فهرست مطالب علیرضا محمودی

 The Vitex pseudo-negundo plant is one of the types of medicinal plants that grow in natural ecosystems and often on the margins of seasonal rivers, dry rivers, mesial beds and alluvial land ranges in the central highlands of the country. Fars province is one of the important habitats of this plant and it is important to collect information about the distribution of this plant in different parts of Fars province. Studies have shown that the plant has anti-cancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, disinfectant and antifungal effects, and is also widely used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, tonic, diuretic, appetite suppressant. It is used as astringent, narcotic, carminative and anti-flatulent. The aim of this research is to investigate the phytochemical contents of the essential oil of the Vitex pseudo-negundo medicinal plant grown in the natural habitats of Darab city.

 At first, the natural habitats of the plant in the city were determined on the map by field survey. In each area, the height above the sea level, latitude and longitude were measured by a positioning device (GPS, Vista model, Taiwan). Due to the high density and abundance of the Vitex pseudo-negundo plant in the Fasarood area of Darab, the physical and chemical characteristics The soil of this habitat, such as soil acidity, electrical conductivity and soil elements, was also recorded through soil sampling and data analysis. Then the fresh leaves of the plant were collected from the habitats in question. In order to prevent undesirable changes, the collected plant organs were dried in the shade at a temperature of 10-20 degrees Celsius. In order to extract essential oil, 100 grams of flowering branches crushed by a mill were extracted by distillation with water using a Clevenger machine for 3 hours in the laboratory of medicinal plants of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab city. Separation of essential oil from the column of the device was done with a special syringe. The resulting essential oils were separated from the surface of the water by anhydrous sulfate, dehumidified, then weighed and then the percentage of essential oil production efficiency was calculated through the formula. After dehydrating, the essential oil was stored in a closed glass container in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius until it was injected into the gas chromatograph. Gas chromatography (GC: Gas chromatography) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) were used to determine the quantity and quality of essential oil compounds.

 One of the important results of this research, compared to the results of similar research on Vitex pseudo-negundo plant in different regions of the country, is the identification of 43 different compounds in Vitex pseudo-negundo plant essential oil by chromatography method. The comparison of the efficiency of essential oils in different regions of the city showed that the percentage of essential oil efficiency was respectively in different areas of the habitat of this plant in Darab city, including Fateh Abad (0.6), Arab Chegini (0.4), Jannet Shahr (0.5). , Katouye strait (0.3), Raghaz strait (0.2), Ab Barik (0.7) and Fasarood (0.9). According to the present research, the percentage of essential oil in the habitats of Darab city was determined between 0.2 and 0.9, which compared to previous researches, Vitex pseudo-negundo habitats in Darab city had a higher percentage of essential oil in some places such as Fasaroud (Korsia). According to the different compounds identified in the essential oil of Vitex pseudo-negundo, it was found that monoterpenes were the main group of constituents of the essential oil, followed by hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes, which was consistent with previous research. has it. The highest compounds identified in Vitex pseudo-negundo plant in different habitats of the city, respectively, include alpha-pinene (50.40%), limonene (14.98%), e-caryophyllene (8.55%), sabinene ( 3.54 percent) and Mirsen (2.44 percent). According to the present research, the essential oil of this plant can be considered by pharmaceutical companies as a natural source rich in alpha-pinene chemical composition. Extraction of the alpha-pinene compound from the essential oil of of Vitex pseudo-negundo plant can be profitable and earn high currency for the activists of this field inside and prevent foreign exchange from leaving the country. Considering the tolerance of this shrub to the ecological conditions of semi-desert lands and the beauty of the landscape, more attention can be paid to the medicinal value of the plant.

The historical book of Jahangosha Joveyni (658 AH) holds significant importance as a historical work from the Mongol period, surpassing similar works in terms of its historical and literary value, as well as its early composition. This superiority can be attributed to the literary qualities of the text, particularly its artistic order, which differs from the standard syntactic construction. Artistic order characterized by ungrammatical syntactic construction contributes to the aesthetic quality of the text, playing a crucial role in its artistic expression and literary significance. The avoidance of grammatical norms in syntax is achieved through 4 principles: displacement, substitution, reduction, and increase. Through an examination of Jahangosha's history, it was found that while this syntactic norm avoidance led to unconventional syntax, it also enhanced the prominence and aesthetic impact of the text. Notably, Joveyni artistically employed the principle of "increase" through protest sentences, transforming it into a distinctive stylistic feature and a unique linguistic behavior. This study demonstrated the effective use of grammatical avoidance by Joveyni, highlighting the artistic and aesthetic value of his work.

