عیسی جوکارسرهنگی

Debris is one of the important phenomena of slope movements in mountainous areas. Harsh climatic conditions and the availability of tectonic and geological structures in the central Alborz Mountain heights have caused a significant amount of debris to form on the slopes. Studying this process by relying on two opportunity and threat patterns is particularly important. Therefore, the current research tries to analyze the susceptibility of the occurrence of the Haraz Valley debris flow in the range of Plour to Baijan by providing a suitable index to prioritize the factors affecting the formation and expansion of debris to achieve its more accurate zoning.  

The effects of six layers of information, including lithology, height, slope, aspect, distance from the fault, vegetation, and land use, were investigated on the occurrence and spread of debris flow. First, the debris location in the area was identified using the geological map of Damavand, with a scale of 1:100,000 and Google Earth images. Then, the distribution map of the debris was prepared after field survey and recording points by a GPS device and transferred to the GIS environment. Maps of independent and influential variables on the spread of debris, including lithology and distance from the fault, were prepared from the Damavand geological map, and the height, slope, and direction of the range were prepared using the ASTER digital elevation model. The vegetation and land use maps were prepared from the national coverage map of Iran by processing Sentinel images on the Google Earth Engine Cloud platform. In the next step, the distribution map of the debris was combined with each map of the affecting factors, and the weight of each class of independent variables was obtained based on the density area model. Then, a zoning map of the susceptibility of the spread of debris was prepared in five classes of very high, high, moderate, low, and very low susceptibility. The average effective weight of the deposit susceptibility index was also calculated to determine the prioritization of affecting factors and prepare a more accurate map for the zoning of the expansion of debris.  

The analysis of factors affecting the spread of debris in the studied area using the density area model shows that Melafir stone units (weathered basalts) have the most weight among all the stone units and all factors affecting the spread of debris in the region. After that, biogenic limestone, alluvial defenses, and Lar Formation are more important factors. The investigation of the elevation factor shows that the frequency of debris increases from 2100 meters up, and the elevation class of 2400-2700 meters is more sensitive. In terms of the slope factor, most of the debris in the region was observed in the slope between 10 and 40 degrees, and the largest deposit cover is related to the slope layer of 20-30 degrees. The calculation of the area density of the debris in different aspects shows that the northwest and north slopes have the most weight and susceptibility. The process of freezing and melting snow is evident in the destruction of rocks and the creation of most of the debris on these slopes. Examining the distance from the fault also showed that the frequency of debris is significant up to a distance of 1000 meters, and the highest weight of this layer, based on the density area, belongs to the zero-500-m layer of the faults. In addition to transmitting seismic stresses, faults cause the penetration of water caused by melting snow into rocks and are influential in destroying rocks and causing debris. In terms of vegetation and land use, pasture lands are the most susceptible to debris. The results of the statistical analysis of the density area and preparation of the regional zoning map showed that 5, 21.15, 29.78, 29.53, and 14.54% of the area of the region have very high, high, medium, and low susceptibility, respectively, to expand debris. According to the Debris Susceptibility Index (DSI) model, land use, lithology, and slope have the highest priorities with average effective weights of 21.04, 20.12, and 18.72, respectively, and are the main factors controlling the spread of debris in the area. The factors of slope, elevation, aspect, and distance from the fault were the next priorities.

In the current research, the distribution of debris in different classes of independent variables was analyzed using the Density Area Model, and the importance of each class of parameters affecting the spread of debris was determined based on the weighting of the layers relative to each other. To evaluate the effic iency of the results of the density area model and verify its performance, a zoning map of the expansion of debris was prepared using the DSI model. The evaluation of the accuracy of the models using the empirical probability (P) shows that the density area and DSI models are suitable for zoning the susceptibility of debris in the area with probabilities of 0.79 and 0.80, respectively. The layers of high susceptibility to very high expansion of the deposit cover about 26% of the area, which is considered an environmental resource from one point of view. Hence, it can be exploited as a sedimentary deposit for use in engineering structures by forming a volume reserve, and from another point of view, it is a potential risk in agricultural fields, residential areas, and hydraulic structures.

