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This study investigated the achievement of cognitive goals of physical education in high school students of Yazd city. The research was a field study with a descriptive method. The instrument for measuring the research variables was a four-option researcher-made test on scientific topics in the field of physical education. The content validity of the instrument was confirmed by the opinions of experts. The reliability estimate of the instrument was calculated by applying it to 40 students and using Cronbach's alpha and split-half (odd and even) methods, which were 0.81 and 0.89, respectively. The population consisted of 39387 high school male students in Yazd, and a sample of 380 students (200 junior high school students and 180 senior high school students) was selected based on the Morgan-Kerejcie table. The results showed that the cognitive goals of physical education were not achieved in high school male students. Therefore, it is suggested that trained teachers should pay more attention to the cognitive goals, and have a special interest in introducing students to the cognitive (knowledge) content of physical education

The effect of an elite training on body composition and Cardio respiratory function of kayaks.The primary aim of this study was the determination of the effect of an elite training program on body composition and Cardio program on body composition and Cardio respiratory function of kayaks. The sample consist of 12 elite kayaks (6 male and 6 female who were national kayaking team, of Islamic republic of Iran. The exercise program maintenance of 2 times endurance exercise and 3 times resistance exercise per week during a short period of practice (8weeks) on female and male separated. The raw data were statistically (mean, standard deviation, t test) analyzed. The training program has an effect on index of body weight, percent body fat, body fat masand maximal oxygen uptake of kayaks and there is a sign between the mean number of pretest and post test.Discussion conclusion the trainers can help athletes to be fit by regular endurance and resistance exercise and controlling body composition amid maximal oxygen uptake.Key words: Body Composition,Cardiorespiratory endurance,Estimated,Elite rowers

A person's physical work capacity depends to some extent on his ability to capture, transfer and distribute oxygen in active muscles, which indicates cardio-respiratory endurance. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to influence the simultaneous aerobic-anaerobic training on the physical work capacity of handball girls.In a semi-experimental study, the physical work capacity of 30 female handball players Isfahan province with an age range of 15.2 ± 2.16 was measured before and after 8 weeks of aerobic-anaerobic training. The obtained results were analyzed using spss18 software.The mean and standard deviation of the experimental group and the control group before exercise, physical work capacity, respectively, 440/0 ± 13/2 and 211/0 ± 98/1 and the physical work capacity of experimental group and control group, respectively, after exercise 486/0 ± 32 / 2 and 222/0 ± 02/2, respectively. Therefore, physical work capacity after aerobic training groups - Concurrent anaerobic significantly increased (05/0 =p).The results showed that simultaneous aerobicanaerobic exercises have a significant effect on the physical work capacity of handball girls.

Fatigue is a common and debilitating symptom among older adults, significantly impacting their quality of life and functional capacity. The relationship between serotonin and fatigue in aging is complex, involving multiple neurobiological pathways that influence sleep, mood, cognitive function, and energy metabolism. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective management strategies.
This review aims to elucidate the role of serotonin in the development of fatigue in elderly individuals and evaluate potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate this condition.
A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on the neurobiological mechanisms linking serotonin to fatigue, the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, and future research directions. Studies were selected based on their relevance to serotonin’s role in aging and fatigue management.
Serotonin plays a critical role in regulating various physiological and psychological functions that impact fatigue. Age-related declines in serotonin synthesis, receptor sensitivity, and transporter function contribute to increased fatigue through disrupted sleep, mood disorders, cognitive decline, and altered energy metabolism. Pharmacological treatments, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), have shown efficacy in alleviating fatigue related to depression and chronic pain. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exercise, sleep hygiene, and dietary modifications, are also effective in managing fatigue. Combining these approaches may offer the best outcomes for elderly patients.
Addressing fatigue in older adults requires a multifaceted approach that integrates both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. Personalized treatment plans considering individual patient profiles and preferences can enhance therapeutic efficacy. Future research should focus on exploring novel therapeutic targets within the serotonergic system, developing personalized medicine approaches, and evaluating the long-term impact of combined therapies.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of advertisements and equipment on attracting customers in sports halls of Yazd province. This is a descriptive research, the statistical population of this research was all the customers of the educational sports halls of Yazd province in the number of 3000 people, of which 240 people were selected as available. To measure the data, Moradi's 1392 customer attraction questionnaire, the advertising role questionnaire (Niknam, 1392) was used. During the distribution and completion of the questionnaire by the respondents, the researcher was present and made it possible to give the necessary explanations to the respondents regarding the purpose of the research, its importance in the way of answering the questions, after completing and returning 240 questionnaires, the results It was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as (regression). Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS software version 21 and at an error level of less than 0.05. Finally, the results showed that advertising plays a significant role in attracting customers in sports halls of Yazd province.