Cement factories are one of the most polluting industries in the world. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the contamination of heavy metals lead, nickel, cadmium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in the soils around Darab Cement Factory. 30 soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm from the soil around the Cement Factory. Heavy metal concentrations were measured by atomic adsorption spectrometry. The results showed that the mean values of cadmium, nickel, copper, lead, zinc, iron and manganese in the soils of the region were 1.73, 35.52, 13.71, 27.98, 26.97, 1039.27, and 590.71 mg kg-1 respectively. The average cadmium in the soils of the region (1.71 mg kg-1) is higher than the maximum standard of cadmium in the soils of the world. The average concentrations of metals in the study area are Fe> Mn> Ni> Pb> Zn> Cu> Cd, respectively. The results showed that the mean concentrations of lead, nickel, zinc, copper and cadmium were significantly different from the maximum allowable amount in the soil and was less than that (P <0.01). The results of the risk index showed that 100% of the samples have a low risk index. The study area has a moderate degree of pollution in terms of manganese, cadmium, nickel and lead metals. The pollution load index for all stations is less than 1, indicating the pollution load index in the area close to the normal and non-polluted concentration. In general, although the concentration of heavy metals in the soils of the study area is not in a critical state of pollution, but planning to control the release of heavy metals and other pollutants should be considered.

Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) is a widely consumed and exported medicinal plant in Iran. It is primarily grown in the central and southern regions of Iran, as well as parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Studies have shown that this plant possesses immunomodulatory, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and disinfectant properties. It is also used in traditional medicine for its antifungal effects and to alleviate pain, treat infectious diseases, and address digestive problems. Due to the high demand, extensive harvesting, and indiscriminate collection from southern pastures, this valuable plant is facing the risk of extinction. Therefore, cultivation efforts are being undertaken. This research aims to compare the quantity and quality of essential oil in ecological and agricultural samples of Shirazi thyme.

Flowering branches of the plant were collected from the Marwarid area of Darab city in Fars province. Additionally, a cultivated sample was obtained from the research farm located in the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Darab. Essential oil was extracted using the distillation method with water, and gas chromatography (GC) was used for analysis. The essential oil was obtained by distilling 100 grams of crushed flowering branches using a Celevenger device for 3 hours in the medicinal plants laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Darab. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to identify essential oil compounds.

The relative percentage of each constituent compound in the essential oils was determined based on the area under the curve in the chromatogram spectrum. The comparison of essential oil compositions between agricultural and natural conditions revealed their similarity. In the cultivated sample of Zataria multiflora Boiss, 40 compounds were identified, while the sample collected from the natural habitat contained 32 compounds. The yield of essential oil in the cultivated sample was 1.3%, with the main compounds being linalool (54.33%), carvacrol (24.83%), and thymol (2.48%). The essential oil from the plant sample had a yield of 1.7%, with the major compounds being thymol (51.20%), carvacrol (20.08%), paracimen (7.74%), and gammaterpinene (7.25%). A comparison of the two essential oils indicated that linalool and carvacrol were the predominant compounds in the cultivated sample, while thymol and carvacrol were dominant in the wild sample. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the main group of constituents in the essential oil, followed by hydrocarbon monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, with hydrocarbons having a smaller share. The essential oil composition of the cultivated sample showed an increase in carvacrol compared to the wild sample, while the essential oil of the wild sample exhibited a 58% increase in thymol composition compared to the cultivated sample.

Considering the economic importance of Shirazi thyme, the higher content of essential oil in the cultivated sample compared to the wild sample, and the presence of significant carvacrol and linalool compounds in the cultivated sample, it is recommended to prioritize the domestication of this species and its introduction into agricultural and rangeland management systems. Furthermore, the cultivation of this plant should be encouraged in biological restoration projects of rangelands to promote employment and empower rangeland owners.

Our society calls for Islamic structures, equal chance, justice, and support for the disadvantaged in creating businesses. These issues can be facilitated within the framework of Islamic banking which in turn doubles the growth of entrepreneurial activities. The current research was carried out with the aim of identifying the factors affecting entrepreneur-oriented Islamic banking with a meta-synthesis approach. To this end, 47 studies were extracted from various scientific databases for the period 1990-2021 and analyzed using the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso, to extrapolate the relevant concepts and categories. Based on the research findings, 18 concepts were identified in the form of 7 categories, which were divided into economic and social factors. The categories of changing risk management in investments, granting credits based on Islamic contracts, changing the pattern of bank deposit reserves, respecting the rights of beneficiaries, managing financial markets based on Islamic contracts, establishing justice-oriented contexts, and paying attention to the culture and knowledge based on Islam are identified as the factors affecting Islamic banking.