Soil erosion is very obvious and noticeable in Iran, where a large part of it is a desert and the soil does not have a suitable cover. In order to reduce soil erosion and control it, it is necessary to identify factors affecting soil erosion. Land exploitation methods, forest and pasture exploitation, creation of residential and urban areas, geological conditions, precipitation, weather factors, etc. are some of the factors that affect the intensity of erosion in the region. Therefore, knowing the quantitative values of soil erosion is effective in accurately estimating the adverse, hidden, and intangible effects of erosion

In this research, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Model has been used. The amount of soil erosion in the basin was calculated in two 20-year periods (1980-2000 and 2000-2020). This soil erosion model is calculated through six factorsA=R×K×L×S×C×P      (R) the Rainfall erosivity factor, (k) soil erodibility factor, (LS) are slope length and slope degree factors respectively, (c) vegetation management factor, and (P) soil protection factor. The data in this research for the implementation of this model including the rainfall erosivity factor (R), topography including slope length and slope degree (LS), and vegetation management (C) were prepared from the Google Earth Engine system. The soil erodibility factor (K) was obtained from the natural resources report. The BLM model was also used to estimate the evaluation of the RUSLE model.  The Google Earth Engine system was used to prepare the land use maps of each of the 20-year periods. The land use map of the first period was prepared using the supervised classification method and calling Landsat 5 images, and The land use map of the second period was done using the CGLS-LC100 product, which is produced and updated at the Copernicus Global Earth Center and using Sentinel satellite images

By analyzing the obtained maps, the rain erosion factor for the first period (1980-2000) has an average of 2.02, the minimum value is 1.80 and the maximum is 2.29, and the second period (2000-2020) is from 1.55 to 2.07 is variable, its average is 1.783. The erodibility factor of the region's soils varies from 0 to 0.349 and its average value is 0.0264. The topography factor of the studied basin varies from 0 to 250 and its average value is 8.77. The vegetation management factor varies between 0.181 and 0.505 and its average is 0.353. This factor varies between 0.315 and 0.494 in the second period, and its average is 0.429 and has an increasing trend compared to the first period, which indicates the decrease of vegetation in the study area compared to the first period. The ground protection factor is also considered to be 1. To calculate the annual average soil erosion rate of the Award Basin in the first period (1980-2000), the various factors of the RUSLE model were converted to the same raster format and cell size, and coordinate system. To determine the risk of soil erosion, the produced layers including the rainfall erosivity layers, soil erodibility, topography, vegetation and soil protection factor were multiplied with the help of the Spatial Analyst extension of the ArcGIS program. The amount of annual loss of soil in terms of (tons per hectare per year) was obtained on a cell-by-cell basis. According to the results, the amount of erosion in the first period varies from 0 to 59.62 tons per hectare and its average is 1.64. The highest amount of soil erosion is in the middle and eastern regions with high slopes. In the second period, the layers of the soil erodibility factor, topography and soil protection factor are the same as in the first period because they are considered constant. The amount of erosion in the area in the second 20-year period varies from 0 to 63.38 tons per hectare, and its average is 1.75 and shows an increasing trend compared to the first period. The RMSE, MAE and MSE statistical indices were used to evaluate the accuracy of the RUSLE model and the degree of agreement of its erosion classes with the output of the BLM based on the map of sampling points. Examination of the values of the mentioned indicators showed that the root mean square error, mean absolute error and mean square error statistics in the RUSLE model have low values of 1.23, 0.96 and 1.52, respectively, as a result this model has It is a small error. After preparing the land use map for the first period, it was determined that in this period, the studied basin includes four land uses: forest, agriculture, pastures and woodlands, and residential. In the second period, there have been forest uses, destroyed forests, agriculture, pastures and woodlands, and residential areas. Then the land use maps prepared in the Google Earth Engine in two periods were transferred to the GIS environment system and the area of each of the above uses was obtained. The area of forests in the studied basin has decreased by 1590.956 hectares and 2014.827 hectares have been added to the area of degraded forests. Also, 2128/368 hectares have been added to the area of agriculture in this basin, and 2557/865 hectares have also decreased from the area of pastures in this area. It should be noted that 5.6266 hectares have been added to the area of residential areas of this basin.Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text. Click here and insert your abstract text.

