the results, the effect of distance, species, season, intensity of noise pollution and total basal area of trees on the amount of noise pollution was significant. The distance from the source of noise pollution and the total basal area of the trees showed an inverse relationship with the amount of noise pollution. The highest noise pollution was related to the control areas without trees and the lowest was related to the Gleditsia-Alnus mixed stands. It can be concluded that by afforesting mixed stands so that the species cover different floors, noise pollution can be reduced more effectively.

Climate change and global warming is one of the major challenges in the context of sustainable development, which is due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. Afforestation is one of the practical and simple ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and increase carbon uptake in the soil. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of soil carbon sequestration in Populus deltoides plantation located on different elevation classes.

Three sites (Mahdasht, Pahnekola and NaghibdehMazde) were selected at elevations between 150 to 1200 m in Sari city. Quantitative variables including diameter at breast height, total height, basal area of all trees with a diameter more than 7.5 cm were recorded (full inventory method). Ten soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-10 cm in each site using the core method in order to study soil physical (moisture, texture and bulk density) and chemical properties (pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon).

The highest diameter (27.83 cm), height (21.13 m), basal area (0.046 m2) and volume (2.11 m3) was observed in Mahdasht and the lowest values ​​were observed in Pahnekola. The lowest amount of pH (6.26±0.04), EC (0.3±0.01 ds/m), total nitrogen (0.11±0.01 %), potassium (169.49±25.00 mg/kg) and organic carbon (1.43±0.06 %) were observed in NaghibdehMazde (highest altitude). The highest and lowest rate of carbon sequestration was observed in Mahdasht (lowest altitude) and NaghibdehMazde (highest altitude), respectively. In general, in lower altitudes, poplar trees had a much better diameter growth than higher altitudes.

According to results, it can be stated that planting Populus deltoides in lower altitudes can be a suitable approach to reduce the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxid.

Forest fire is recognized as a significant threat to the safety of human life, infrastructure and the environment. One of the most important steps in reducing the risk of forest fires is determination of the areas with the high probability of forest fire occurrence. Choosing the appropriate methods for modelling of the forest fires is very important. Due to the importance of the issue in this study, first using library studies and expert advices, the most important variables affecting the occurrence of fire in Babolrood basin-Mazandaran province were determined and then the results of three models of dong, artificial neural network and K nearest neighbors were compared in determining the probability of fire occurrence. The results showed that the most important variables affecting the fire occurrence are temperature, rainfall and distance from residential areas. The results of artificial neural network are more reliable than the other two models. According to the results, about 35% of the study area has very high and high potential for forest fire.

Forest fires are recognized as a major threat to the safety of human life, infrastructure and the environment. In recent years, despite global warming, forest fires have increased. One of the best ways to understand fire behavior and thus to deal with it is to simulate fire behavior and how to spread fire. Therefore, in this study, using cellular automation method based on Alexandridis model, fire simulation was carried out in some forests of northern Savadkouh county in Mazandaran province. For this purpose, using the topography, vegetation as well as wind speed and direction, the fire spread behavior was simulated, and the result was compared with actual fire. The results showed that the accuracy of the simulated model is 0.84% which indicates that the model is suitable. Therefore, considering the specific conditions of Iranian forests, cellular automation is useful for simulating forest fires

In order to study the effect of altitude on some quantitative and qualitative characteristic of Populus deltoides in Mazandaran province, three sites were selected with elevations between 150 and 1200 m above sea level in Sari city. In each site, some tree traits such as diameter at breast height, total height, basal area, volume, form factor and qualitative variables including trunk health, crown shape and trunk form were measured and evaluated and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of trees in three sites were compared using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests. Results showed that the altitude had significant effects on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Populus deltoides trees and trees in lower altitude ranges (150-300 m) had a higher diameter and volume growth than trees in higher altitudes. According to results, the highest diameter (27.83 cm), height (21.13 m), basal area (0.046 m2), volume (2.11 m3) and the highest number of trees with cylindrical trunks were observed in Mahdasht. Tress in Pahnekola had the highest form factor (0.99) and with symmetrical crowns. According to results of this study, it can be concluded that planting with Populus deltoides trees in lower altitude ranges can increase the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of such trees and provides a suitable approach for supplying wood for wood-based industries.