The increasing use of synthetic hair dyes in Iran, the heavy metals present, side effects (skin sensitivities), and the risk of carcinogenicity have made researchers investigate these dyes. This study was carried out by randomly selecting five Iranian brands in the city of Tehran and comparing them with two foreign brands. It was determined the concentration of heavy metals (Lead, Arsenic, Nickel, Cadmium, and Chromium) in domestically produced hair dyes had been investigated. Heavy metal concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP MASS) following acid digestion. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in 35 samples measured with three repetitions was less than 10 ppm and within the permissible limit.

Today, remote sensing is used for plant studies, such as determining nutrient levels, plant diseases, water deficiency or excess, weed identification, and so on. As electromagnetic waves strike the plants, they react in different ways (absorption, reflection or passage) based on the characteristics of the plants. The quantity of nutrients in a plant can be determined through measurement science in plant studies. Since the amount of nutrients in the plant can be determined, it is possible to know how much fertilizer the plant needs. On the other hand, identified the nutrients in the plant, especially rangeland plants. A spectrometer was used to measure the plant's response to electromagnetic waves in the range of 0.3 to 1.1 m. Following that, the relationship between the amount of electromagnetic waves and the amount of nutrients in these plants was determined. The results showed that in Fagonia bruguieri b1026 nm, in Peganum harmala b1040 nm, in Ziziphus spina-christi b1046 nm, in Tecurium persicum band 1030 nm, in Vitex pesedo-negundo b400 and b1038 and in Otostegia persica band They are effective in predicting the value of P. For the prediction of Zn in F. bruguieri b1026 nm band, in P.harmala b1040 nm band, in Z. spina-christi ba1045 nm band, in T. persicum pea b1030 nm band, in V. pesedo-negundo plant b1010 nm and in O. persica band They are the most effective bands. To predict Cu, it is determined using spectral band values ​​that in F.bruguieri band is b402 nm, in P. harmala band is b410 nm, in Z. spina-christi band is b1046 nm, in T. persicum band is b1030 nm, in V.pesedo and O. persica b1038 are the most effective bands.

The book Hamleye Heydari by Mirza Mohammad Bazel Mashhadhi is one of the prominent Persian religious epics of the 12th century. This verse epic is about the campaigns of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) and the wars of Imam Ali (AS). Using adjectives is among the methods that Bazel Mashhadhi paid special attention to in shaping the structure of his epic language. The use of adjectives in Hamleye Heydari, both artistically and non-artistically, is a tool that the poet has used to describe characters, battle scenes, animals, objects, and to show his emotions and feelings. This descriptive-analytical study aims to identify and introduce the characteristics of religious epic works. The attributes have been investigated and expressed in two categories: linguistic (grammatical) and artistic (rhetorical). Also, the most important function of adjectives in this epic work is investigated. The results of this research show that Bazel Mashhadi paid more attention to the use of subjective adjectives from linguistic and rhetorical points of view than to the use of ironic adjectives. The function of these attributes has led to better visualization and objectification of epic scenes. This can be considered an important factor in the fame and longevity of this epic work.

N-methylpyrrolidine is a highly potent solvent with toxic and adverse ecological properties that has historically been widely used in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Due to the health and safety، toxicity and environmental effects of effluents containing NMP، these effluents should be pre-treated before biological treatment methods. The aim of this study was to remove N-methylpyrrolidone by photo- Fenton process.

For testing, solutions such as sulfuric acid, iron sulfate 7, oxygenated water, sodium hydroxide and distilled water were added to N-methypyrrolidine compounds in the reactor. Then, the removal process was investigated in two stages: complete mixing and adding solutions.

The results revealed that the Fenton process cannot be used successfully to treat the hypothetical refinery effluent containing NMP. However، the photo-phanton process mineralized and degraded the NMP composition. Increase in 30% H2O2 concentration to the optimal dose of 1 mL led to the highest degradation (94%) and decrease in COD level of solution (42.1%).

It can be concluded that advanced oxidation by photo-phanton reaction can be a promising advanced oxidation technology for decomposition and pre-treatment of NMP-containing wastewaters for further biological treatment.

The aim of this study is to identify the role of knowledge management in the impact of intellectual capital components on innovation in public libraries.

The research method is survey-analytical and the statistical population is 382 librarians of public libraries in Iran. SPSS 23 software was used to analyze descriptive data and LISREL software was used to analyze inferential data.

The results show that there is a significant relationship between intellectual capital and innovation that the coefficient of intellectual capital on innovation is equal to (1.691). There is also a significant relationship between knowledge management and intellectual capital that the path coefficient between the variables of knowledge management and intellectual capital is equal to (0.433). The results of the structural equation model show that the model proposed by researchers has a good fit and there is a positive and significant relationship between intellectual capital and innovation with the mediating role of knowledge management in Iranian public libraries.