The findings of this research in two 20-year periods (1980 2000) and (2000 2020) in the studied area show that the amount of precipitation in the second period has decreased compared to the first period. The amount of Rainfall erosivity in the first period had a minimum value of 1.80 and a maximum value of 2.29. In the second period, its value varied between 1.55 and 2.07. Thus, the amount of precipitation in the second period did not greatly affect the process of increasing soil erosion. However, the examination of the pictures and maps prepared on the amount of land use changes shows that the amount of forest and pasture area in this region has decreased and the area of destroyed forests and agricultural and residential lands has been added. Therefore, the role of land use changes in increasing soil erosion is significant. The research results of Teimouri (2018), Mayahi (2021) and Arkhi (2022) also confirm that increasing rainfall, changing land use and reducing vegetation are effective in increasing soil erosion.

The studied area on the Haraz Road from Poldakhter to Vana is prone to avalanches due to its cold mountain climate. The purpose of this research is to determine the most important factors affecting the occurrence of avalanches and its risk zoning using LNRF and Shannon Entropy models. For this purpose, the criteria of snow cover, elevation, slope, aspect, slope curvature, landuse and distance from the road have been used. The results of determining the most important factors affecting the occurrence of avalanches in the studied area using Shannon's Entropy model showed that the aspect, landuse, distance from the road and snow cover with weights of 0.541, 0.143, 0.129 and 0.083 respectively are more important. Avalanche risk zoning maps show that the highest avalanche risk is due to the location of these areas at an altitude of 2100-2700 meters and a slope of 30-60 degrees with the direction of the northeastern and northern slopes. Evaluation of avalanche risk zoning maps using the empirical probability index (P) indicates the appropriateness of Shannon entropy and LNRF models in the region, but the application of Shannon entropy has led to an increase in map accuracy up to 97%.

Among the various forms of water erosion, badland erosion is one of the most important emerging factors in water resources and its sustainability. The purpose of this study is to zoning of e badland erosion in the kelerz Basin in Garmsar. For this purpose environmental factors including geological formations, elevation classes, slope, slope direction and vegetation were compared using pairwise comparisons. Also, pairwise comparisons between sub-basins were performed in each of the five criteria mentioned above, and by calculating the multiplication of the total weight of the criteria and sub-basins relative to each other, the priority of each sub-basin was determined. In parallel with the above steps, the area distribution map was mapped using Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery and Google Earth imagery and was monitored and modified with the help of field surveys and operations to eventually overlap sub-basin priority maps with the existing erosion status map. The accuracy of the proposed model was evaluated. The results of the overlap of the badland Distribution layer with the Erosion Intensity Layer show that sub-basins 2, 3, 4 and 12 have a 100% correlation between the rank calculated in the study with the rank obtained from the frequency ratio. Also sub-basins 1, 5, 9, 10 and 11 with amplitude difference of maximum 2 rank imply high accuracy of calculations. The results also show that sub-basins 12 and 9 have the highest intensity of badland erosion. The sub-basins 11, 4, 6 and 7 are characterized by high erosion and sub-basin 10 with moderate erosion and the rest of the sub-basins are evaluated with low erosion.