Tending Operation is one of the most important methods to improve equality and quantity of forest stands. In this study, two stands including non-managed (in parcel No.2) and managed stands (in parcel No.13) at the second series of "Berenjestanak" are selected to investigate the structural followed by tending operation. Thirty hectare of each parcel was selected, the statistic method was systematic and random, the netdimensions were 100×100 m and area of each sampling plot was 4000 m. The quantitative and qualitative variables of Acer Velutinum were measured in both stands. Age plantation was 20 years old and distances of each planted trees were 2 × 2 m. Thinning method was positive selection and rotation and thinning also was 3 to5 years. Thinning intensity in each rotation was14% approximately.Thinning operations was createda suitable atmosphereto select the trees. Results of this study show that the mean number in one hectare in sample stand was1365and in managed stand were 977.The average diameter of trees increased from 13.45 cm in sample stand up to 16.40 cmin managed stand. Also the volume average in one hectare increased from non-managed (164.2 m3) up to 188.5m3 in managed stand. The stability coefficient of control stand and managed stand were estimated 105.5 and 99.4 respectively. The statistical tests showed that there was a reasonable difference between the averages of quantitative parameters of two stands in 95% confidence level and equality of averages (zero hypothesis) are rejected regarding to quality, the managed parcel trees are in better conditions comparing tosample stand trees. It is concluded that tending operation had great effects on quantity, quality and stability of stand.

The planting of tree species in empty and destroyed places of north forests and helping
natural regeneration play an important and specific role .The present research has been done to study qualitative and quantitative parameters of forest – planting stands of forest pine in a place – named Veisar forest. 14 sample pieces of square forms with the dimensions of 10*10 using random systematic method were chosen to study in this region and inside each piece of sample, the quantitative parameters such as: height, diameter at breast height , pruning height and also the qualitative condition of trees such as :crown symmetry , crown health , the qualitative condition of trunk, culm curvature and the condition of tree trunk fiber were measured , and finally the soft – wares of Excel & SPSS were used to calculate and getting results from data. The obtained results indicate that hight & diameter growth average of stands have been 0/94 and 58 cm in a year , respectively . Also, the yearly volume growth average has been about 8/95 cube m / hectare. Also, the results indicate that most of bases have good qualitative condition. Most of its bases are fresh and they have clear trunk forms and crown symmetrical forms. Regarding ecological nature of forest pine spices and physical climate conditions of this region, it appears that the choice of this species has been done correctly.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of soil invertebrates at Brutain pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) afforestations in Kordkoy region (Mazandaran-Iran). Tending operations have not been performed in these afforestations. For this purpose, invertebrates were sampled in mid-summer, using 20 core soil samples (81 cm2 cross section) to a depth of 10 cm. The fourteen groups of soil invertebrates in each sample were extracted by Berlese funnel and counted by Binocular. Also 20 soil pits of 100×100 cm2 with 10 cm and 20 cm depth were taken and adult earthworms were collected by hand counting. The results of this research showed that the diversity of soil invertebrates (Shanon and Simpson index) with species richness (Margalef index) and species equitability (Heip index) in the Brutain Pine afforestation was greater than Cypress afforestation. Of course it must be mentioned that these differences were not statistically significant. Overall, this study showed Brutain pine has provided a more favorable environment for the presence of soil invertebrates than cypress plantation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate soil invertebrates diversity in pure and mixture Zelkova stands in Neka forests (Mazandaran-Iran). at the time of study the stands were selected from undisturbed forests. For this purpose, invertebrates were collected in mid-summer, using 20 core soil samples (81 cm2 cross section) to a depth of 10 cm. The invertebrates were extracted by Berlese funnel and counted by Binocular. In addition, 20 soil pits of 100×100 cm2 with 10 cm and 30 cm depth were taken and adult earthworms were collected by hand counting. The results of this research showed that the soil invertebrates diversity (Shanon and Simpson index) with species richness (Margalef index) and species equatibility (Heip index) in the mixture stand of zelkova were greater than the pure stand of zalkova. Of course it must be mentioed that these differences were not statistically significant. Fur the rmore, the frequency and biomass of earthworms in the mixture stand of zelkova was significantly more than the pure stand of zalkova. The results of this research has emphasized the reinforsment of mixture stands in tending operations.

