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The Kalateh Bargh prospect area is located NW of Bardaskan, Khorasan Razavi province. Geology of the erea includes sequence of Eocene volcanic rocks with basalt composition and trachyandesite and andesite. On this sequence, there is a conglomerate unit that its fragments are mainly composed of volcanic rocks. The high porosity of the conglomerate as the host rock provided a suitable space for the formation of Manto copper deposits. Mineralization has formed in conglomerate unit as a particular horizon in the Kalate Barq area. Primary minerals include chalcocite and minor bornite and secondary minerals consist of malachite and covellite. Structure and texture of mineralization are veinlet, open-space filling, disseminated and replacement. Mineralogy of alteration zones is related to mineralization and consist of chlorite and calcite. The average copper geochemical anomaly in surface samples is 1.4 %. The presence of chalcocite and absence or low amount of iron sulfide minerals, the presence of chlorite and calcite as the main gangue minerals and lack of quartz indicate that ore solution is reduced and poor of iron and silica. Based on lithology, alteration, mineralogy and geochemistry of Kalateh Bargh prospect area is similar to manto-type copper deposits.

Fadiheh copper-gold prospect area in northwest of Torbat-e Heydariyeh in Khorasan Razavi Province is located in the central part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan magmatic belt. This area includes outcrops of Eocene volcanic-pyroclastic units with felsicintermediate nature. The lavas are andesite and latite, and pyroclastic units include rhyodacitic tuff, andesitic lithic tuff and ignimbrite. Intrusive rocks consist of hornblende monzogranite, synogranite, pyroxene diorite porphyry and quartz monzonite porphyry. Mineralization has structural control and formed as vein-veinlets in accordance with the main trend of NW-SE and NE-SW faults in the region. Mineralization veins have generally N45 ° -75 ° E and N15 ° -30 ° W trending, 2 to 25 m length and 0.2 to 2 m width. The most important veins in the area include quartz + specularite ± pyrite and quartz + specularite ± chalcopyrite. The host rocks are pyroxene diorite porphyry, quartz monzonite porphyry and hornblende monzogranit. The structure and texture of mineralization includes vein-veinlet, open space filling, breccia, secondary replacement, colloform and disseminated. The alteration associated with veins are silicification and chloritization. The propylitic, silicification, chloritization and argillic alteration zones are observed within host rocks and other units in the area. Primary mineralization are specularite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and galena and secondary minerals are malachite, chalcocite, covellite, goethite, hematite, limonite, azurite and chrysocolla. Maximum of geochemical anomalies in veins are up to 5% Cu, up to 3% Pb, 50 g/t Ag, 100 g /t As and up to 791 ppb Au. The geological setting, lithology, mineralogy of mineralized veins, structure and texture, extent and type of alteration zones show that the mineralization in Fadiheh prospect area is iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG) type.

The Neyshabour Turquoise Mine is located at 55 km North West of Neyshabour in latitude of E58◦, 23ꞌꞌ and longitude of N36◦, 23ꞌꞌ. This area is situated at the Cenozoic continental magmatic arc in the north of Sabzevar ophiolite sequence and extends to Binalood Mountains (Spies et al., 1983; Karimpour and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, 2013). Rock units consist of Eocene intermediate volcanic and intrusive bodies and breccia's which are the country rock of ore deposits in the Firouzeh area (Mohammad Nejad et al., 2011a). The Turquoise Mine was suggested as the first Iron Oxide Cu-Au-U-LREE mineralized system in Iran (Karimpour et al., 2012). The turquoise was formed on the oxidation zone of this deposit. The mining procedure operates as underground mining and mine wastes that were recycled for extraction of turquoise were released in the vicinity of the mine area and the surrounding Madan village. High radiometric anomaly of Uranium and Thorium has been reported in the Firouzeh area (Karimpour and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, 2013). The aim of this study is to study the gamma radioactivity of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in different parts of this area (tunnels, rock units, mine waste, habitations and water resources) and to determine the origin of gamma radioactivity by gamma spectroscopy implement via portable gamma scintillation system (MCA) with sodium iodide NaI (Tl) detector.