Evaluation and zoning of soil erosion using models that are more accurate, helps to implement conservation activities and control soil erosion within the watershed and reduce the amount of sediment outside it. The aim of this study was to zoning the soil erosion intensity of Baladeh watershed using RUSLE and ICONA models and toa investigate their accuracy with observations and terrestrial reality values. RUSLE model factors including rainfall erosion (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (LS), vegetation (C) and conservation operations (P) were calculated from rainfall data, soil map, digital elevation model and remote sensing techniques, respectively. In ICONA model, soil erodibility map was obtained by combining two layers of slope and rock surfaces. Then, in order to prepare soil conservation layer, vegetation index and land use layers of the area were overlapped and by combining erosion and soil conservation layers, erosion zoning map was prepared with this model. The accuracy of these models was evaluated using statistical indices and BLM method, all of which were obtained during field observations. For this purpose, a map with 2500 points was prepared as regular networking for sampling the maps obtained from the models and accordingly, RMSE statistics (root mean squares error), MAE (mean absolute error), MSE (mean squares error) and NSEC (Nash-Sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient) were calculated. The results of the mentioned statistical indices and the errors of the models shows that the mentioned models are not sufficient in baladeh watershed, but the efficiency and degree of adaptation of the erosion classes of ICONA model with BLM output as reference map is higher, because the amount of RMSE, MAE and MSE is lower and NSEC is closer to number one.

Different forms of water erosion can be observed in many parts of Iran, and the specific role of each factor in sediment delivery can be presented. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of geological formations and topographic features on creating important forms of water erosion in the Golidagh watershed in the Golestan Province.

At first, we used the Google Earth images, aerial photos, maps, and field surveys of the area, so that the forms of erosion and their quality were determined. Lithology, elevation, slope, and aspect were selected as independent variables, and each form of water erosion, including sheet erosion, rills, gullies, and badlands, were determined as dependent variables. After, independent variables information layers were overlay with a layer of erosion forms in the ArcGIS and the relationship between them was obtained through Chi-square (ϰ2 ) distribution using SPSS software.

Overlay analysis of the maps showed that the advanced forms of water erosion, including gully erosion and badlands, are dominant as the loess formations in altitudes less than 800 meters, and were more than expected. Also, an area of all forms of erosion is low at the slope of 0-10 percent and their area increases at the slope of 10 percent and higher. investigation of forms of water erosion in relation with the aspect showed that advanced erosion of the gully and badland had more in southwest area and were more than expected, while the surface lacks erosion predominates in the north, northwest and northeast areas. The relationship between variables with different forms of erosion in the area was determined through the chi-square test. The results showed that the relationship between the studied variables and forms of water erosion in the area is significant at 1%. The intensity of the relationship based on the contingency coefficient indicates the more importance of elevation (0.631) and geological formations (0.461) in the region.

The created forms of erosion are dependent on elevation and lithology in the area, and these variables can be used in selecting appropriate methods and executive strategies for managing forms of erosion and controlling their intensity.

Gully erosion is an advanced form of water erosion that needs more research, given the vast mass of soil degradation and its subsequent impacts. An accurate evaluation of gully erosion susceptibility based on the density area model can help identify and predict the areas with advanced gully erosion in the units and classes of each factor. Also, the TOPSIS model and proper prioritization of erosion susceptibility at sub-watershed can be critical for conservation activities. Researchers thus far have used the TOPSIS model to estimate soil erosion in a watershed or evaluate the factors affecting soil erosion intensity, disregarding its potential to prepare efficient gully erosion susceptibility maps. However, the study area, located in the northeast of Golestan, a province in northern Iran, is susceptible to gully erosion due to the horrific deforestation for agricultural and animal husbandry purposes and the expansion of loess soil. Watershed operations are imperative to prevent the spread of this type of erosion, although since the credits are limited, further preventative measures should be prioritized.

