علیرضا نصیری

Edges are one of the most important parts of an image. The border between two areas of the image that has a significant difference in brightness, color or texture is called an edge. Edge detection is a basic step in image segmentation and one of the most important steps to detect the characteristics of objects in an image. Recently, many researches have been carried out in the field of edge detection, each of which has tried to better detect the edges of the image. In this research, fuzzy theory and the concept of fuzzy clustering are used to detect the edge of digital images. At first, the pixels of the image are based on the amount of gray level. They are divided into clusters and then by determining the appropriate filters, the edge of the image is detected. The proposed method has recognized the edges of the image well, and has also shown remarkable performance in identifying the edges of the image that cannot be correctly recognized due to the inappropriate light level or noise. The results of this research showed that the proposed method has provided better results than usual methods in most cases and this is due to its good performance in detecting image details such as thickness and strong and weak edges, especially in images with lower resolution or lower contrast. It has performed very well.

Among the effective and non-invasive factors in predicting and evaluating the treatment outcome of cancerous tumors including cerebral astrocytoma is the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) resulting from diffusion weight imaging (DW-MRI). The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of dose per unit volume of treatment target with ADC changes after radiation therapy.

In this prospective, cross -sectional study, 40 patients with astrocytoma tumor were investigated. From DW-MRI images, each patient performed once before surgery and again 30 to 45 days after radiation therapy to investigate the relationship between. Statistical findings from data analysis showed that the amount of apparent diffusion coefficient after radiation therapy increased significantly and the amount of these changes was directly related to the dose reached per unit volume of treatment.

Performing statistical analysis on the resulting data showed that there is a significant increase in the amount of Apparent diffusion coefficient after radiation therapy, that the amount of these changes is directly related to the Planning target volume and the amount of emission changes in Apparent diffusion coefficient due to receiving radiation in the tumor area. It can be determined by radiation therapy.

The results of this research show the advantage of using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images in the treatment design of patients with astrocytoma tumors and selecting the optimal Planning target volume. Also, with the possibility of calculating the secondary apparent diffusion coefficient in the tumor area, which indicates the tumor response and the patient's survival rate, the treatment result can be predicted with appropriate accuracy.

Ichthyophthiriasis, which is also known as white spot or Ich, is caused by a parasitic ciliate called Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and it is one of the most important and common parasitic diseases. It may cause high mortality in large scale in ornamental and edible fresh water fish. To control this disease Malachite green, formalin, chloramine-T and other chemical compounds can be used, but each of these compounds may cause serious harm to human population and the environment. Therefore, introducing natural alternative compounds to use against this disease seems necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alcoholic extract of Chelidonium majus L. in concentrations (0/1-6/4 gr/l) and exposure time of 1 to 3 hours on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in vitro. The obtained data were statistically compared with the results obtained from the positive control sample (15 ppm formalin) and the control treatment. The results implicated that the mortality rate of parasitic teronts has a direct and significant relationship with increasing the concentration of the extract and the time of exposure and the mortality of the parasites increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing the concentration of alcoholic extract from 0/1 to 6/4 gr/l. dosage 6/4 with 100% lethality had the best performance and is the most appropriate dose. There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between obtained data in comparison with formalin (control positive group), although the possibility of using this dose to treat live fish requires clinical examination.

Drilling fluid plays an important role during the drilling operation of a well and can lead to a lot of problems or cure different challenges. Loss circulation is one of these challenges, which can increase non-productive time and operation costs, dramatically. The key solution for solving this problem is to increase the pressure-bearing capacity of the formation and to strengthen the wellbore with the help of drilling fluid. The purpose of this study is to design the "Wellbore Strengthening Evaluation" apparatus to simulate the formation fracturing process and investigate the LCM effects on the improvement of mud properties and rock fracture gradient. Therefore, in this paper, the cylindrical concrete cores are used as rock samples and Water-based bentonite drilling mud containing two different types of LCM are considered as drilling fluid. The results of experiments show that the addition of different LCMs to the drilling fluid leads to an increase in the formation breakdown pressure (FBP) and fracture reopening pressure (FRP) to 33 and 72%, respectively. Therefore, before drilling a formation with the possibility of loss circulation, it is an effective practice to add LCM particles in the drilling fluid to increase the fracture pressure of the formation.