The purpose of this research was to compare the attitude of parents, sports teachers and students towards physical education. The method of this research was descriptive and comparative. The statistical population included students, parents and physical education teachers of Yazd province. From this society, 240 students and 240 of their parents were randomly selected using the Kargesi and Morgan table and 17 of the physical education teachers were selected as a statistical sample, and 240 questionnaires between students and their parents and 18 questionnaires between Male sports teachers were distributed. It should be noted that the content validity of the tool was calculated by a group of experts and its reliability was also calculated in a research study. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as chi-square and Yeoman-Whitney using SPSS software version 21. The findings of the research showed that there was a significant difference between the attitudes of parents, male sports teachers, and male high school students towards physical education lessons (p≤0.05). Therefore, by providing sports programs for parents and students, their attitude towards physical education can be improved so that they also have the necessary support for better implementation of physical education lesson plans.

Sports competitions create a lot in athletes and sometimes the results of sports competitions are determined as a result of differences in competitions and skills. This creates stress in the agents, which is the stress caused by the athletes. The purpose this study was comparisons between competitive state anxiety in low and high arousal in elite basketball players. The subjects of this study were basketball players who participated in basketball competition that disposed on 90-91. Tow of competitions choice T won the competition that the players had high arousal (the players 70% did not guess to win that competition) and the other one with low arousal (the players 70% did not guess to win that competition). 2 hours before each competition begin the subjects completed the SCAT questionnaire and their blood bleeder too. The results of this study shown that the competitive state anxiety in high arousal was high and in low arousal was low, in tow ways SCAT and cortisol tests (p<0/05) and with a comparison between SCAT and cortisol tests, the results shown that there were not any significant differences between SCAT and cortisol tests.

Monitoring body fat and controlling it is an important factor in checking people's health and efficiency. This factor is especially important in students because physical fitness plays a key role in better performance and health of their body and mind, therefore, this article was conducted with the aim of relating the thickness of skin folds in different areas of the body in male students. In this study, 120 male students aged 19 to 24 years of Isfahan University were randomly selected and the fat thickness of the octagonal points of their body was measured 3 times using a Seka caliper with an accuracy of 0.1 and the results were measured using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson's correlation coefficient. It was analyzed with version 21 of spss software. Mean and standard deviation of subscapular fat (14.95±5.5), forearm fat (6.13±2.9), back arm fat (11.92±5.04), breast fat (9.9) 9.6±3), belly fat (19.4±8.8), extra-specific fat (14.7±8.9), thigh fat (16.5±6.7), leg fat (6 It was 11.4±5.00, so there was a high correlation between the thoracic region with the subscapular and abdominal regions (82%) and (80%) and on the other hand, the abdominal region had a high correlation with the supraclavicular region (78%). Also, there is a high correlation between the back of the arm and forearm and thigh (83%) and (84%) and between the leg and thigh (85%) (p<0.01). The results of this study show that body composition can be evaluated in the measurement with a smaller number of positions.

Continuous participation in physical and sports activities based on the process of learning and social interaction plays a role in the acquisition of personality traits. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to compare the personality characteristics of female athletes with non-athletes.

