علی یونسی

General policies in any country act as a guiding light indicating the path to progress. In Iran, 41 general policies have been formulated and announced from the year 1377 until now. One of the vital among them is the general policies of the resistance economy. Achieving the goals of these policies is subject to precise and targeted planning. One of the crucial aspects of planning in the country is the five-year development plans. The Seventh Five-Year Development Plan for the years 1402-1406 has been approved while more than a decade has passed since the announcement of the general policies of the resistance economy. It is clear that the more crystallized the measures of the resistance economy in the Seventh Development Plan, the less the hope for reduction of Iran's economic challenges. In the second phase statement, the characteristics of an economy in balance with the revolutionary system have been specified. In the revolutionary system, a strong economy is not the goal but an important and effective means without which the goals of the revolutionary system cannot be achieved. A strong economy leads to internal satisfaction of the people and the impenetrability of the revolutionary system, and vice versa. Therefore, the question arises as to ‘What are the characteristics of an economy in balance statement for creating a revolutionary system?’ The second phase statement introduces an independent economy as part of the revolutionary system. To achieve this independent economy, the implementation of the policies of the resistance economy in the second phase statement has been proposed as a solution. Now the important question arises as to ‘Whether the Seventh Development Plan, in its economic dimensions, guarantees the implementation of the policies of the resistance economy to achieve an independent economy as a crucial and determining variable for creating a revolutionary system or not?’ The present study aims to answer this question by exploring the policies of the resistance economy and focusing on the 24 dimensions and chapters of the Seventh Development Plan. Based on the results, the Seventh Development Plan has covered 86% of the expectations of the general policies of the resistance economy and 14% of the points of the general policies of the resistance economy were not included in the Seventh Plan and were not addressed.

Economic growth, as a crucial macroeconomic variable, has consistently been the focal point of policies. It brings about various consequential changes in the economy, such as unemployment and income. Factors, both natural and unnatural that impose constraints on economic growth are of paramount significance. This paper specifically examines the impact of environmental constraints, encompassing fossil resources and land, on long-term economic growth. The study refines the solo growth model, incorporating environmental constraints, and employs dynamic optimization, calibration, and analysis methods to quantify the influence of fossil resources and land on Iran's economic growth over an extended period. According to the findings, under current inventories, the projected long-term economic growth rate for Iran stands at 6% in the first scenario, with limitations stemming from the availability of fossil and land resources imposing potential restrictions. The constraints associated with fossil and land resources are noteworthy. Should production yields from fossil resources drop to 0.45, economic growth becomes negative, and a sustained decline exacerbates long-term production. Similarly, if the production stretch reaches 0.4, long-term economic growth turns negative. Hence, effective management of land use and fossil resources emerges as a critical imperative, emphasizing the need to diminish production dependence on these inputs to foster increased economic growth.

Inflation is one of the main issues in macroeconomics and one of the main concerns of many countries. In recent years, the existence of rapid inflation due to economic sanctions and the lack of injection of oil revenues has weakened the performance of macro variables, including the increase in the unemployment rate and its spillover effects on all the provinces of the country, especially the underdeveloped and poor provinces. Is. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effective factors in the direction of control, stability of the inflation rate, and chronic reduction of the unemployment rate. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the spatial effect of inflation on unemployment in the provinces of Iran with a spatial econometric approach during the period of 2006-2021. Before estimating the spatial model, spatial spillover effects for the spatial auto regression model were confirmed using Moran’s, Jerry C’s, and spatial F tests. Based on the obtained results, the inflation rate and its proximity effects have negative and significant effects on the unemployment rate of the studied provinces. According to other results, it has been observed that the gross domestic product and credits for the acquisition of capital (construction) assets and the logarithm of human capital have a positive and significant effect on reducing the unemployment rate; meanwhile, the wage rate has a negative and significant relationship with the reduction of the unemployment rate in the provinces. It is suggested to move simultaneously in the direction of stabilizing the inflation rate and increasing the employment rate to increase the competitiveness of production for the less developed and poor provinces.

