علیرضا دهقان پور فراشاه

Big data is considered a valuable asset and provides significant opportunities for policy makers. Data-driven governance is a new approach in public administration and seeks to use these opportunities with the systematic use of data. Data-driven governance needs to comply with special ethical and policy considerations, and in the absence of them, it faces malfunctions such as discrimination, power concentration, social harms, reduction of public trust, and human rights violations. The current research approach is inductive and based on interpretivism philosophy. In this qualitative-exploratory research, data was collected using 15 in-depth and unstructured interviews with experts in the field of data-driven governance. The snowball sampling method was used to select the experts of this research. Finally, after analyzing the interviews with thematic analysis method, ethical and policy considerations of data-driven governance were identified. Based on the findings of this research, the ethical considerations of data-driven governance include data and its management transparency, legal access, considering people's authority and consent, preserving people's privacy, and collecting high quality data. Additionally, its policy considerations encompass data-driven dynamics, training and culture development, the creation of a monitoring and correction mechanism, cooperation and partnership with the private and international sectors, and ensuring data security.

Public organizations must be accountable to the people, their agents, and other regulatory bodies for their performance and actions. However, this important issue has not received as much attention as it should in public organizations. In this mixed-method study, the aim is to identify and prioritize barriers of public accountability in public organizations. In the qualitative phase of the research, using unstructured and in-depth interviews with 24 public managers, employees of public organizations, and public administration professors, data was obtained. Analyzing the data using thematic analysis method, the main and minor barriers to public accountability in public organizations and their sub-branches were identified. Then in the quantitative phase of the research, through the questionnaires, the barriers were prioritized using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) methodology. The results show that three categories of structural, environmental, and content (behavioral) barriers disrupt accountability. According to the findings, barriers of public accountability in public organizations, with respect to priority, include legal barriers, lack of efficient accountability system, administrative corruption, lack of meritocracy, lack of proper performance evaluation system, lack of proper organizational culture, inefficiency of managers, lack of efficient information system, cultural barriers, and instability in public organizations.

The Youth constitute significant percentage of Iran’s population; this is considered a prominent advantage for Iran compared to other countries in the world. The youth are the future makers of the country and it necessitates planning for their training and employment in managerial positions. In recent years, the issue of youthism and their employment in managerial positions has been emphasized in our country, such that many officials have paid attention to it. However, it should be noted that employing young people in managerial positions acts as a double-edged sword having its own advantages and disadvantages. The strategy of this qualitative research, which is based on the interpretivism philosophy and has an inductive approach, is thematic analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 19 managers of public organizations in 1400 and their analysis was done using thematic analysis. The results indicate that the advantages of employing young human resources in managerial positions are being more dynamic and having more enthusiasm, being more familiar with modern knowledge and technologies, facilitating change and innovation, having a sense of cooperation and participation and being youthism, while the disadvantages are inexperience, emotional and quick reaction in the face of problems, less realism, less systemic thinking and low resilience and less authority.

Considering the ever-increasing inflation of recent years, which came about due to international sanctions in the field of oil and gas condensate sales, and the existence of a large budget deficit, it is necessary for the government to think of ways to improve the negative operational balance of its budget and take effective measures as soon as possible. In order to improve the operational balance of the government budget, drivers of the negative operational balance of the budget should be identified first. The main goal of this research, which was conducted in 1401, is to identify the drivers of the negative operational balance of the government budget. In this qualitative-exploratory research, by conducting 19 interviews with experts (3 faculty members, 6 managers, and 10 experts of plan and budget organization) and analyzing the interviews with thematic analysis, finally the drivers of the negative operational balance of the government budget in the form of 3 categories of contextual, procedural and Programmatic drivers (3 main themes, 8 sub-themes and 83 codes) were identified. Contextual drivers refer to the factors related to the country's economic background and include the undeveloped manufacturing and export industries, monopolies in the country's economic sectors and excessive growth of the public sector in Iran. The programmatic drivers express the factors that are related to lack of planning or the lack of a suitable plan in the field of operational balance management and include the lack of a suitable plan to increase the government's efficiency and the lack of a suitable plan to control the sale of natural resources. Procedural drivers refer to the factors that are related to the processes, procedures and the quality of its implementation in the country and include the weakness in the tax system, Failure to perform performance-based budgeting principles and ineffective monitoring of the government's economic activities.

The important and strategic role of the Plan and Budget Organization in leading and policy making of the country is indisputable. To be able to perform its duties properly and to take steps towards the best possible fulfillment of its missions, this organization must have competent managers. The main purpose of this qualitative-exploratory study was to identify the general and specific competencies of this organization's managers and this research was conducted to answer the question: what are the general and specific competencies of the Plan and Budget Organization’s managers? To this end, in addition to extracting competencies from duties of the Plan and Budget Organization through qualitative content analysis, 19 interviews were conducted with experts and analyzed by thematic analysis. Finally, managers' competencies of the Plan and Budget Organization were identified in the form of 8 main themes, namely, developmental knowledge, economic leadership skills, research skills, financial and economic policy making skills, economic, political and legal monitoring, professional ethics, communication skills and compliance with meritocracy (The first 5 items were specific competencies and the next 3 items were general competencies) and examined.