This descriptive-survey research involved 200 female athletes and 200 non-athletes who were randomly selected. A 16-item personality questionnaire was distributed among them, and after collecting the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent samples t-test, and multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS version 21.

The results indicated significant differences between female athletes and non-athletes in personality factors warmth (A), emotional stability (C), sensitivity (I), apprehension (O), perfectionism (Q3) and tension (Q4).

Considering the research findings, sports activities create situations that enhance individuals' mastery over their psychological characteristics, including positive personality traits.

The goal of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise with resistance training on Brain-derived neurotrophic factor level of old men.
Methods & Materials: In this semi-experimental study¡ a total of 30 elderly men were selected from worldly-wise club of Broujen City¡ Iran and randomly divided into 3 groups of aerobic training¡ resistance training¡ and control (each 10 people). All participants filled the health questionnaire and testimonial. Then¡ the balance tests and fasting blood was taken. The aerobic and resistance training group trained for 8 weeks¡ 3 sessions per week¡ 1 to 1.5 hours in each session. The aerobic training was with 40% to 70% of maximum heart rate and the resistance training was with 45% to 65% of one RM. During of this time¡ the control group did no training. After 8 weeks¡ the balance test was administered and blood samples were taken.
Findings were analyzed with test variance analyzing at 0.05. The results showed there was a significant difference between aerobic and resistance training regarding brain-derived neurotrophic factor level (P0.05).
The results show that both aerobic exercise and resistance increase serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels.

Abstract Yoga as an exercise to improve the physical, psychological, social health condition, and promote the feeling of health in healthy people in the medical education community is considered. The aim of this research was to find The Effect of 8 Weeks Yoga Training on Respiratory Function and Heart Rate of Non-Athlete Females. 30 students of khorasgan Azad University who were studying at this year. 1390 were selected and divide into two groups randomly: 15 in experimental and 15 in control groups. Before starting a yoga training course the Spirometers and resting pulse rate (PR) were recorded. Variables dealing in pulmonary function were: forced vital capacity (fvc). Forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), peak Expiratory flow (PEF), peak inspiratory flow (PIF), tidal volume (T.V), resting respiratory rate (RR). The yoga training courses were two months, three times a week and each time one and half hours, containing yoga training and pranayama. At the end of this training, pulmonary function and pulse rate recorded in the same situation again, and findings analyzed by (t-test) and (p<0.05) at the end following conclusion were observed: resting PR and RR. Showed a significant decrease and FEV1 showed a significant increase: but in other variables (FVC), (PEF), (PIF) and (T.V) no change was seen. Results of this study showed that 8 weeks of practicing yoga and pranayama to increase vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second and decreased heart rate and respiratory rate at rest is.

Substances found positive impact on the performance of athletes of different disciplines the body and the body attached to it does not matter and No deleterious effects on multiple organ systems، the main concern nutrition experts، is. One of the recent ones are in scientific circles as a complement sodium bicarbonate. twenty men participated in the investigation and divided into two groups randomly subjects completed two trials of Wingate test in two groups. After the first Wingate test they received either sodium bicarbonate. 300 mg/kg body weight، or placebo، water. The blood lactate level was measured by lactometer following each test Subjects participated in the second Wingate test that 70 min after ingestion of two substances The first one being measured by lactometer and the second one by analysis of monitor Wingate test (Monark). A significant relationship was observed between consumption sodium bicarbonate and blood lactate level but no significant relationship between sodium bicarbonate and peak power and power drop capacity. Data analyzing indicated that in both groups There were not significant difference between the average of peak powercan and tired after the consumption sodium bicarbonate. but in comarision with control group، A significant reduction was observed in lactate level in labor group after consuption sodium bicarbonate.