Public libraries can ensure the survival and effectiveness of their performance by paying more attention to their intellectual and knowledge capital; i.e., identifying, improving and strengthening intellectual capital and its dimensions as one of the important capabilities of public libraries in creating and storing. Sharing, applying, and evaluating organizational knowledge can lead to the development of innovative activities.

An appropriate amount of soil was picked up from the surface horizon (0-30 cm) from the rangeland of Darab city. After air drying and passing through a 2 mm sieve, some physical and chemical properties of the soil were measured. A factorial pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor includes biochars in 7 levels (no application of biochar (C), wheat biochar (1.5 % w/w) (GB1), wheat biochar (3 % w/w) (GB2), corn biochar (1.5 % w/w) (ZB1), corn biochar (3 % w/w) (ZB2), cotton biochars (1.5 % and 3% w/w) and the second factor includes the use of lead (Pb) at 3 levels (0 (Pb0), 150 (Pb150) and 300 (Pb300) mg kg-1 soil) under forage panicum cultivation. After copmpleting vegetative growth, the plants were cutted and harvested from 0.5 cm of the soil surface. This study indicated that with increasing the biochar levels from 0 to 3 % (w/w), the electrical conductivity (0.31, 0.15 and 0.02 dS/m), soil organic carbon (53, 59 and 63%) and soil pH (0.13, 0.05 and 0.15 units) were increased and the Pb availabity (16.12, 12.83 and 10.25%) was decreased, respectively. With enhancing the Pb levels from 0 to 300 mg kg-1 soil, the concentration of soil manganese (17.27%) and potassium (4.54%) availability were significantly reduced.

The current century has witnessed the expansion of urbanization in developing countries, including Iran. On the one hand, one of the consequences of this phenomenon is the increase in demand for goods and services in cities, and on the other hand, urban development requires financing of municipalities and government organizations. Nevertheless, due to the diverse situations of developing countries and the financial crises of these countries, as well as the low credit and revenues of municipalities from local taxes, it is not possible to finance the necessary urban projects through the government sponsorship. As a result, for the progression of infrastructure, the presence of private sector investment and the use of facilities of private banks and institutions appears compulsory. The metropolis of Tabriz is a clear example of urban development using the capacities of the private sector. The present applied research applies a descriptive-survey method with the use of questionnaire tools and a sample size of 384 people to assess the role of private sector investment in the economic and artistic development of Tabriz. In the research process, Delphi technique was used to analyze the data and SWOT model was used to analyze the factors affecting private sector investment, quantitative strategic planning matrix technique. The results of the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors of Tabriz based on the QSPM model indicate that the weight of the city's strengths weighs on its weaknesses. Therefore, considering the strengths and weaknesses of the study area and the opportunities and threats that exist outside the region, as well as taking into account their total points, it can be concluded that by emphasizing on increasing private sector investment, economic-artistic development of Tabriz is followed.

Research purposes:

1. Assessing the role of private sector investment in the economic-artistic development of Tabriz. 2. Investigating the strengths and weaknesses / opportunities and threats of private sector investment on the development and progress of Tabriz.

Research questions:

1. Can supporting private investment play an effective role in the field of economic-artistic prosperity and growth and development of the city of Tabriz? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of private sector investment in the development of Tabriz and its opportunities and threats?

Astragalus fasciculifolius is one of the most distributed plant species in the arid and semiarid regions of southern Iran. It may be well grown on roadside. This investigation was carried out to study the effect of road and its traffic intensity on the soil physicochemical properties and plant nutrients availability of roadside and to monitor the concentration of nutrients in the aerial parts of Astragalus fasciculifolius. Thirty soil and plant samples from roadside and 100 m distance from road were randomly collected and some physicochemical soil properties and nutrients availability were determined. Concentrations of the nutrients in the aerial parts of the plants were also determined. The results indicated that roadside soils had more sand and calcium carbonate equivalent than the adjacent lands. Soils of the main roadside had less K and more Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu than the adjacent lands; this difference in local road was observed only for Fe and Cu. Nutrients concentration in the aerial parts of the plants was affected by road, and P, K, Mn and Zn showed significant increases in the roadside plants. Concentrations of P, Fe, Zn and Cu in plants grown in main roadside and concentrations of Fe and Zn in plants grown in the local roadside were correlated with their contents in the soils. The effect of roads on soil properties change and nutrients availability may be related to the addition of road bed and emission of vehicles. Generally, it could be concluded that roadside soils had more suitable water and nutrition conditions for the growth of Astragalus fasciculifolius, as compared to the soils of the adjacent lands.