This study aimed to prepare a gully erosion susceptibility map of the region using the density area model as well as prioritizing sub-watershed based on the TOPSIS model. It has also been attempted to evaluate their efficiency to prevent time and capital resources waste by identifying erosion-susceptive watersheds and implementing conservation programs as required. The Chenarli watershed is located northeast of Kalaleh in Golestan, Iran. The average elevation of the area is about 628 meters. The elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, vegetation, and land use have been used in this study to prepare gully erosion susceptibility maps. The layer of the area's lithology units was obtained from the 1:100,000 map of the geological survey of Iran, and the raster layers of elevation, slope, aspect of the digital elevation model (DEM) were obtained from an area of 30 m2 of the region. Landsat images were used to prepare a vegetation map and land use area. The Gully erosion distribution map of the region was created using Google Earth images, including 93 gullies, out of which 64 gullies were used for susceptibility map preparation and 29 gullies were used for map validation. The density area model was used to determine the weight of the effective factors. In this study, the layers of independent variables overlayed with gully erosion distribution in ArcGIS. The gully density was calculated in each class of factors. Technically the TOPSIS model, one of the most famous multi-attribute decision models, prioritizes gully erosion susceptibility at the sub-watershed level. In this research, sub-watersheds have been regarded as the criteria affecting gully erosion. The T output of the measured density area model was used as a reference map to evaluate the validity of the model results. Also, the coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated.

In this study, the frequency of gully erosion in the region was identified by overlaying the factor maps, including elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, vegetation, and land use, by gully distribution map in ArcGIS, and the weight values of the classes of each factor were calculated using the density area model. The relationship between topography factors and gully erosion in the region indicated the higher sensitivity of lower elevation classes, lower slopes, and western and southern slopes. Calculation of gully surface density in different rocks showed that shale and loess were more susceptible to gully erosion, respectively. Furthermore, and in terms of land use, the highest amount of gully erosion was observed in farmlands and rangelands, but in areas with natural forests, gully erosion susceptibility was negligible. After calculating the weight of each class of factors affecting the occurrence of the gully in the region, the weight maps were overlayed, and the raster map of gully erosion susceptibility was prepared using the study model. The results of the final map of the density area model indicate that 11.61% of the area has a significantly low susceptibility, and 23.88% are in the low class, 23.03% in the middle class, 25.4% in the high class, and 16.1% of the area is in the very high susceptibility class. The TOPSIS model was used to prioritize gully erosion susceptibility at the sub-watersheds of the region. For this purpose, the study watershed was divided into ten sub-watersheds. Then, the score of the effective variables, the same variables in the density area model, was determined separately. The calculation of the proximity coefficient based on the TOPSIS model showed that sub-watershed no. 2, with a coefficient of 0.791, had the highest gully erosion susceptibility, and sub-watershed no. 6, with a coefficient of 0.144, had the lowest gully erosion susceptibility.

Gully erosion susceptibility map of Chenarli watershed was prepared by overlaying weighted maps of effective factors using the density area model.  The empirical probability was calculated for the model (KS=0.913), indicating the high accuracy of this model in preparing the gully erosion susceptibility map of the region. The density area validation model was used as a field reality map, and the coefficient of signification (R2) was calculated to compare and assess the TOPSIS model's accuracy. The coefficient of determination in this study shows the level of coordination and relationship between the results of the TOPSIS model and real data (the output of the gully erosion density area model). The results displayed a significant and appropriate relationship between the results of the TOPSIS model and density area model in the region since this model with the coefficient of determination equal to (R2= 0.597) could predict the susceptibility to gully erosion at the sub-basin level, indicating its ability to prioritize the susceptibility of gully erosion of sub- watersheds. It can be concluded that recognizing gully erosion susceptibility in classes of the effective factors using the density area model and introducing erosion priorities of sub-watersheds with the TOPSIS model can help improve the selection of gully control and soil conservation methods and contribute to the required operational focus on the field.