The present study explains the response of society's welfare to government debt shocks andinstitutional quality under the golden rule of financial development for the years 1365-1400. For this purpose,using the structural vector autoregression model (SVAR), which are known as impulse models; The effects ofuncertainty caused by the size of the government, government budget deficit, financial development, oil andcurrency impulses on the economic well-being of the society were investigated. The findings showed that animpulse from the oil price and exchange rate causes a 9% and 2% decrease in the economic well-being of thesociety. The response of the economic well-being of the society to the impetus from the financial developmentarea is also close to 3%. Also, the results of the analysis of variance caused by a sudden change specific impulseshow that in the third period, 19.13 percent of the changes are related to oil price impulses, 15.97 percent arerelated to the exchange rate impulse, 27.98 percent are related to the budget deficit impulse, 67 2.2% wasrelated to the impulse of government size and 3.56% was related to the impulse of financial development.Because the relationship of financial markets is the main factor in the transfer of oil price instability to othersectors of the economy, financial discipline is the only wise way to deal with the phenomenon of improper use ofoil resources, currency and financial instability. For this reason, it is necessary to vaccinate the economyagainst the instability of oil revenues by disconnecting the government's current expenditures with oil revenues.Also, regarding the way of spending oil revenues, the existing laws regarding saving a part of oil revenues in theNational Development Fund should be implemented with more executive guarantee

In the literature of macroeconomics, the promotion of human capital is so important that if economic growth occurs and this growth cannot improve the condition of human capital, it seems that the efforts have been fruitless. Human capital is measured through the HDI index, and due to the need to improve it, many studies have been conducted in this field. Human capital in any country is based on the state of human capital in the provinces of the country. Providing better services to human capital will improve this huge capital, and achieving it requires the existence of sufficient funds and powers in the provinces. The vastness of the country may not allow the government to optimally allocate resources, therefore, usually local authorities try to have more powers for the growth of human capital through various pursuits and bargaining, which increases the authority of the governors, which is financial decentralization and financial decentralization. It is a multi-dimensional process in which some powers are transferred from the central government to the governors, and the most important of which is the return of all the revenues of each province to the same province and the sending of grants to the provinces through the central government. This study was conducted to determine the effect of financial decentralization on human development in the provinces of Iran, in which three cities and towns were selected as samples from each province. The technique used in this research is panel data. In this method, the data have time series and cross-sectional characteristics, consist of several dimensions and cover several periods. The research period is 1397 to 1400. The equations related to the independent and dependent variables of this research are taken from the research model of Suyanto (2009), Langudi (2006) and Khosini (2006). The results of the research show that the increase in financial decentralization and the return of revenues from each province to the same province and even grants from the central government have a significant positive effect on the amount of public spending, economic growth, reducing the population of low-income people and finally improving the human capital index. It has provinces.

In macroeconomic literature, the growth of human capital is so important that if economic growth occurs and this growth cannot improve the condition of human capital, it seems that the efforts have been fruitless. Human capital is measured through the HDI index, and due to the need to improve it, many studies have been conducted in this field.Human capital in any country is based on the state of human capital in the provinces of the country. Providing better services to human capital will improve this huge capital, and achieving it requires the existence of sufficient funds and powers in the provinces. The vastness of the country may not allow the government to optimally allocate resources, so usually local authorities try to have more authority for the growth of human capital through various pursuits and bargaining, which increases the authority of the governor, which is financial decentralization.Financial decentralization is a multi-dimensional process in which some powers are transferred from the central government to the governors, and the most important of which is the return of all revenues of each province to the same province and the sending of grants to the provinces through the central government.The results of the research show that the increase in financial decentralization and the return of revenues from each province to the same province and even grants from the central government have a significant positive effect on the amount of public spending, economic growth, reducing the population of low-income people.