The earth grid at high voltage substations should provide safety for people and normal equipment operation, therefore design calculations should be consideredaccurately. Step and touch voltages are among the items that affect people’s safety at high voltage substations. Grounding is suitable so that in addition to having low electrical resistance to the ground, it does not increase the step and touch voltages. Among the factors that laed to an increase in the electrical resistance of the earth’s grid is the tearing of the earth’s grid due to factors such as corrosion of conductors. In this article we provide a description of the appropriate design of high voltage substations grid to simulate the overhead substation grid and its effect on step and touch voltages in ComsulMultiphysics software based on the finit element method. After performing the simulation,it is noticed  that the stepand touch voltages in the two-and three-piece earth’s grid are much higher than the healthy earth’s grid and about 48 times comparing with the normal grid.

This paper proposes robust  output feedback control stabilization for uncertain Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems via linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In order to reduce the conservatism associated with T-S fuzzy system, a new form of non-monotonic Lyapunov functions is used. In the non-monotonic approach, the monotonic decrease of the Lyapunov function is relaxed which enables it to increase locally but vanish eventually. Based on the non-monotonic Lyapunov function approach, sufficient conditions for the existence of robust  output feedback control stabilization are derived. The proposed design technique is shown to be less conservative than the existing non-monotonic approach, namely, -samples variations of Lyapunov function. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is further illustrated via numerical example.

based drilling fluid, rheology modifier and enhanced oil recovery. Moreover, structure and microstructure of these polymers are of important in above-mentioned applications. Acrylamide homopolymer and acrylamide/styrene copolymer were synthetized using micellar polymerization for application in the water-based drilling fluid. FTIR, NMR and some theoretical calculations were used to characterize (micro)structure of the polymers. In addition, conversion was obtained using gravimetric method. Ubbelohde viscometer was used to evaluate viscosity- average molecular weight. Apparent viscosity was measured by Brookfield viscometer. Synthesized polymers were used in the water- based drilling fluids with three different concentrations and rheological and fluid loss properties were evaluated before and after hot rolling at 120 °C for 16 h. Moreover, FTIR and NMR results showed successful synthesis of the homo- and copolymers with high conversions. Average hydrophobic styrene block length was calculated by theoretical method to be 3. Results showed that both conversion and molecular weight values were higher in the case of synthetized homopolymer. It was attributed to increase in the possibility of chain transfer to surfactant in the micellar copolymerization reactions. Results showed that despite higher molecular weight in the acrylamide homopolymer case, viscosities of the acrylamide/styrene copolymer aqueous solutions were better in similar concentrations. It was attributed to the hydrophobic association between styrene units. Finally, results showed that both homo- and copolymer caused an improvement in the rheology and fluid loss properties of the water- based drilling fluid. Although rheological properties were reduced after hot rolling or in the presence of salt in the drilling fluids, drilling fluids prepared with acrylamide/styrene copolymer showed more ability to preserve their rheological properties due to the formation of physical network resulting from the hydrophobic associations.

Increasing the rate of neoplasms in industrial societies and its wide variety among ornamental and wild fishes in both fresh and  salt waters are important. The effect of carcinogenic  factors and  the role of virus in tumor  formation  should be considered. In this study 10 3-month-olds Koi and Marble strains of fresh water Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), , with  cauliflower lesions masses were admitted and the tissue sampling were done. Subsequently histopathological study showed, papillary growth pattern, proliferative epithelial, hydropic degeneration, irregular collagenic bundles and fibroblasts under epidermis were diagnosed as  fibropapilloma.  Regarding prevalence of neoplasms in lips and liver, and as a result, feed ingestion and digestive  problems, loss of decorative aspects and economical damage, consideration, prevention, and recognizing  predisposing factors, are suggested. Despite the prevalence of neoplasms in lip, this is the first report of lip neoplasms in this species strain in Iran.