The total average natural gamma radioactivity in the mine tunnels was measured to be 98.31 cps. The average gamma radioactivity associated with 238U in the tunnels was 5.2 cps. The average gamma radioactivity associated with 232Th (1.4 cps) in all samples from the tunnels is less than 238U. Highest natural gamma radioactivity associated with 40K was measured in the mine tunnels. Trachyte rock units and the Limonitic soils had the maximum natural total gamma radioactivity and andesite unit shows the least values. The high concentration of these elements in limonitic soils was formed by adsorption of radioactive cations by Fe Oxides. The lowest gamma radioactivity was determined in andesite rock units, coarse grain alluvium and coarse grain soils. Mine wastes from the turquoise mine are explored again by villagers and this might cause exposure to additional dose in this way. The average total gamma radioactivity is 75.26 cps in mine wastes. The highest and lowest gamma radioactivity in the mine waste was associated with 40K and 232Th, respectively. There is a high gamma radioactivity in homes that have been made by local raw materials. Average total gamma radioactivity in rural houses is 83.73 cps. The maximum and minimum total gamma radioactivity was associated with 40K and 232Th, respectively. There is high natural gamma radioactivity in mine drainage waters and springs that which occur on marl unit. The mine tunnels had the most gamma radioactivity and stream sediments show the lowest gamma radioactivity in different samples in the area. 238U, 232Th and 40K radio activities have strong positive relationships and they probably have a similar source. 40K has the most gamma radioactivity in this region. Therefore, trachytic rocks are the source of natural gamma radioactivity in the studied area. Based on mineralogical studies on Neyshabour turquoise mine (Mansouri Gandomani et al., 2020), there are no radioactive elements in Turquois mineral. There are not reliable statistics on occupational diseases and cancer among miners because these patients are sent to Mashhad hospitals or migrate from this area. However, the number of people infected by lung disease such as pneumoconiosis and silicosis is growing and many pensioners and old miners are suffering from different forms of cancer such as cancer of digestive and respiratory systems. The average number of victims of cancer in the Madan village (next to the turquoise mine) is more than other habitants in the Neyshabour area. Although development of cancer is related to several factors, but exposure to radioactivity in job conditions, geological features, presence of radiogenic radon gas in water and air of the area, and presence of 238U, 232Th and 40K in geological formations in the region suggest that radioactive emissions could be considered as the key factors contributing to cancer in this region.

The average level of natural total gamma radioactivity associated with 238U, 232Th and 40K in the Neyshabour turquoise mine area was 87.78 cps. Mine tunnels, houses, mine wastes and geological outcrop have the highest natural total gamma radioactivity, respectively. Trachyte rocks unit has the highest natural gamma radioactivity and andesite coarse-grained clastic sediments display the lowest values. 40K has the most total gamma radioactivity in the study area. Trachytic rocks are the source of natural gamma radioactivity in this region. The radioactivity of 238U, 232Th and 40K in geological formations can be considered as a main factor contributing to cancer.

Anthropogenic activities have a high impact on urban areas and lead to severe pollution in large cities. Urban soils are huge ‘basins’ for accumulation of various pollutants. Thus, they also serve as informative media. Therefore, the study of urban soils has developed in recent years. Mashhad is the second metropolitan city in Iran which has more than 3 million residences and over 20 million annual pilgrimage tourists. This city is surrounded by numerous factories and the high growth of urbanization has led to accelerated air pollution. In this research study, new analytical data for heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn) in soil of parks in Mashhad are presented and they are compared with unpolluted non-urban soils. Then, the origin of soil pollution in park soils is discussed by statistical methods and Pb isotope values.

The main aim of this work is to focus on the urban areas of Mashhad and study park soil geochemistry. Twenty three parks were selected for this purpose. At each selected park, top soils (5-20 cm) were collected. In addition to park samples, 4 soil samples were collected from areas which were far from the urban areas and they were considered to be unpolluted. The concentration of heavy metals was defined by ICP-MS at the accredited Activation Laboratories (Actlabs.), Canada. To determine available and bioavailable fractions of Co, Cr and Ni, soil samples were analyzed by the DTPA method (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978). Pearson correlation coefficients and PCA are used to investigate elemental associations and extract latent factors for analyzing relationships among the observed variables. In this regard, these statistical analyses of park soils data were done with the SPSS 16.0 software package for Windows. The geochemical maps were plotted by a geographical information system (GIS) using ArcMap v.10.0 (ArcGIS) to show the overall spatial distribution patterns of total and available heavy metal concentrations. The Pb isotopes were measured in all samples by a ThermoFinnigan Neptune MC-ICP-MS instrument. Isotopic measurements were performed by the procedure proposed by Álvarez-Iglesias et al.’s (2012).