Developing countries, especially those with the rent of natural resources, are facing the inefficiency and large size of the government. In many cases, in order to compensate for the structural deficit, countries with natural resource rent create a capital balance surplus in the budget by reducing construction costs and allocate the created capital surplus to current expenses. This has long-term negative lasting consequences for economic growth. In many countries, this approach is not able to compensate the total deficit of the operating balance of the government, and the remaining deficit is financed through borrowing from abroad or the domestic economy. In this study, the impact of government debt on the growth and welfare of the society under the golden rule of financial development during the period of 1365-1399 and the application of the soft transfer threshold approach (STAR) was analyzed. The results of the non-linear part of the model show the existence of a positive relationship between the financial development variable and the economic growth and welfare index. Also, the variables of government size, government budget deficit, oil shock, exchange rate fluctuations and sanctions respectively lead to a decrease; 17%, 14%, 6%, 43% and 2% are economic growth and prosperity. The main channel of influencing financial development is done through increasing investment efficiency, quality of regulations, reducing economic sanctions and governance indicators. Therefore, the way of financial market liberalization, the weakness of financial system management and the lack of formation of coherent financial markets and the benefit of regulations in the country can be considered as the reasons for the reduction of investment efficiency through the non-optimal allocation of resources in the country. As a result, more attention and diligence should be done in the country to develop and make the financial markets more efficient, and as a result, allocate resources more efficiently and increase investment efficiency. Also, due to the strong dependence of the government budget on oil revenues, this dependence should be reduced and attention to tax income should be increased.

Gharz al-Hasna facility is one of the tools of the Islamic banking system to equip the resources of the business environment. These facilities have various economic and non-economic effects. The question of how Qarz al-Hasna facilities affect the economy has always occupied the minds of policymakers and financial decision-makers. This research is an attempt to identify the economic effects of Qarz al-Hasna facilities and their ranking. For this purpose, first, by reviewing various articles and literature in the field of Qarz al-Hasna facilities and its economic effects, an attempt was made to count all the identified economic effects of Qarz al-Hasna facilities. Then, using Delphi technique and AHP method, the most important economic effects were identified and ranked. The results show that the provision of Qarz al-Hasna facilities, respectively, to meet the diverse financial needs of the people, growth and development, employment, consumption, business development, investment, financing, social justice, equitable distribution of income, financial development, productivity, Savings and production are affected. In addition, the research findings did not confirm the impact of Gharz al-Hasna facilities on money transfers from classes, per capita income, poverty, institutionalization, social security, class distance, and recession.

Today, in the world, the income from tourism ranks third after the income from the export of fuel and chemicals, which reached a share of 4.7% of the world's total exports in 2019, and for forty poor countries in the world, tourism After oil, it is the second most important source of foreign exchange. According to the statistical report of GMTI 2021, the countries of Malaysia, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia have occupied the first to third ranks of halal tourism. Iran's economy has a lot of potentials to attract financial benefits from this industry. The current research aims to determine the effective variables that such tourism demands, and provide a model in the form of an endogenous growth by examining the effect of halal tourism education and promotion in Iran and calculating the factors affecting it. To achieve this goal, the process of this model was simulated with the help of mathematical models, and the effects of changes in the factors affecting tourism were investigated. Based on research findings, variables such as foreigners' income, income elasticity of demand, infrastructure factors such as education and promotion of tourism and transportation, roads, culture, tourism, and religious capitals have a positive effect on the number of tourists. Also, some factors have a negative effect on the number of tourists, including the price elasticity of tourism demand, the tax rate on service goods, and the price level.

Nowadays, improving income diversification has become very important by changing the income portfolio from lending activities to non-lending activities and it is mentioned as a factor that strengthens the market power in banks. On the other hand, improving the market power of banks can have a significant impact on their income diversity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between income diversity and market power in the Iranian banking system, which has been conducted using the pooled mean group (PMG) method in a sample of 18 banks in the country from the years 2012 to 2021. Market power also helps banks take advantage of growth opportunities in non-traditional businesses, which leads to an increase in the fee-based income ratio in the banks' revenue structure, and government-affiliated banks have taken advantage of these opportunities and generated more non-interest income than their private counterparts. Based on the results of the present study, there is a positive and significant relationship between the banks’  non-traditional income and market power. According to the obtained results, it is suggested that banks consider income diversification policy with special attention.