In recent decades, plantation projects have increasingly developed in their importance in regard to environmental financial and social aspects which are introduced as a development index and main infrastructural activity internationally. one of the critical items is the selection of best species for plantation. This research based on the selection of best species for restoration and development of Sisangan forest park by Analytic Hierarchy Process. The park has an area of 591.65 ha that is in elevation of 26-125 m. In this study the criteria parametrs consist of soil conservation, resistance to pollution, wood production, resistance to biologic factors, resistance to anthropogenic factors,secondary production, resistance to flooding, soil fertility, and landscape. The species consist of oak, alder, bath tree, hornbeam, ash, elm, Caucasian walnut,populus, and maple. Then special sheets prepared for data analysis, were given to eight forestation experts. First the, criteria were compared with experts opinions. Results showed that the soil criteria had the highest score and industrial factors had the lowest score. finally the species such as maple, oak and ash were the best species for restoration and development of Sisangan forest park, respectively.

This study was designed to investigate the ecological conditions of the Northern Forest Region, the collection of kelardasht, conducted in order to prepare the ground first map, 4 homogeneous Per unit 3 replications were chosen. The unit then proceeded to include Marbrday quantitative characteristics such as diameter, height, trunk height, trunk and crown and qualitative characteristics such as health, happiness crown, crown asymmetry were also dug to determine soil conditions in each unit. A sample of the soil surface horizons, was sent to the laboratory for analysis And finally the data using spss software and Pc.Ordwin was analyzed. Results showed that the increase in the number of hectares Breasts Diameter Avery gradient increases initially and then decreases, with increasing altitude, the mean diameter will enhance But the average tree height above sea level has an inverse relation turning to the north side of west. Avery species decreases per hectare, while the average diameter and average basal area of trees increases.

For the purpose of the effectiveness of the dead trees on the forest regeneration, they were divided into four degrees in terms of the rate of decay. This study has been carried out with the aim of investigating the role of the dead trees on establishing natural revival of forest communities in the district 3 of Gorazbon region in the sample plot 309 of training-research forest of KHEYROOD region in a sample plot almost intact with an area of about 47 hectars. Out of 46 trees of the dead trees, the hundred percent inventory was carried out. Around the standing trees, a circular sample plot with a radius of 5.64 m from the dead trees centrality was established (130 cm) and the numbers of saplings were counted in three height classes. For fallen dead trees around both ends of a dead tree, a square of 4 m width (2m from each side) was established, the number of saplings were counted and for the comparison of regeneration around a dead tree, a sound tree was designated at the distance of 20 up to 30m from a dead tree, and the number of saplings were counted as before. The results showed that the most of the dead trees on the basis of the decay degree belonged to the beech species and was of the degree 4, the difference at the level of 95% is meaningful in comparison with the other degrees of the dead trees. According to the results obtained, the number of regeneration around the dead trees were more than that of the sound trees, and most of the saplings established around the dead trees were observed with the degree 4 of decay. The general results indicate that the dead trees have significant effect on establishing the revival of the beech saplings in forest mixed with beech, especially in thick stocks.

This study was carried out to effect of dead tree on the survival regeneration in ramsar safarud forest in parcel of 513 with 100 hectar in surface. Then, with a tour in forest, 30 numbers of existed dead trees in that parcel were picked up separately by species and type of dead tree. Then, according to center of dead tree, 5 numbers of case with 2*2 dimension was selected which one of them located in center of dead tree and the others established in 4 directions. For comparison dead tree affect, one sample as a control and all characteristics which affected on dead tree was selected. Results indicated that 66/66% of dead tree in stand form and 33/33% of them in fall form was established. The highest number of dead trees were related to fagus specie with 43/33%. Also, the results showed that between there is no significant difference regeneration in dead and normal trees, but there is significant difference between herb in dead and normal trees.