Negative operating balance is a problem faced by the governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran in recent years, with the increase of international sanctions in the field of oil and gas sales, the reduction of Iran's oil revenues and the ever-increasing inflation; the negative operating balance of the government's budget has shown itself more than before. The main goal of this research is to identifying  and providing solutions to compensate for the negative operating balance of the government’s budget. In this exploratory-applied research that was conducted in 1401, by conducting in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 19 experts (managers and experts of the plan and budget organization and faculty members of University of Tehran) who were selected by the snowball sampling and analysis of the interviews with thematic analysis, solutions to reduce the operating balance deficit of government’s budget were provided. these solutions are in the form of legal solutions, which include make efficient laws regarding the control of the sale of natural resources such as oil and gas condensate and make anti-monopoly laws and the process solutions which include shrinking the government, increasing the efficiency of the government, correct and principled taxation, performance-based budgeting, efficient monitoring and supervision of the government's economic activities and export and industries development, (2 main themes, 8 sub-themes and 62 codes) were identified and were analyzed.

Preparing and editing the budget document is one of the most vital annual actions of governments. This document has a strategic role in making the government accountable for its duties, economic growth of the country, realization of social justice, planning at the macro level of the country and providing public services. In this qualitative research, the evaluation criteria of the budget document is considered and the question is raised, what are the evaluation criteria of the country's budget document? The participants of the current research were 18 managers, employees of the country's program and budget organization and university professors who were selected by snowball sampling and were subjected to in-depth and semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation. After conducting each interview, its text was analyzed by theme analysis technique. In the end, the evaluation criteria of the country's budget document were identified in the form of 6 main themes of efficiency and effectiveness, alignment with laws and upstream documents, comprehensiveness, type of budgeting approach, prioritization of important issues of the country, and transparency along with 26 sub-themes and 77 codes.

Abstract
The prominent and outstanding role of faculty members is not hidden from anyone in the education of students, the dynamism and prosperity of the university, and development and excellence of society. To playing these roles, they require to have enough work engagement. In this qualitative-applied research, university faculty members’ work engagement is considered, posing the question: what are the characteristics of engaged faculty members of public universities in Iran? The participants were 26 faculty members of public Universities in Tehran, who were selected by snowball sampling method and were interviewed with semi-structured questions until theoretical saturation was obtained. The participants’ responses were coded after each interview, and the concepts and themes were extracted from them using the thematic analysis method. Finally, the characteristics of engaged faculty members were categorized into 4 main themes: try to other flourishing, interest in self-flourishing, Commitment to professional ethics and engaged personality. Furthermore,16 sub-themes were identified and discussed.
New organizations expect their employees to be creative and dynamic, take the initiative, work collaboratively, try to develop their job skills, and be committed to high performance standards. Therefore, modern organizations need a lot of engaged staff for success. Universities and centers of higher education play an important role in the development and excellence of human societies. One of the factors that help to improve the current status of universities is enjoying faculty members with enough work engagement. Due to the effect of faculty members’ work engagement on their performance qualitatively and quantitatively, it seems that in order to improve the status of universities, faculty members with work engagement, as major actors in the university should be recruited. Due to the reliance of achieving higher education goals and comprehensive development of the country on the existence of faculty members who are engaged in teaching, researching, advising and leading students, the present study seeks to answer the question: what are the characteristics of engaged faculty members of public universities in Iran? Thus, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the characteristics of engaged faculty members, as one of the most important components of the country's higher education system. It is hoped this study can assist relevant authorities in identifying the characteristics of engaged faculty members, modifying performance evaluation criteria and promoting faculty members.
Case study
In this research, faculty members of public universities in Iran constitute the case study.
Due to the nature of the subject, the research is conducted in a qualitative manner and is based on the interpretation philosophy. Data collection is conducted through interview with 26 faculty members from public universities in Tehran. data collection was conducted through snowball sampling. The method of data analysis is thematic analysis.
Discussion and After analyzing the data, the characteristics of engaged faculty members were categorized into 4 main themes: try to other flourishing, interest in self-flourishing, commitment to professional ethics and engaged personality. Furthermore, 16 sub-themes were identified and discussed.
Although the main question of our research was about the characteristics of engaged faculty members, the characteristics expressed by the interviewees were mostly about the faculty members’ engagement for teaching and rather than about the engagement for researching. The characteristics identified with most to least frequency were about: the engagement for teaching, the engagement for communicating with the community, and the engagement for researching; it indicates the importance of spending time and energy of the teacher in educating students.

Urban development is one of the most important issues facing urban researchers due to population growth in urban areas. The aim of this research is to evaluate and analyze the changes in physical growth in Yazd city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and uses Landsat satellite imagery to study the growth and physical development of the studied area during the period between 1973 and 2016.The results showed that the city of Yazd began to expand in 1998 with growth of 63 per cent compared to the previous decade. This period coincided with the increase in population and urban expansion of services and were industries in the region in a way that attracts immigrants from other parts of the city. The first city to expand to the West and South-West and then along the communication route to the southeast, and finally the South. The most important limiting factors for growth of the city on the north side of sand dunes in the West and South-West there are some applications, such as industrial centers and factories and the airport, on the south side of the mountain and universities and in the South East and East there were agricultural land. At the moment, due to limiting factors in developing city in all directions vertical growth of the city is the best option

Tourism is one of the most dynamic activities in the world today. The number of foreign and domestic tourists and tourism revenues are steadily increasing across the world. The prosperity of tourism in each geographical area, in additon to positive and negative outcomes, brings about some ecological effects which, if continue, can lead to irreparable damages. Currently, the spatial pattern of land use development trends or procedures of construction in Kish Island are not consistent with its fragile ecological conditions and severe climate. Moreover, using the available technologies for the efficient utilization and conservation of resources have not realized. In this study, some conclusions were reached. Among them are: Kish Island has some strengths and weaknesses in terms of tourism and biological factors. Marine Strengths include good sea conditions, high economic use for human consumption, industry and irrigation, surface water, tourist attractions of aqueducts system. Weaknesses include pollution of the sea due to urban wastewater, recreational activities, recovery of land on the beach and groundwater pollution caused by urban activities.