For centuries, architects have acknowledged the effects of the buildings in which we live, learn, work, and worship. How we feel, how we behave in these spaces, what energizing interactions within our bodies occur in these spaces, and our inspirations from these spaces, are very important today for architects and neuroscientists. The application of neuroscience, psychology, and architecture acquires a new trend called neuroarchitecture. This knowledge focuses on the design of architectural structures, humans, and seeks to design spaces with maximum efficiency and positive effects on space users. In this research, with the approach of neuroscience and with a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods (correlation and laboratory) to the category of how to use architectural elements (such as light, geometry, color, materials, etc.) to evaluate the sense of spirituality in mosques (Dome) is addressed. The important point in this research is the use of neuroscience and laboratory tools in examining the emotions of users in space. The effect of the factors affecting the "feeling of spirituality" in the architectural space due to the changes in human brain signals is a matter between interdisciplinary and completely scientific and laboratory. The main purpose of neuroscience is to extract invisible information from the human brain. Therefore, no questions or questionnaires or interviews are taken from individuals, but information is extracted directly and without any intermediaries.At the beginning of the research by the descriptive method refers to the types of brain signals and brain functions and previous research will be done in the background. in the first phase, by selecting a mosque related to the past (Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque of Isfahan) and a contemporary mosque (Al-Jawad Mosque of Tehran), through expert questionnaire and ANP method and SuperDecision software to determine the order of effective architectural components The perception of spirituality in the interior of these two mosques has been discussed. Then, in the second phase, in order to diagnose the emotions of people in selected mosques, laboratory work was performed by EEG-VR method, which means simultaneous use of electroencephalography and virtual reality devices. The subjects included 24 people (12 men and 12 women). Then, the data obtained from the experiment in MATLAB software were analyzed and  then, for interpretation of information and by inferential statistics, multiple regression analysis was performed to test the hypothesis. In the third phase, the results of the first and second phases are merged and discussed. At the end of the study, it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between how to use architectural elements (light, color, materials, geometry, etc.) and promote a sense of spirituality in the interior of mosques and the mosque belongs to the past (Sheikh Lotfollah ) Has a greater sense of spirituality among the subjects than the contemporary mosque (Al-Jawad). It was also found that the use of emerging neuroscience knowledge in architectural research and the use of medical tools such as electroencephalography as well as new virtual reality technology, can be very effective in discovering human emotions and feelings.

The design of mosques in the history of Iranian architecture seems to be the Climax of Islamic art and architecture. The architecture of mosques seeks inspiration of concepts of the divine world in order to create an atmosphere that connect the material world to the immaterial world and creates a single spiritual space. In this study, the effect of factors affecting the perception of spirituality in the interior of Nasir Al-Molk Mosque in Shiraz has been investigated. In this regard, first the parameters that affect the perception of the sense of spirituality are determined and then 120 questionnaires are collected from architecture and urban planning students of Shiraz University, the validity and reliability of which has been confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha. Then, by modeling the structural equations of partial least squares (PLS-SEM), it is analyzed to determine the relationship between the parameters on each other. Factors affecting the perception of spirituality are social, sensory, somatic and environmental factors that the results show that there is a significant difference in the ranking of indicators. In the following, the indicators are arranged based on the degree of impact on the perception of spirituality from rank 1 meaning the most impact to rank 15 meaning the least impact. Findings show that the greatest impact on the perception of spirituality is related to somatic indicators.

Recent studies have revealed a growing number of patients affected by opioid use disorders (OUDs). Comorbid disorders are suspected to increase the risk of opioid-related adverse effects or treatment failure. The correlation of opioid use with sleep disturbances has been reported in many different studies and suggested to be linked to the brain regions involved in reward processing. This narrative review was intended to discuss the most recent developments in our understanding of the intricate interaction between sleep disturbance and OUD. In addition, in this study, the effects of sleep problems on the occurrence of unpleasant consequences in addiction management, such as craving and relapse in OCD patients, were highlighted. It has been shown that drug use may trigger the induction of sleep disturbances, and those suffering from difficulties in sleeping are prone to relapse to drug use, including opioids. Moreover, pharmaceutical sleep aids are likely to interfere with opiate use.