The positive effects of exercise training on some physiological indices of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function may improve the brain and peripheral devices، and as improvement of depression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of water aerobics on levels of beta-endorphin of women with moderate and mild depression. In this experimental study 18 nonathletic females in Yazd Khatam Alanbiya Clinic with mild depression (n=9) moderate (n=9) which had been determined by the Beck Inventory were divided into two groups. Before and after eight weeks of water aerobics، blood samples were taken to measure the Beta-endorphin. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-tests and person’s correlation. The mean and standard deviation of Beta-endorphin before and after the 8-week water aerobics in the mild depression group and moderate depression were 303 ± 374، 298 ± 401 and 73±240، 76±247 respectively. The results also indicated that 8 weeks of water aerobics did not have a significant effect on plasma β-endorphin levels in the depressed patients (p>0. 05). Results showed an increase in the beta endorphin serum of women with mild and moderate depression، but this increase was not significant.

Fatigue is an important inhibiting factor in human performance، so with rising aerobic power could be overcome individual fatigue. Based on the importance of maximum oxygen consumption at fatigue threshold، the purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in temperature of the maximum rate of oxygen consumption and time to exhaustion in workers of spinning factory. In this quasi-experimental study، maximum rate of oxygen consumption in 30 participants in three series was measured: A) Before running Strand and Kankany step test at the temperature of 25 ° c، B) After running Astrand and Kankany step test the temperature of 25 ° c and C) 48 hours later، at the temperature of 40 ° c. For data analysis SPSS (version18) was used. Results indicated that the mean maximum oxygen consumption in Astrand step test in temperature of 25 ° c and 40 °c was 55. 1±6. 2 and 50. 8±5. 6 respectively، and for Kankany test was 31. 2±1. 8 (25 ° c) and 30. 4±0. 81 (40 ° c). Therefore there were significant difference between heart rate average، maximum rate of oxygen consumption and amount of work done in two different temperatures in Strand step test (p<0/05)، Also in Kankany test، significant difference observed between average of heart rate and the amount of work done at the two temperatures (p <0/05)، but there was no significant difference between the maximum oxygen consumption at two temperatures. The overall results of this study showed at temperature of 40 ° c، the maximum rate of oxygen consumption was less than 25 ° c. In other word، in higher temperatures، the maximum rate of oxygen consumption was decreased.

Exercise is a factor that influences endocrine system. Effect of exhaustive exercise in the hypothalamus is still vague and changes in hormones are dependent on the extent، duration، type، and previous exercises. In this experimental study، 14 volunteered runners participated. All subjects ran on a treadmill until they reached the endurance level and then blood samples were obtained in three phases (before، immediately after، and 10 minutes after exercise). The data was analyzed by ANOVA. All the results below P value of 0. 05 (P < 0. 05) were considered to be significant. Mean and standard deviation of testosterone in three phases of before، immediately after، and 10 minutes after exercise were respectively 10. 6±1. 25، 10. 62±2. 82، and 10. 64±2. 57. Moreover، regarding progesterone، measures were 0. 61±0. 41، 0. 99±0. 53، and 1. 08±0. 44. Therefore there was no significant difference between testosterone level before exercise with immediate، and 10 minutes after exercise، but progesterone level revealed a significant difference among before، immediately، and 10 minutes after exercise. Results showed that one session of exhausting exercise could not significantly change testosterone level، whereas increases progesterone level significantly.

Serotonin plays an important role in central fatigue and increases the release of prolactin. To determine the effect of one exhausted endurance exercise session on serotonin serum level of men runners، this study was conducted. In a laboratory cross-sectional study، blood samples of 14 runners were collected and the level of serum serotonin and prolactin was measured before، immediately after and 10 minutes after exercise using Bruce protocol. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18. According to the results، the average level of serum serotonin before، immediately after and 10 minutes after exercise was 141. 26، 241. 04 ng/ml and 214. 34 and for prolactin was 7. 53، 11. 83 and 16. 84ng/ml، respectively. There was significant difference between both serotonin and prolactin levels and the time of exercise (p<0. 05). The present study indicates that one exhausted endurance exercise session can increase blood serum serotonin and prolactin level and fatigue then after. It can be recommended that moderate exercise is useful for ordinary individuals.