As viewed by the most contemporary world scholars, true faith, being based on the human heart's relationship to the Supreme God, is a safe source for man to become free from some ominous - though not intrinsic - incremental advances of empirical science and prefers man and society`s harmony for attaining inner peace. Their institution prefers this basic need. Faith with such qualities as confidence-building, peace-causing, self-reliance, and conformity with one's inner conscience - in the path of a servant's inner relationship to God, has come to be regarded as an important element of the Qur'anic teachings. Human faith emanating from the human heart's relationship with the Supreme God, through the passage of moral virtues and doing good deeds, guides man to the divine destination and the presence of Divinity, which is the purpose of human creation, so the present article analyzes the role of "faith" from the Qur'an's point of view and deals with the human heart's relationship with the Supreme God and examines instances of faith arising from the heart's relationship.

In this paper, a new experimental method is applied, and the capability of different Loss Control Materials (LCMs) in bentonite mud – which has the highest use in Iran’s oil and gas wells – is investigated. At first, particle size distribution of LCMs is calculated based on API standards. Then, the loss of bentonite mud in different slots is evaluated using Bridging Materials Testing (BMT) apparatus. Usage of three dimensional fractures is one of the most important points of this research, which makes the experiment conditions so similar to the real conditions of well. It should be mentioned that LCMs show their best efficiency only when they can internally block the fractures. Also, in this research, RI-LQ material is for the first time used to control the lost circulation of bentonite mud. The results of these experiments showed that a mixture of RI-LQC and Quick Seal with Concentrations of 20 and 5 pounds per barrel and RI-LQC and RI-LQF mixtures with concentrations of 18 and 7 pounds per barrel have the least amount of loss circulation and are effective in controlling sever losses.

By development of bacterial drug-resistance to traditional antibacterial drugs and fungal infections, the need to design, synthesis, and use of new and effective antibacterial and antifungal drugs is increased. Quinazolinone derivatives are heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen atoms that have pharmacological properties such as anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to synthesize of new derivatives of dihydroquinazolinone and study of their anti-bacterial and antifungal properties. This research is an experimental work in which four dihydroquinazolinone derivatives were synthesized, by a new environmental-safe method and identified by various spectroscopic methods. Antibacterial activities of these derivatives were investigated against Escherichia coli gram-negative, and bacillus subtilis gram-positive in comparesion with amikacin. Antifungal activities of these derivatives were investigated against Aspergillus niger fungus and compared with ketoconazole. Both of antifungal and antibacterial activities of these synthetic compounds derivatives was checked by disk diffusion method with measuring the zone inhibition. All synthetic dihydroquinazolinones that were synthesized in high yields and purity, showed good antibacterial and antifungal properties. The compound 1d 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivative of these compounds showed more antimicrobial activities and antifungal comparable with the Amikacin and Ketoconazole standard antibacterial and antifungal drugs. Synthetic dihydroquinazolinone derivatives in this work have good antifungal and antibacterial activities. The higher antifungal and antibacterial activity of 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivative can be related to more hydrophobicity of the phenyl group as a substitution in position 2.

One of the most significant problems during oil and gas drilling is shale formation instability when using water-based muds. During underbalanced drilling due to pressure difference induced between drilling fluid and formation, mud filtrate invades to shale. Moreover, because of the large solid particles in drilling mud in comparison with shale pore throats (about 3 to 100 nm), formation of mud cake to prevent the invasion of filtrate to the shale is not possible. Therefore, drilling fluid filtrate continually penetrates to the formation and will cause an increase in pore pressure and instability of shale followed by lost in sidewall. In order to block the shale nanometer pores and to prevent the invasion of filtrate, a synthesis of amorphous silica nanoparticles using a simple and efficient method of waste material from agricultural industry is performed which was called rice husk, and applied in drilling water-based muds at two concentrations of 3 and 5% weight/volume (w/v). By taking rheological properties of base mud and the base mud with nanoparticles and comparing the test results, it was found that nanoparticles used improved the rheological properties of drilling mud such as thermal stability and reducing the amount of filtration. Then, a pore pressure transmission (PPT) device utilized to investigate the effect of the mud containing the nanoparticles to block shale pores and reduce pore pressure. The results showed that using concentrations of %3 and %5 synthesis nanoparticles cause the reduction of the rate of penetration of fluid into the shale at around 5.6% and 43.7% respectively. This phenomenon can be a factor to prevent the mechanical weakening of shale layers and their loss during drilling by water-based muds.