Land use change from forest and pasture to Rosa damascena Mill orchard can affect many soil properties and fertility. Thirty-six surface soil samples from different land uses including forest, pasture and Rosa damascena Mill orchard were collected from Morvarid region (Darab, Fars province) to evaluate the effect of land use change on soil properties and fertility. Different soil properties, macro- and micronutrients availability and soil potassium forms were determined. Results showed that the content of organic matter, soil pH and cation exchange capacity in the orchard soil were significantly lower than those in the forest and pasture soils. The nitrogen content in the orchard soil was significantly lower than that in the other land uses, however the content of available P in the orchard soil was significantly higher than that in the forest and pasture soils (39 vs. 22 and 24 mg kg-1, respectively). The availability of manganese, zinc and copper in the orchard soil was significantly higher than those in the forest and pasture soils. The contents of exchangeable K in the forest soil (749 mg kg-1) and non- exchangeable K in the orchard soil (1344 mg kg-1) were significantly higher than those in the other land uses. Generally, farmers may change the soil properties and fertility with addition of chemical fertilizers, disturbing the soil and harvesting some aerial parts of plants. Changes in soil properties and nutrients availability must be considered in agricultural land management and the results of this research, for example the decrease in content of some macronutrients and organic matter due to the land use change from forest and rangeland to orchard, can be useful to predict the consequences of land use change in the studied region and other similar regions. It is recommended that in order to maintenance of nutrients balance in orchards, P fertilizers application should be done with more consideration and the decrease in the contents of organic matter and such macronutrients as N and K should be recompensed with organic and inorganic fertilizers application.