Park soil samples have a higher concentration of heavy metals than non-urban soils. PCA analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient indicate that anthropogenic sources are the main factors controlling the Cd, Pb, Sn and Zn concentrations (PC1 component) in park soils. In other words, both anthropogenic and natural sources are responsible for Cr, Co and Ni (PC2 component) distribution in these soils. The spatial variation of heavy metals in the soil of parks in Mashhad confirm the statistical results and PC1 and PC2 heavy metals show different spatial variations. Furthermore, there is clear correlation between metals distributions, so that central parks generally have a higher content of all heavy metals which could be related to the heavy traffic and many traffic jams and air pollution in these areas. The lead isotopic ratios of the sample studied show that park soils show a distinct composition from non-urban soils. These samples are less radiogenic than non-urban soils with lower 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/207Pb and higher 208Pb/206Pb ratios. The wide range of isotope ratios in park soils indicate that the Pb content in these soils is produced by the combination of different sources including natural and anthropogenic origins and that it has also been accumulating over time because of the enormous use of Pb in fuel, industrial activities, etc. (Galušková et al., 2014). The low 206Pb/204Pb values in park soils confirm a possible anthropogenic origin from the use of fossil fuels. The three-end-member model was used to determine possible Pb sources in the soil of parks in Mashhad. The average contribution was 6.6% and 93.4% for natural and anthropogenic (industrial and leaded petrol) sources, respectively. The detailed investigation of Pb isotope and Pb content of soil of parks suggests that industrial source is the main origin of samples with relatively low Pb content (<90 mg kg-1). The contribution of leaded petrol increases in the samples with high Pb. These soils were sampled from the central parks of Mashhad which have high traffic intensity.

The concentrations of potentially toxic elements in the soil of parks in the city of Mashhad are highly enriched relative to non-urban soils. The Pb isotope composition of non-urban soils indicate that they have a natural source while park soil samples have originated from anthropogenic sources. The soils which are sampled from the central parks of Mashhad have shown the highest heavy metal pollution due to high traffic congestion in these areas.

In today's growing world that explosive population growth it has an endemic growth of residual and its specific contamination, the environmentalists' minds are concerned about the extent to which the material can endanger the environment, water, soil and air. The unhealthy disposal of solid waste on different organisms at different concentrations and pollution intensities will produce different effects. The purpose of this study, environmental assessment Yazd solid waste landfill for this purpose, environmental sampling of the environmental elements of the current landfill site and determine the composition of municipal solid waste was done. The results of the well water analysis showed a slightly higher concentration of some of the investigated elements in the lower reaches of the burial site than the World Health Organization's (2008) standard for drinking. Soil analysis results showed a slight increase in the concentration of some elements in and near the landfill (in the direction of the slope of the layers), compared to the Canadian standard (2004) for agriculture. The analysis of the well water in the control and sample samples was lower (far from the burial site), and the concentration of the elements was close to the normal range. In relation to the analysis of leachate, the parameters are not consistent with the irrigation and agricultural standards of the Water Pollution Control Agency (2011). Finally, it can be said that the results of the analyzes did not show the widespread and critical effects of burial on the environment, especially the urban environment.

The farmlands area in the south of Torbate Heydariyeh city has been irrigated by sewage for over 30 years. In this study, the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of soils irrigated by sewage and heavy metal concentration of vegetables cultivated in these soils are determined and compared with unpolluted samples. The polluted soils have a lower pH (7.5- 7.8) and higher organic content (more than 2.3%) than other soils (with pH>8 and organic component < 1%). All soil samples show similar major oxide composition and the same rare earth element (REE) patterns indicative similar parental materials. However, the trace elements composition is completely different between polluted and unpolluted soils. The soils irrigated by sewage show intense enrichment of many elements, especially heavy metals. These soils have lower 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/207Pb and higher 208Pb/206Pb ratios than other soils which indicate the role of anthropogenic sources in their genesis. The bioavailability values in the polluted soils are very higher than unpolluted samples which led to increasing of transfer factor and heavy metal concentration in the vegetables. The concentration of Cd, Cr, and Pb in the polluted vegetables is more than the maximum permitted concentration.

Excessive growth followed by a flourishing civil engineering projects in recent decades, causing large amounts of construction wastes in Mashhad Metropolis. For evaluation of demolition landfills in the pollution of water resources, firstly the position of the old landfill and current land use of them are investigated. Then the impacts of old landfill such as land subsidence and pollution of water resources are evaluated. Furthermore, the factors affecting the quality and safety of water resources and their trends with distance from the landfill has been studied. The results shows that Environmental impacts due to construction on the old landfill embrace increase of carbonates and bicarbonates, augments of soluble solid and EC, amplifies of total hardness, SO42- and Cl-. On the other hand, the results demonstrate the factors affecting the quality and safety of water resources were declined as distance from the landfill increases. The Latter consider the direct impact of landfill location on water resources.