Hypothesis: After cellulose, lignin is the most abundant natural polymer in the world. The chemical modification of lignin is the best way to improve its performance in the synthesis of the chemicals and polymeric materials. Among monomers employed in modification of the lignin, acrylamide (AAm) increases the highest yield in graft copolymerization reaction.
A native lignin was extracted from its black liquor derived from paper-making processes by precipitation with HCl, and then purified by dissolving in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Chemical modification of the lignin with acrylamide monomer was investigated in the presence of different initiators including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/calcium chloride (CaCl2), H2O2/Fe(II) chloride (FeCl2), ammonium persulfate (APS), potassium persulfate (KPS), KPS/ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate (AFS.6H2O) and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN)/HNO3. The graft copolymers were then characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopy methods.
Findings: The highest and lowest conversions of AAm monomer in the presence of different initiators used in synthesizing the lignin graft copolymers were observed for the APS and KPS systems to be 94.32% and 77.83%, respectively. Among all initiators used in the present study, only H2O2/CaCl2 redox system led to a 100% grafting percentage at 30°C without any free homopolymer chain, while in the presence of other systems, free homopolymer chains were also formed in addition to the grafted chains. It was found from the results that, the graft polymerization did not proceed in the presence of CAN/HNO3 system.

In this paper, anionic emulsifiers of disodium lauryl ether sulfosuccinate and sodium lauryl ether sulfosuccinate ethoxylated were synthesized in laboratory scale. These chemicals were used in preparation of diesel/saline water and diesel/tap water emulsions, and the stability of the emulsions were examined with a procedure adopted by National Iranian South oil Company. Accordingly, by addition of one mililitre of water solutions containing 25,37 and 50 weight percent of the emulsifiers (synthesized chemical) to 100 mililiter mixtures of diesel/saline water and diesel/tap water having volume ratios of 60/40 and 70/30, and then homogenizing the mixtures with homogenizer working at high speed, a series of emulsions were prepared. By examining the stability of the emulsions at room temperature (for 24 hrs) and °90C (for 4 hrs), the performance of the synthesized chemicals as emulsifier in preparation of water-based emulsion drilling fluids were evaluated. The results of these experiments confirmed that the chemicals, in comparison with a commercial sample, had acceptable performance, because sodium lauryl ether sulfosuccinate ethoxylated in formulation of diesel/saline water and diesel/tap water, and also disodium lauryl ether sulfosuccinate in emulsions of diesel/ saline water showed being stable emulsifiers. In order to study the environmental effects of the synthesized chemicals, their aerobic biodegradation processes were examined by measuring the amount of carbon formed in their water solutions against incubation time, in comparison with a control sample. The results of the experiments showed that the two chemicals can be safely used as biodegradable emulsifiers in formulations of water based emulsion drilling fluids.

Instability of shale formations is one of the major challenges during a drilling operation. Shale swelling is a time-dependent process in which water gradually infiltrates the shale structure. Due to very low permeability of shales (10-6 - 10-12 D) and relatively large size of solid materials of drilling mud compared to shale pore throats (3-100 nm), filter cake is not capable of hindering this process. As a result, mud filtrate continuously seeps into shale, concurrently increasing pore pressure and reducing mechanical strength of the formation, where it may result in wellbore caving. One remedy to this hazard is the use of Nano-materials to block the entrance of mud filtrate into shale formations. Using nano-particle additives is one of the methods to reduce the entrance of mud filtrate into the shale formations. The present research investigates the application of Nano ZnO in controlling shale swelling. This nano particle benefits size adequacy as well as suitable interfacial properties in controlling mud filtration. The impact of adding nano ZnO to reduce water seepage into shale is investigated using PPT apparatus. This test shows the increase in pore pressure in the formation due to mud filtrate invasion, hence enabling us to study the effect of different additives on stability of shales. The results show that Nano ZnO particles reduces shale’s wettability effectively, and thereby reducing water penetration, due to their sizes and other chemo-physical properties; such as, specific surface area, electric charge. Using 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 weight/volume percentage of Nano-ZnO mixture shows respectively %60 ,%87, and %96 reduction in pore pressure transmission compared to a sea water sample.