Karst aquifers in semi-arid regions play a vital role in people's lives. Therefore, recognizing the pollution potential of aquifers and their vulnerability in different sectors is very important. The western region of Iran, due to the expansion of the Zagros carbonate mountain range, has numerous karstic aquifers that are exposed to pollution in terms of environmental conditions and extensive human activities. The purpose of this study is to estimate the vulnerability map of Aleshtar plain karst aquifer located in Lorestan province against COP pollution. This model evaluates the vulnerability of karst water sources to pollution using three factors, cover layer (O), flow concentration (C) and precipitation regime (P). The results show that 19.14, 28.76, 35.01 and 17.09% of the area are located in very low, low, medium and high vulnerability zones, respectively, which indicates the almost low vulnerability of this karst aquifer compared to It is pollution. Findings indicate that the importance of the overlay factor, precipitation regime factor and flow concentration factor in the pollution of Aleshtar aquifer, respectively. Due to the small area of ​​fully developed karsts and the high slope of areas with developed karst, the role of flow concentration factor in pollution of Aleshtar aquifer is less and due to the drought trend of recent decades and the change of precipitation from snow to rain showers that water retention and therefore less penetration In the karst basin of Alshtar, the importance of the rainfall regime in the vulnerability of the Alshtar aquifer has decreased. Finally, due to the high permeability of the alluvial plain of Aleshtar, the cover layer has provided the ground for aquifer pollution. In general, in the study area, C, P and O, respectively, have the most role in the vulnerability of the area.

Forms of erosion demonstrate its intensity. The study area is one of the suitable rangelands for animal husbandries in the Province of Semnan, which is subjected to a plethora of water erosion forms due to an overuse of the land. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effective factors in an aggravation of water erosion conditions in this area to manage and control it. Erosion in arid and semi-arid regions is intense; therefore, it is necessary to take action to inhibit or reduce it. As the forms of erosion are identifiable, we tried to determine the relationships between geomorphologyand forms of water erosion, namely: sheet, rill, gully and badland in a sub-watershed of the Hablehroodcatchment. Different classes of lithology, slope, aspect and elevation were correlated with any of forms of erosion in the area to determine their variety in the development and dominant erosion on each of the classes and each factor. Using the guidelines of the Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA), the forms of erosion in terms of its intensity was ranked and was used according to the typology of the variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test was on. The results indicated that the highly developed forms of water erosion, gullies and badlands, marl, gypsum and salt formations (8.4 and 15.8%), an elevation of 1000-1200 meters, the slope of 10-20% (8.7 and 15%) and the southern aspects domain (5.7 and 9.5%) respectively. The result of Kruskal-Wallis test for the slope and aspect at 0.01 and elevation at 0.05, respectively, were found to be significant, which indicated that there were specified differences in the forms of water erosion at the specified classes of geomorphologyfactors of the area. Therefore, geomorphologyfactors may be used to assess forms of water erosion and its intensity in similar regions.

The preparation of geomorphological maps is requiring a lot of time and extensive money to collect information on maternal and landforms. Registration maternal features in these maps are usually based on geological maps, field operations, and aerial photographs analyzing. However, due to the resistance of rocks and sediments against erosion is different, it is possible to identify and distinguish them by 1:25000 topographic maps and by studying the form of contours. The purpose of this study is to identify contour forms of topographic maps and find their relationship with geological formations of the region in Part of northern and southern Alborz. For this purpose, the existing contours forms including straight contours, and simple sinusoidal, long and elongated sinusoidal, dense sinusoidal and pulsed curves are classified in topography maps of the region and overlapped with the formation maps of the region that supply by using geological maps 1:100000 geological surveys of Iran. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the relationship between them. The results showed that the contour forms of the geological formations of the area were significantly different at the 0.01 level. The contour forms of straight and simple predominate in hard rocks and dense sinusoidal forms in loose formations and are higher than expected. Therefore, the rock material is effective in creating specific contour forms of topographic maps of the area and since these forms are easily recognizable in these maps, it is therefore possible to use topographic maps to obtain material information for geomorphological maps.

It is important to determine the ecological capacity of zones for appropriate location of urban places. In zonation these are different factor. The study attempts prioritize these factors and to develop the zonation map of the province of Mazandaran using models of ecological urban development, information value and correlation.

At first, effective ecological factors in determining appropriate zonation for urban development in the form of information layers were developed in Arc GIS environment the urban development ecological model was used for determining range of each class. However for calculating the weight of classes in each factor model of information value was used through comparing areas of cities in each class with the whole area. The weight of factors effective on zonation was calculated using the appropriate weight for each layer and implementing the above mentioned models.