Allama Iqbal Lahouri is one of the greatest Persian poets of the Indian subcontinent whose significance and position among the people of Iran and the Indian subcontinent is not overlooked. He has used Persian poetic language in expressing his libertarian and solidarity-seeking thoughts. Among the points that are noted in the poems of Iqbal, The use of new metonymies in his poetic language that have not been used before or used less frequently. Considering the importance of recognizing the features of the poetic language of Iqbal, in this researchthat adopts a descriptive-analytic approach, attempt was made to answer this important question that : “What innovations can be detected in Iqbal Lahuri’s poetic metonymies considering his enlightening goals?” Hence, based on traditional rhetoric, fresh uses of metonymy in Iqbal’s poems were identified. The result of this study revealed that while being a main means of poetic imagery, metonymy has been transformed in line with expressing Iqbal’s transcendental and humanitarian thoughts leading to invention of metonymies peculiar to Iqbal Metonymies that are deeply rooted in the rich Islamic culture and his deep acquaintance with the Persian culture and language and literature.
    Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1872-1938) is one of the greatest Persian poets of the last two hundred years in the Indian subcontinent (Amin, 2005:289). Iqbal who was a philosopher, reformist, barrister, Iranologist, Islamologist, researcher, author, politician, scholar and Persian language poet of Pakistan was known as “the Poet of the East”, "The Sage of the Ummah", and "Artist of Pakistan"(Baghaei, 2000:73). He is a pioneer Muslim reformist of the Indian subcontinent and among those who inspired formation of the independent state of Pakistan. Asrar-i-Khudi (Secrets of the Self) (1915), Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (Hints of Selflessness) (1918), Zabur-e-Ajam (Persian Psalms) (1927), Payam-e-Mashriq (The Message of the East) (1923), Javed Nama (Book of Javed) (1932), Musafir (Traveler) (1934), Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq (What are we to do, O Nations of the East?) (1936) and Armughan-e-Hijaz (The Gift of Hijaz) (1938) are among his works in Persian. A remarkable point that made him a revolutionary figure different from other poets is his use of poetry to fulfill the mission of calling for freedom and awakening people for uprising against tyranny and Westernism. He used poetry as a weapon against corruption. He also sought to find a way for Muslims to solve their political, economic, and social problems. In his poems, like Nasir Khusraw, he brings up issues such as: self-awareness, the Qur'an, faith in the prophets and the imams, the belief in the Hereafter and in the resurrection, the perfect man, knowledge and wisdom (Firouz, 2006: 39). Some suggested that he was a prophet whose extent of mission was the hearts of all Muslims and its language was Persian and the message was inspired to his heart (Mohebbati, 2000: 170).
Persian language was not the mother tongue of Iqbal, and he “learned Persian language only through the study of the classical Persian poets' works; hence there are flaws in it" (Radfar, 2000: 2). Without claiming to be a linguist, he has been able to best express the highest mystical, philosophical, political, social, and human concepts in his poems and create a style that "while possessing the characteristics of Khorasani, Iraqi and sometimes Indian styles is unique in general” (ibid:4). In his poems, Iqbal tried to talk about great human and Islamic values using poetic techniques. An outstanding point that attracts attentions to Iqbal’s poems is the use of poetic images including metonymy which is sometimes accompanied by novelties and innovations. Clearly influenced by Iranian literature and culture, Allama Iqbal selected his language and style following, inspired by and modeling on the works of Persian great poets such as Rumi (Baghaei, 2011: 11). Iqbal’s literary language is mixed with rhetorical innovations, hence suggesting a specific style for him. To express his liberal thoughts which are based on Islamic principles using poetic language, he benefited from figures of speech. Among them, metonymy as an imaginative and illustrative element is significant and influential. Considering the significance of this issue, the present research which aims at finding out more about the features of Iqbal’s poems, attempts to answer the key question: “What innovations can be detected in Iqbal Lahuri’s poetic metonymies considering his enlightening goals?”
  In the present research information was gathered from library resources and documents, books, journals, and reliable internet sources. The methodology of the research was descriptive-analytical and Iqbal’s innovations in his Kuliyat (the poems) (2007) were identified and explained.
  Metonymy has been regarded as a concealed way of expressing ideas and a form of artistic speech (Shafiei Kadkani, 1991: 140). Metonymy is one of the four elements of speech that in terms of both definition, scope and bases and even as one of the basic pillars of speech has drawn attention of rhetorical researchers. The core of all these definitions of metonymy is avoiding clarity and attention to the actual or conventional meaning of the speech based on the connection between actual meaning and the intended meaning (the metaphorical meaning). Some researchers have studied metonymy from the linguistic viewpoint. They consider metonymy a type of highlighting in language or “deviation from the standard language” (Safavi, 2001: 34) and believe that metonymy is a type of Īhām (ambiguity) with the difference that it has found its way into and was highlighted in the poetic language through automatic speech (ibid, 2001: 127). This causes metonymy to fall in the category of visual deviations in speech (Vahidian Kamyar, 2007: 191). In his poems in Persian, Iqbal has applied metonymy not as a linguistic device or habit, rather he made use of metonymy first as a means of conveying meaning and then for imagery. Explanation, emphasis, takhyīl [to make one suppose and fancy], brevity, reasoning, bringing joy, convincing the audience, respect, and description are among Iqbal’s purposes of using metonymy. Metonymy in Iqbal’s poems is divided into three categories of “verb metonymy”, “adjective metonymy” and “noun metonymy”. Verb metonymy is the most widely used type of metonymy in Iqbal’s Diwan with most of the innovations being of this type.
  As it was said, metonymy is a kind of hidden expression of ideas and an artistic way of speech used to create poetic images and artistic ambiguity based on taste and revelation. In his Persian poetry, Iqbal has used metonymy not as a linguistic device and habit, but rather as a means of expressing his transcendental thoughts. Reviewing Diwan of Iqbal revealed 669 instances of metonymy. In terms of conveying meaning, of this number, 96 were noun metonymies, 113 were adjective metonymies and 460 were verb metonymies the last being ranked first among the types of metonymies used. Moreover, in terms of conveying meaning, clarity and ambiguity, the metonymies were found with the following frequencies: irony (4), symbols (10), implicit meaning (29) and Ima’e (hint) (626). The frequency of using metonymy as Ima’e indicates Iqbal’s attempt to express his ideas and thoughts as simply as possible. Also, of this number, Iqbal’s innovative metonymies were 92 which are not significant compared to common metonymies used in Iqbal’s poems (577). Nevertheless, innovation in metonymies of Iqbal’s poems are created sometimes by using ordinary, conventional metonymies and renovating them by adding new words to them, and sometimes by using Iqbal’s intellectual genius in a novel way. New metonymies many of which may appear ordinary and trivial today, apart from the illustrative and aesthetic aspect of poetry, in Iqbal’s and later times have led Iqbal’s poems to continually impress general and specified audiences.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of intellectual capital in attracting knowledge and organizational performance in the Cultural and Artistic Organization of Tehran Municipality.

The present study is descriptive-correlational in terms of the type of research method and applied in terms of purpose. Cronbach's alpha method was used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient with 0.91 for intellectual capital, 0.92 for knowledge acquisition and 0.86 for organizational performance indicates the high reliability of the questionnaires. Academic experts as well as managers of the studied community have been used. Descriptive and inferential statistics have been used to analyze the data. In descriptive statistics, information was provided (frequency, percentage, abundance percentage). In inferential statistics, correlation coefficient and Pearson test were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 23.

In the present study, it was found that 33% of the employees of the organization have the highest level of work experience between 5 to 10 years and in terms of education level, the highest level with 54% frequency in master's degree and 63% frequency indicates the predominance of men. Regarding women in the municipality's cultural and artistic organization, the first to fourth hypotheses of this study are also confirmed.

It showed that the relationship between intellectual capital on knowledge absorption, the relationship between knowledge absorption on organizational performance and the relationship between intellectual capital on organizational performance, had a significant relationship. Also, other results of this study indicate that knowledge acquisition has very little effect on organizational performance as a moderating variable compared to intellectual capital.