Electronic records can be used as one of the key technologies in health care field. Electronic record, with its several capabilities, is an efficient tool for documentation, information exchange and cooperation of health care organizations. The aim of this study was to design an electronic record based on the traditional medicine approach for infertile patients.
The present study was an applied- development research. First, information requirements questionnaire was filled out by 20 traditional medicine specialists and the obtained data were analyzed through SPSS22 software. Then, a system based on data was designed and given to 10 traditional medicine specialists for evaluation of its practical use and patients’ satisfaction rate.
A majority of data elements in the questionnaire were found necessary by the respondents and in relation to practical use, it gained mean score of 8.6 (out of 9). The designed system, in addition to providing data storage, retrieval and reporting is capable of changing the used data, creating new forms and displaying items with different sizes and types according to the user’s comments and without any need for programming.
According to the obtained results, the electronic medical record designed based on traditional medicine approach was an effective step in managing health data of infertile patients. Designing electronic record based on traditional medicine approach for infertile patient’s increases efficient performance, function, storage and retrieval of health data.

In the international documents of human rights¡ concepts such as protection of morals¡ public order¡ public health¡ public interests¡ others’ rights and reputation have been mentioned as restrictions on freedom of speech. In other words¡ no one is entitled to neglect the above-mentioned restrictions claiming that he has the freedom of speech. Declaration of Islamic Human Rights has adopted an approach other than that of other global and regional documents of human rights and has added other cases such as Islamic rules¡ respect to prophets and sacred things and what which may lead to destruction of beliefs to these restrictions to freedom of speech. Because of extending the field of restrictions on the freedom of speech in the Declaration of Islamic Human Rights¡ this declaration has a status different from other international documents; and thus¡ the field of restrictions mentioned in this declaration and the reason behind it should be explicated from the viewpoint of human rights logic. The present writing compares restrictions governing freedom of speech (mentioned in the Declaration of Islamic Human Rights) with other documents of human rights and tries to find the reason behind difference between restrictions in this declaration on the one hand and other international documents of human rights on the other.

Dyes are among the most hazardous chemicals in industrial wastesdue to their toxicity for aquaculture, reduction of light permeability, and in turn development of disorders in photosynthesis process. The current study aimed to investigate the efficiency of coral in removing red reactive 198 from textile dye wastewater was investigated.
In this experimental study, the adsorption process was completedperformed on a synthetic sample in a batch systemOptimal conditions was also performed on the real wastewater of Yazdbaf textile factory. The effects of such parameters as the pH, dye's concentration, contact time, sorbent's dose, and temperature were investigated, following this, adsorption isotherms were determined and then the process was examined kinetically and thermodynamically. Next, the study data was analyzed by SPSS (ver,21), EXCEL 2007, applying Pearson correlation coefficient.
The optimal conditions in removing the dye included pH=3, an equilibrium contact time of 120 min, 25 mg/L of the dye's concentration, and 3g/100mg of the sorbent's initial value. Underthe optimal conditions, the dye's removal efficiency and the maximum adsorption capacity in the synthetic and real wastewater sample of Yazdbaf Company were 97.63%, 8.14 mg/g and 67.78%, 5mg/g respectively.The equilibrium data followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a correlation coefficient of R2=0.96 and the adsorption's kinetics followed pseudo-second-order model with a correlation coefficient of 1 (R2=1). The thermodynamic investigations also indicated that the adsorption is of physical process an endothermic.
Asthe results revealed, the good performance of the coral sorbent in removing dyes in aquatic environments, enjoying suitable density, havingquick precipitation properties, not needing activation, and environmental safety of the process can encourage the efficiency of this adsorbent in treatment of dye-containing wastewaters.