Hornbeam is the most frequent species in forests of northern Iran. This paper aims to study the relationship between gap size and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings. For this purpose Khanikan district in Korkrood forest was selected in northern Iran. Four sizes of gap were selected based on silvicultural definitions including: area with less than 200 m², 200 to 500 m², 500 to 1000 m², and larger than 1000 m² and in each gap, 4 subplots each 2 m² were laid out. The current study was made in 2 phases: 1) study on light intensity using fish-eye camera, and 2) quantitative (including collar diameter and height) and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings. The obtained result showed that the intensity of light changed between 2 and 70 percent in different gaps and different locations of the gaps. The number of hornbeam seedlings increased with a relative increase in the light intensity initially and then decreased. Collar diameter and height of seedlings didn’t show significant differences among different light intensities. The number of seedlings was reduced significantly in the gaps larger than 500 m2. The best qualitative condition and the maximum number of hornbeam seedlings were observed in the gaps smaller than 200 m2.

Tending of forest is the most important part of applied silviculture activities, covering all subjects which are related to stand structure tending. By applying tending operation, the resistance and stability of trees will increase against natural disasters, furthermore by preparing a suitable condition for other trees, the diameter, height and finally wood production will also increase. The purpose of this research is comparing and analyzing the quantity and quality of acer velutinum boiss species characteristics in sample stand or non-managed stand in parcel no.2 and managed stand (in parcel no.13) of the second series of "berenjestanak". The area of the parcel is 30 hectars, the statistic method is systematic and random,the net dimensions is looxloom and the area of each sampling plot is 4 Ar. the results showed that the mean in one hectare in the sample stand is 1365 and in the managed stand is 977. The average diameter of trees increased from 13.45 cm in the sample stand up to 16.40cm in the managed stand. Furthermore, the volume average in one hectare increased from 164.2 m3 in sample stand upto 188.5m3 in managed stand. The stability coefficient of sample stand and managed stand was estimated 105.5 and 99.4 respectively. The statistical tests showed that there is a significant differance between the averages of quantitative parameters of two stands in 95% confidence level and equality of averages (zero hypothesis) is rejected. Regarding the quality, the managed parcel trees are in better conditions compared to sample stand trees.

Due to the high importance of forest gaps, this research investigated soil conditions in forest gaps. Oak – Hornbeam stands with an area of 87 ha were selected for this purpose in Sarcheshmeh forests, Chalous. To study the gaps, we selected five gap sizes that consist of very small (200 m2), small (400 m2), medium (600 m2), large (800 m2), and very large (1000 m2) ones and every one with four replicate and control point in 25-30 meters distances. To investigate soil characteristics, three soil profiles of 50*50*45 sizes (with the pickup of organic layer and mineral soil in three depths 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30-45 cm) were selected random methods and were separated in edge and central positions of every gap. In this research we studied soil characteristics that consist of water content, carbon, nitrogen, C/N ratio, phosphorous and pH soil. The results showed that with the increase of gap size in the central position the amount of water content, carbon, C/N ratio and phosphorous decrease. Also pH soil has statistical linkage with gap size and the highest level of pH was observed in very large gaps. The highest amount of soil characteristics were on surface layer and except to pH, the other characteristics decreased while soil depth increased.

To investigate ecosystem variety and related physiographic factors (elevation, aspect and slope), 75 ha of Aghuzchal forest were studied. Vegetation data and information (trees, shrubs, and herbs) were collected from 40 sample plots through systematic random sampling method (20m×20m) which were then analyzed using TWINSPAN program. The data were classified into four ecological groups. The ecological groups consist of: first unit (Fagus orientalis L, and Epimedium pinnatum F.), second unit (Alnus subcordata L, Acer cappadocicum B. and Lamium albumL.), third unit (Acer cappadocicum B. and Tamus communis L.), and forth unit (Tilia begonifolia Stev. and Carex acuiformis L.). Using analysis of variance, statistical difference between diversity indices with respect to ecological groups was found. Results showed that the highest Simpson and Margalef are related to units B and C. The highest Camargo indices are related to units A and D.