The Persian language still has its audience outside Iran. It has been blended with many people’s body and soul around the world and they love it. Afghanistan is an example of such countries. Although in some points in time contemporary politicians showed less concern for the Persian language due to political reasons, this language have always been used by various groups of people, survived and welcomed by people. Khalilullah Khalili (1907-1987) is one of the most renowned contemporary Persian poets of Afghanistan whose poems have been affected by various factors such as poetic language, the environment, war, local languages and dialects etc. Some deviations from standard Persian can be detected in his poems. The present article aiming at better recognizing features of contemporary Persian poetry in Afghanistan attempts were made to study deviations in the poems of this afghan poet on eight levels: semantic, grammatical, phonological, historical period, graphological, lexical, stylistic, and dialectal and to answer the following questions:-          What are different types of deviation in Khalilullah Khalili’s poems?
-          What is the most significant type of deviation in Khalilullah Khalili’s poems? The present study was done on the poems of Khalilullah Khalili using descriptive-analytical approach based on library resources. This study was carried out based on Leech’s (1968) categorization of types of deviation from literary language. It should be noted that while studying deviations in the poems of Khalilullah Khalili, the present research sought to discuss issues related to the surface structure of the poetry and not the ones related to its semantic, deep structure. Therefore, archaism through allusions and archaic proper names were not studied in this research. Also, in some articles published in this field, phonological deviations such as epenthesis, assimilation, lenition, etc. have been mentioned. Since such concepts or the like in Khalilullah Khalili’s poems did not lead to defamiliarization which made the poems look repetitive, they were not discussed in this article.  Defamiliarization is a crucial concept in literary criticism that was first proposed by Russian formalists. “Defamiliarization includes techniques that make the poetic language unfamiliar for the audience and against their linguistic habits. These techniques cause changes in all literary works and make the ordinary language unfamiliar”. (Alavimoghaddam, 1998: 107) Different phenomena gradually become familiar for us and we do not perceive them well. Thus, in order to be better understood, phenomena should be defamiliarized. Defamiliarization in the world of text includes all the techniques involved in highlighting a literary text and is usually associated with a kind of “deviation”. Foregrounding in literature usually takes place through deviation in language. Geoffrey Leech (1968) considers deviation from the standard language as foregrounding. Foregrounding is done in two ways:First- deviation: which is also called unexpected irregularity falls within the scope of rhetorical devices and produces poetry (Shamisa, 1999: 163). Deviation is defined as “deviation from the rules of standard language and its inconsistency with the conventional language, although it does not mean any deviation from the standard language”. (Anousheh, 1997: 1445)
Second- parallelism: or unexpected regularity which means the rules added to the language (Vahidian Kamyar, 2004b: 271). Despite deviation, parallelism does not entail deviation from the rules of language. Parallelism is at a level below deviation because poetry is the result of deviations and regularity is the outcome of parallelism (Barani, 2003:63). Parallelism is any rhythm that can be studied on phonological, lexical and syntactic levels. According to the Leech’s (1986) model, deviation from the standard language occurs in 8 types: syntactic, lexical, phonological, historical period, stylistic, dialectal and graphological.
In ancient and modern Persian literature different instances of deviation can be detected in the works of great poems. It can be said that the frequency of such deviations is high in the poems of most poets who created new trends in Persian poetry. Khalilullah Khalili (1907-1987) was contemporary Afghanistan’s Persian poet. He is one of the rare, noted Afghan poets whose intellectual and written works are not only an honor for his own country, but also shine forever in the history of Dari Persian literature. Amounting to fifty, his works are all considered great instances of Persian prose and poetry. Khalilullah Khalili’s poems are reminiscent of the ancient poets and equivalent to the poems of Badiozzaman Forouzanfar, Bahar and Farrokhi in terms of composition and consistency of meaning. He followed the Khorasani style and added innovations literally and semantically. Khalilullah Khalili tries to communicate as simply and beautifully as is common in the Khorasani style. However, some deviations can be found in his poems. Arising automatically to express emotions, sensations and poetic themes, such deviations have caused his poetic language to become different from the standard Persian language.  A look into the poems of Khalilullah Khalili revealed that the poetic and literary language of Khalilullah Khalili is very different from the standard language. Although his poetic language is simple and far from any complexity and he was mainly concerned with simply conveying his poetic thoughts and feelings, Khalili’s poetic subconscious mind expressed poetic ideas in such a way that caused deviations in his artistic creation. To create an effective poetic language, he deviated from poetic norms in various areas. His poems were analyzed in terms of deviation on eight levels: semantic, grammatical, phonological, historical period, lexical, graphological, stylistic and dialectal and it was found that such deviations fell in the semantic category and were applied more frequently and more significantly than other levels of deviation using figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, metonymy and sometimes paradoxical images. In addition, there were deviations on historical period, dialectal, stylistic and grammatical levels that added to the beauty and effectiveness of his poems. Deviations on the phonological level did not affect Khalili’s poems and graphological deviations were not found in his poems due to the traditional style and structure of his poems.