Waste production from any source would lead to the formation of various pollutants. The existence of these materials and in turn, every non-normative plan designed for waste disposal produces environmentally detrimental effects. Therefore, evaluating positive and negative effects of influential engineering- sanitary projects in environment seem to be necessary such as landfill construction for management of urban health. The present study aimed to evaluate positioning and of municipal solid waste landfills by geological information system (GIS). To this purpose, the required layers were prepared and profit sites were obtained by 3 steps: talent mapping, field survey to study characteristics of suitable areas and EIA by means of Leopold matrix for zonal ranking and selection of optimal location.
To depict talent map, the layers were combined by simple additive weighting method using various data including geology, land use, distance from the city boundaries, slope, distance from roads, vegetation, infiltration and hydrology. The resulted data suggested that four sites were posited in appropriate ranks.
The study findings revealed, that site No.1 (X:256915 & Y:3540127) was determined as the optimum location for engineering - Sanitary landfill.

Gazu prospect area is located about 65Km southeast of Tabas in the southern part of Shotori range. Sub -volcanic intermediate intrusive rocks (Upper Cretaceous?), monzonitic to dioritic in composition, intruded into carbonate rocks of Shotori Formation (Triassic) which are the main source for copper mineralization in Gazu district. Alteration zones associated within the intrusive are: Quartz- sericite± pyrite (main type), silicified- sericite, propylitic, silicified- propylitic and strong silicification. The carbonate unit is silicified, near some intrusive rocks, and in some area Skarns were formed. Mineralization occurs mainly as stockwork and disseminated with minor breccia. Veinlet’s type is: Quartz, pyrite, quartz- pyrite, quartz-carbonate-sulfide, carbonate-sulfide and sulfide. The density of quartz-sulfide veinlet with sulfide minerals is about 40 per m2, in some places. An extensive gossan zone is formed due to oxidation of sulfides appeared in intrusive rocks and carbonate unit that due to oxidation of sulfide minerals. The geochemistry of stream sediments are as follow: Cu = 36-1200 (ppm), Pb = 36-125(ppm), Zn = 62- 738 (ppm). Rock chip geochemistry is: Cu = 100-20000 (ppm), Pb = 10-400 (ppm), Zn = 50- 3000 (ppm). High content Cu and Zn are associated with quartz- sericite± pyrite and strong silicification. The evidence shows that the Gazu is porphyry copper and related skarn type system.

Trace elements distribution in granitic quartz is highly sensitive to differentiation processes. Abundance of Ti, Ge, Al and Li in primary quartz of Naqadeh granitoids have been studied by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Trace elements ratio in quartz exhibits completely different trends in two different Naqadeh granitoid units (more mafic granitoids (MMG) and monzogranites). The variation of Ti/Ge within of quartz in MMG prevents magmatic differentiation as a major role in the evolution of this unit; and Li variation has been produced by different values of amphibole co-crystallization. In other hand, Ti/Ge and Li trends in monzogranites shows important role of magmatic differentiation in their formation. Various Al concentrations between MMG and monzogranites can be ascribed to other factors such as Aluminum Saturation Index.

Kuh- e -Zar gold deposit located 35 km west of Torbat-e-Heydaryeh, (Khorassan e- Razavi province), East of Iran. This deposit is a specularite-rich Iron oxide type (IOCG). This mine is situated within Khaf-Bardascan volcanic plutonic belt. Based on recent exploration along this belt, several IOCG type system plus Kuh-e-Zar deposit are discovered. In the study area, several type of tuff and lava having acid to intermediate composition are identified (upper Eocene). Oligo-Miocene granite, granodiorite, synogranite and monzonite intruded upper Eocene andesite-dacite-rhyolite. Intrusive rocks are meta-aluminous, medium to high-K series I-type. Based on spider diagram, intrusive rocks show enrichment in LILE = K, Th, Rb and depletion in HFSE = Nb, Sr, Ti. Based geochemistry of igneous rock, they formed in continental margin subduction zone. Propylitic (chlorite) alteration is dominated and covers large area. Silicification is restricted only to mineralized zones. Argillic and albitization is found in certain location and cover small areas. The style of mineralization was controlled by the type and geometry of fault zones. Mineralization is found as vein, stockwork and breccias. Hypogene mineral Paragenesis include: specularite-quartz-gold-chlorite ± chalcopyrite ± pyrite ± galena ± barite. Secondary minerals formed due to oxidation are: goethite, limonite, lepidocrucite, Malachite, Azurite, Covelite, Cerucite, hydrocerucite, Pyrolusite and Smitsonite. In a few localities, chalcopyrite and minor pyrite and galena are found. Based on SEM analysis gold is present as electrum. Mineralization appeared in different type such as vein, stockwork and Hydrothermal breccia in strike sleep fault zone which are hidden inside volcano plutonic rocks. The average gold grade is between 3.02 ppm and ore reserve is estimated more than 3 million tons (cut off grade = 0.7 ppm).