The development of an effective method regarding chromium removal from the environment is of great importance. Therefore, the present study aimed to examiner magnetic nanoparticles coated with alumina modified by Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in the removal of Cr6 through magnetic solid phase extraction method.
At first, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized, coated with alumina, modified with CTAB and characterized with suitable instruments. The factors affecting the process of chromium removal were investigated, including the concentration of CTAB, the pH, the amount of nanoparticles, the sample volume, a proper eluent, the adsorption and desorption time, and the effect of interfering ions. Moreover, the chromium concentration was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) technique. The adsorption isotherm, adsorption capacity, and recoverability of the adsorbent were further examined.
The modified magnetic nanoparticles were demonstrated to be homogeneous, spherical, with a size lower than 20 nanometer having a magnetic property. The optimal conditions for chromium removal entailed 7*10-6 mol/L concentration of CTAB, pH range of 6-8, 0.1 g of the nanoparticles, 10 mL volume of the chromium sample (5 &mug mL-1), nitric acid 2 M as a suitable eluent, 15 minutes of adsorption and desorption, and no interference of interfering ions in the process of chromium separation. The process efficiency under optimal conditions was determined to be over 95%, which this process followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption capacity proved to be 23.8 mg/g. Reusing after four times of adsorbent recovering was effective in the chromium removal (80%). The method accuracy for five measurement times was 4.155% and the method’s LOD was 0.081 mg/L.
The method enjoys the benefits of convenient preparation of the adsorbent, high selectivity, high accuracy, short process time, and high-efficiency in chromium removal from aquatic environments, lending itself to be used in the real samples.

The drilling fluids play a significant role in the drilling of oil and gas wells. Bentonite is one of the consumable components of the drilling fluid which is used to reduce the fluid loss. The production of high quality bentonite resources which are suitable for drilling is declining in our country, Hence it is necessary to improv the quality of available bentonites. Using polymer additives is a conventional method for improving the quality of bentonites which has attracted the attention of researchers. However, some disadvantages of these compounds such as expensive production procedures and formation damages motivate researchers for developing some new improving methods to reach the high quality drilling fluids. The main aim of this research is to improve the quality of poor bentonites through amencling water absorption capability and increasing the rheological properties. The Properties of 12 types of bentonite were investigated and two compounds B9 with the lowest quality and B6 with the highest quality were selected for further investigations. Carbon ate and magnesium base chemical substances were then added to such compounds and their properties were investigated, too the results showed that adding Carbonate and magnesium compounds could result in a quality improvment of bentonites which satisfied the API RP 13-A standard requirements. The modified bentonite showed about 6.5 times better rheological properties and 2-5 folds lower fluid loss as compared to the untreated sample. The results also showed that the modified bentonite could be a good choice for replacement of the conventional carboxymethyl cellulose and starch in the polymeric drilling fluids, based on their 2.5 to 4 times better rheological properties.

The rate of waste generation and its physical composition depends on several factors. These factors are different at various regions. So the quality and quantity of waste in various cities are different. In this study, the quality and quantity of produced waste at Sirjan city is evaluated.
This research is a cross-sectional study that was conducted at the Environmental Health Engineering Research Center of Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2014.The second month of each season was selected. Then four days of mid-week was selected at the second or third week of each month. Ten samples were taken every day. The volume of each random sample was 0.5 cubic meters. Its components were determined after separation. Components of waste were divided in the 9 categories. 40 samples per season, and 160 samples totally, were analyzed in four seasons and the amount of produced waste in Sirjan city was calculated. Data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistics.
The average of daily production of waste at Sirjan city was 150.75 tone. The maximum amountof waste production was 158 tons per day at the autumn. Most specified constituent of waste wasbelonging to the perishable material equal to68.2% and the lowest were PET bottles equal to 1.3%. Field surveys and evident information showed that sirjan landfill is inappropriate.
compost production is recommended due to high amounts of perishable materials in waste. Set up recycling schemes for paper, cardboard and materials with commercial value, such as plastics, metals and polyethylene terephtalate should be on the agenda. Emplacement a new landfill is the main priorities of this city.