Study of allegories and proverbs used in the divan of Hazin Lahiji One of issues which causes more verbal beautifying is the application of various literary methods including allegories and proverbs. Either allegories and proverbs are used as essential pillar in the Indian style and these two literary approaches have been come in the lightness features. Hazin Lahiji is a contemporary poet in Hindi style. This prominent poet has tried to increase his aesthetic effect and verbal beautifying in his poems using expressive elements especially allegories and proverbs and has taken most utilize of these rhetoric approaches in his poems. In this study which was done based on descriptive-analytic method, it was tried to investigate both allegories and proverbs in the Hazin Lahiji’s poetry. Finally, the position of these approaches will be separately shown in poet’s poems based on statistical samples and presentation of tables and charts. The result of this study exhibited that Hazin Lahiji has used from proverbs more than allegories in his poems and has taken most uses of this rhetoric approach. Keywords: Hazin Lahiji, Hindi style, Allegories, Proverbs.

Little information is available regarding the effect of road on the adjacent vegetation and soil. The current investigation was done to study the effect of Darab-Bandar Abbas road on vegetation, soil properties and nutrient availability of the adjacent soils. For this purpose, eighteen soil samples in three different regions from the roadside and the adjacent land (50m from the road edge) were collected and the vegetation type and density were determined. Soil properties and the availability of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were also determined. Roadside soil had more organic matter and sand contents and less clay content and pH in comparison to the adjacent lands. The mean contents of N, Fe, Zn and Cu available in the roadside soils were 0.13%, 4.2, 3.2 and 0.7 mg kg-1, respectively; these were significantly more than those of the adjacent lands (0.06%, 2.8, 0.6 and 0.3 mg kg-1, respectively). Vegetation of roadside was more varied, consisting of Artemisia sieberi and Astragalus fasciculifolius. Vegetation cover in the roadside (13.8%) was significantly more than that of the adjacent lands (8.5%). Generally, it could be concluded that roadside soils had a suitable moisture condition and fertility for the vegetation development and this could be considered in the soil conservation management of the roadside soils.

The literature review is a long-term sociological perspective that has been considered by researchers, but so far, this issue has not been examined in the literature of our country children and teenagers, who have a large part in the contemporary literature.It is not surprising to imagine the reflection of politics and the political world in the literature of this age group due to their perceptual qualities. In this research, with the aim of understanding the characteristics of literature of children and teenagers in our country, we tried to study the nature and extent of reflection of political entity in the literature of children and teenagers in the descriptive-analytical way. To achieve this, the works of four most prominent contemporary writers in our country in the field of children and teenager literature: Moradi Kermani, Ebrahimi Shahid, Sarshar and Akbarpoor have been selected. In order to make the scientific research more accessible, one of the most widely considered sociology of the world, Talcott’s sociology theory Parsons is selected. In Parson’s theory, the political institution, as one of the main four-body institutions of the community, has an independent system. The result of this study is that the incorrect inclusion of concepts of political institution in the works of children and teenagers in accordance with their perceptual qualities and constraints is one of the ways of political socialization of this age group, through literature or, in other words, culture.

Halophytes may change different soil properties and nutrients availability by organic materials addition to soil and soil conservation against erosion agents. Destroying these lands and halophytes may have an undesirable effect on environment. To study the effects of physiographic position, plant variety and plant growth position (sole or under another plant) on soil properties of salt marshes, an investigation was carried out in Korsia region, Darab (Fars province). Soil samples were collected from the beneath of Tamarix aphylla and Salsola rigida (sole and under Tamarix) and between plants with triplicates in two different salt marshes with lowland and piedmont plain positions. Soil properties including particle size distribution, organic matter, pH, EC and equivalent calcium carbonates and nutrients availability including P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were determined. Results indicated that lowland had more saline and heavier textured soil and shorter Tamarix aphylla as compared with piedmont plain. Tamarix aphylla increased organic matter, EC, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn; however, it had no effect on soil texture and equivalent calcium carbonates. Salsola rigida increased organic matter and its effect on available Mn and Zn was more than other nutrients. Salsola rigida under short Tamarix aphylla did not change soil salinity; while Salsola rigida under long Tamarix aphylla decreased soil salinity. Generally, it seems that organic matter is the most important factor on different plant nutrients availability and soil fertility status of the soils studied. Organic matter affects mobility, precipitation or nutrient uptake by the effect on pH, chelating agent production, nutrient adsorption, and nutrient release due to decomposition and soil physical properties improvement.