During vision process, the information produced by rod and cone photoreceptors is compressed in retina and then is transmitted by three separated pathways of ganglion cells, Magno, Parvo and Konio, to the upper level processing centers. There are electrophysiological and psychophysical evidences that these three pathways show characteristic patterns of malfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Although fMRI can provide accurate localization of the neural activities in these pathways, there is no fMRI study on malfunctions of these pathwyas in MS yet. So by employing the differences in structure and function of these cells, we generated three different visual stimuli with different spatial and temporal frequencies to stimulate each pathway separately. These stimuli were shown to the subject inside MRI scanner by a calibrated projector located outside of scanner room. The fMRI data were acquired from two groups of normal and MS subjects (each including 5 subjects) by using a standard protocol. Finally, the activation results in visual lobe and LGN were analyzed in within-group and between-group levels. Results showed patterns of malfunctions in visual cortex and LGN in MS group. Also, among Magno, Parvo, and Konio cellular pathways in LGN, just the activation of Magno cellular pathway showed significant malfunction in MS group.

Ceramic membranes are used in water treatment process have many advantages in comparison with usual polymeric membranes. Hence in this study synthesis of low-cost ceramic membranes with simple and accessible materials also properties of water passing through it were discussed. An apparatus was made for testing membranes. Then porous ceramic membranes were made through press and slip casting process. Row materials which are contain ceramic powder such as: Alumina with 84% wt, Kaolen with 12%wt and Feldspar with 4%wt and some additives, various tablet of ceramic membranes in several thickness was made in different conditions of pressure, temperature and materials amount. Generally, results show the power of ceramic membranes in water treatment process, usage a tablet with 20mm thickness could decrease TDS from 950 ppm to 400 ppm and in usage a series of tablets in 10, 10 and 20mm TDS decreased from 1200 ppm to 320 ppm.

The reduction in the scores of empathic patients with posttraumatic stress disorder in self-assessment questionnaires that evaluate their empathy regardless of their type of emotion, and their normal response to positive emotions and situations necessitates an examination of empathy with positive situations in these individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate empathy with positive situations in migrant adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. a total number of 45 adolescents were selected by the convenience sampling method and divided into 3 groups (15 in each group, including: adolescents with PTSD, adolescents without PTSD, and control group). Participants were evaluated by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis-I, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Children’s Depression ]nventory (CDI), and a multi-dimensional empathy task. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, MANOVA, as well as post hoc tests. there was no significant difference between groups in terms of empathy and positive pictures. There was a significant difference between anxiety and depression scores in the PTSD group than other groups. Also, compared to the control group, the differences of anxiety scores in adolescents without PTSD were significant. According to the results, it can be concluded that the previous reports about deficit in empathy of individuals with PTSD does not include all situations, and this group of individuals do not show any deficit in empathy when they face individuals with positive emotions, which can be considered in the treatment of these persons.

Up to now, numerous tax bases with different rates have been identified in Iran's economy. The questions are “Are these rates optimal?” and “Is it possible to determine an average optimal rate in a way that it would bring greater growth and prosperity?”. In the present study, we seek to determine Iran's optimal tax rates using time series data in the years 1978-2014, a dynamic optimal control approach, and the maximum principle.
According to the findings, the main factors affecting the optimal tax rate include the ratio of expenditures of the private sector to the public sector, the ratio of investment in the public sector to the private sector, depreciation rate, rate of time preference, elasticity of production function to the investment in the private sector and the public sector, and technical progress. Among the above factors, the ratio of expenditures of the private sector to the public sector has a negative effect, and the ratio of investment in the public sector to the private sector has a positive effect on the optimal tax rate. The other variables have no significant effect on the optimal tax rate. In addition, the optimal tax rate is 20 percent.
Since there are several tax bases in Iran, average tax rates should be close to the optimal rate. Changes in tax rates should be according to the economic conditions of boom and bust. In this regard, finding new tax bases to reduce the negative effects of changes in tax rates is very important.