Nowaday, satellite data are the main tools of cycle measurement for collecting information and preparation of maps.Attempt was made ,in addition to the presentation of a method for expansion of the forest in mountainous areas and classification of the forest type, to study the above-mentioned satellite information ability in this research by the use of this type of information. In this study, data from 12 th of June, 2004 related to 38 districts of the country's north forests were used. Initially, data quality and available errors with respect to type and their amount were studied Then, they were used to correct errors resulted from ups and down of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using 102 point as ground control points (GCP) with the accuracy of less than 0/8 for use in the action of the geometric images match simultaneously. Next, by the use of methods of achieving ratio, filtering and analyzing main elements of new artificial bands of the collecting and classification in the form of one step or multi-step supervision were done by the strategies of the minimum distance of parallel piped, maximum likelihood, mahalanobis distance, spectoral anglemapper, binary encoding, neural net and density slicing. By selction of training areas of the given classes and by the help of the minimum and maximum diagrams and average of these areas for each class in each band, the best channel to enter the classification and achieving the best results were selected. Afterwards, by separation of forest category from non-forest one, action was taken to prepare a map, so that the accuracy of the resulted maps of the classification by the strategies of the parallel piped and minimum distance of mahalanobis, among other algorithms, was more than the others, This suggests that ASTER data, according to the applied method, do not have a relatively good capability to study and examine the forest classification in this mountainous area.

The inventories shows that a decreasing trend of vegetal covering in the recent years. This decrease are differs in different areas of land in Iran,where these plants grow in the forests of north of Iran, this phenomenon is not seen only in the mountains areas but also in coastal and Low-level areas so that different species of plants are destroyed. Punica granatum L. which growth on the beach of the Caspian sea, is not exceptional. This study was carried out to specifying the social condition of punica granatum L. species as well as the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of that species. in the west of Mazandaran(from babolsar to ramsar). Therefore, seven areas were specified and the required studies had been done. The results shows that punica granatum L. speoies have better grown from candition babolsar to ward ramsar, Because of the long distance of villages from the sea, decrease in the rains and suitable climate. So, this species can be suggested as the genetic storage in agriculture and also as a protected species which that nobody is allowed to cut them.

Cryptococcus fagi, the vector of Nectria sp., is one of the most important pests in beech forests which can cause beech bark disease. Because of its dispersion in the most beech forests of the northern Iran it should be taken under consideration. In this study, after forest survey, the infected area in watercatchment 30, district 5 of Safarod/Ramsar region were distinguished and 123 infected individual trees have been demarcated. Some characteristics such as d.b.h, height, infection intensity, structure and forest type have been determined. Results showed that, the most infected trees were categorized in small timber, but the highest infection intensity was observed in large timber trees. Also the pest high abundance can be seen in the small timber with regular structure. On the other hand, the stands with less stem density have been appropriated for most infection. The pure beech stands were more infected compare to mix stands. The pest abundance rate was higher in north and north-west directions. According to the results, although the disease symptoms are being observed, but no sever disease is recognized yet. As a matter of fact, it can be concluded that the pests are in their primary attack stage which could be controlled easily in this stage.

This study was warried out to investigate the response of quantitative characteristics of Pinus Eldarica Medw trees to slope and geographical variations in Chitgar Forest Park. For this aim, 70 samples of circular plot forms of 2R were selected from four main geographical aspects and three slope levels of 0-15, 16-30, and 31-45 percent. In each sample, the diameter at breast height and height of trees were measured. The results showed that slope and aspect had effects on the diameter at breast height and height of pine Eldarica Medw of Tehran whereas the interaction between slope and aspect was significant on the height of trees. Also, the thickest and highest pine Eldarica Medw trees are located in the eastern and southern aspects and in the 0-15 percent slope. In order to increase the size of quantitative features, the plantation of this species in similar ecological regions in the eastern and southern aspects and in relatively mild slopes is recommended.