The idea of sustainable development emerged from environmental concerns and criticism of economic and industrial development and its ideal is to preserve resources for all generations with meeting the needs of the present generation. Sustainable development requires extensive changes in the lives of communities at all levels. This change requires the participation of citizens and civil society and people awareness and education about sustainable development is its prerequisite. Education is the infrastructure of development of our modern world and without accessibility to education and creating general awareness in humans, sustainable development will not exceed a superficial and vulgar slogan.
The purpose of this research using descriptive document analysis is to explain and analyze the impact of education and especially environmental education on sustainable development. The findings suggest that a sustainable and comprehensive development will be via human resources development and the prerequisite of the occurrence and continuation of any development, is investment in human resources through education and especially environmental education which is a central core and pillar of any society. Considering that education is one of the most influential factors affecting the sustainable development of each country, wide, continuous, comprehensive and inclusive measures in order to increase environmental awareness is necessary. Economic view to the issue of education from the perspective of investment, according to World Bank standards and explaining its role in sustainable development, is the innovation of this paper.

The ratio of tax to gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the factors measuring the role of public section in economic activities of the country which indicates the tax system’s efforts in collecting tax considering the surplus (added) value in the economy. Such a ratio suggests the rate of economic activities liable for tax basis, and shows the amount of money that public section draws back from economic resources and injects into different economic sections for fulfilling tax goals. The present paper studies the ratio of real tax to gross domestic products and its effects on country’s economic growth during recent decades (1977-2012). The paper’s method of analysis is based on an endogenous growth model adapted to a country like Iran in which economic structure relies on exchange income of oil sale and Cashin pattern is used too. Findings and results of the paper suggest that increasing taxes affects negatively on country’s economic growth by 0.14 to 0.16 percent. The results also indicate that the ratio of tax to surplus (added) value of economic sections which are liable for paying tax comparing with other selected countries not only is not slight, but also is more regarding the economic facts of our country. Selected countries include developed, developing and oil exporter countries.

Up to now in Iran's economy, a numerous tax bases have been identified with different rates. Here's the question that comes to mind is whether these rates are optimal. Is it possible to determine an average optimal rate in a way that would bring greater growth and prosperity? In the present study, weve been looking for Iran's optimal tax rate using time series data in the years 1978-2014 via a dynamic optimal control approach and the maximum principle. According to the findings, the optimal tax rate is 20%. And the main factors affecting tax rate are: the ratio of expenditures of the private sector to the public sector, the ratio of investment in the public sector to the private sector, depreciation rate, and rate of time preference, elasticity of production function to the investment in private sector and public sector and technical progress. Among the above factors, the ratio of expenditures of the private sector to the public sector has a negative effect and the ratio of Investment in the public sector to the private sector has a Positive effect on optimal tax rate.

Increase in government spending can lead to increase in production, supply of public goods and services and utility. But it should be noted that increasing the role of government in the economy caused ejection of the private sector and this will reduce the utility.In the present study, weve been looking for Iran's growth rate of government's Spending using time series data in the years 1978-2014. Via a dynamic Optimal control approach and the maximum principle.According to the findings, the optimal growth rate of government expenditure is 7% and the main factors affecting the government expenditure rate is the ratio of private and public sector investment. Therefore, the current growth rate of government spending is not optimal and the government needs to control the growth rate of spending.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate entrepreneurship capabilities (independence, internal control, progress motivation, risk-taking and creativity) of students of Payame Noor University of Arak and specifying the influence of university education on reinforcing such capabilities. In this study, a descriptive method was used. For gathering data a researcher-made questionnaire was used. Reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.86. In order to carry out the project 260 students of Payame Noor University of Arak in the academic year of 1386-87 were selected by random classical sampling method. Two levels of inferential and descriptive statistics by the use of SPSS software were performed to analyse the data. The results showed that: entrepreneurship capabilities of students in the independence, internal control, progress motivation and creativity were more than the mean value, but in the case of risk-taking the relevant scores were less than mean value. University education was not found to be effective in reinforcing entrepreneurship capabilities of the students. Effectiveness of entrepreneurship centred education in reinforcing entrepreneurship capabilities such as independence, internal control, progress motivation, risk-taking was refused, but this hypothesis in the case of creativity was accepted.