Results show that elevation of 0-400 and 1200-1800 meters, slope of 0-6 percents, the northern direction, quaternary fluvial, precipitation of less than 500 and higher 800 millimeters, wet of less than 60 percents and vegetation density of 30 -60 percents are appropriate for urban development.

factors of soil, lithology, elevation, slope, vegetation, wet, rain and aspect received the highest to the lowest priority in location of urban areas and obtaining zonation map respectively. Evaluation of the models indicated the information value is of a higher accuracy.

  Flood is one of the most important hazards in the alluvial fans and its analysis is associated with many complications. The term alluvial fan flooding refers to only a specific type of flood hazards that occurs only on alluvial fans (NRC, 1996). These floods in alluvial fans are characterized as high flow velocity, different flow paths, very active erosion, transport, and deposition processes. Many of the rural and urban areas of Iran which are located in areas of alluvial fans are potentially at risk of flood. Therefore, the identification of high risk areas of flood at different scales can be useful in managing them. This research was conducted with the aims of estimating the flash flooding in the northern alluvial fan of the city of Izeh, identifying potentially hazardous areas in terms of flooding, and prioritizing them for management purposes. The study area with an area of ​​75 km2 is located in the north of the city of Izeh and the Lake Miangaran. The mean elevation is 1470 m. According to the Izeh meteorological station, the average rainfall in the region is 637 mm and the average annual temperature is 23 ° C.

The boundaries of the watersheds and alluvial fans were separated and mapped using Google Earth Images of 2016. The potential of flood hazards was studied in three main steps: (1) Identifying active and passive zones of alluvial fans; the geomorphic indices including intersect point of alluvial fan, braided drainage pattern, and alluvial fan topography profile were used to identify the active and passive zones of alluvial fans. (2) The estimation of runoff and discharge with SCS method; the Ghahreman and Abkhezr method (2004) was used to calculate the amount of rainfall during different return periods. The information layers of the soil, land use, and vegetation cover were prepared from maps of the Natural Resources Administration of Khuzestan province. By combining the information layers, the curve number (CN) values ​​for different basins and weighted average were calculated. Using the data such as catchment area, rainfall and its duration, number of the curve, length of stream and its slope, peak of flood discharge ​​and time to peak were calculated. (3) Ranking of the risk areas by TOPSIS method; in the TOPSIS method, the n×m matrix is ​​evaluated for a decision that has m option and n criterion. The basis of this technique is based on the notion that a selective choice should have the least distance with the positive ideal solution (best possible) and the greatest distance with the negative ideal solution (the worst possible condition). In the study area, twelve catchment- alluvial fan systems were identified. The active areas of the alluvial fans were 5 to 100% of their total areas. Based on soil characteristics and surface coverage, the average relative weight of CN varied from 78 to 90. The rainfall was calculated at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 360 minutes at the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years. Due to the small size of the basins and the short duration of concentration, the rainfall of 120 minutes with a return period of 10 years, which was 36.77 mm, was considered as the peak estimation criterion. To assess the ranking areas in the TOPSIS method, four criterion including flood peak due to precipitation of 120 minutes with a 10-year return period, time to peak of discharge, active alluvial fan area, and area of ​​villages located in active alluvial fan were used. Twelve studied alluvial fans also appeared as options in the matrix. The results of the flood hazards ranking in the alluvial fans of the study area showed that fans of 2 and 5 were the villages of Perchestan Gurii with a population of 1168 people and the village of Pershestan Ali Hossein Mola with a population of 317 which had respectively had proximity coefficients of 1 and 0.4481 in rankings 1 and 2. Within the studied area, the active areas of the alluvial fans are considered to be a major contributor to the flood hazard ranking so that the variables of the alluvial fans area and the area of ​​villages based on them account for 77% of the weight of the ranking. Hence, the determination of the active regions of the alluvial fans can be used on a regional scale using Google Earth satellite 3D images. Using multi-criteria decision-making methods such as TOPSIS can rank the flood hazards in the alluvial fans of north Izeh with regard to the influential variables. This regional-level ranking can show areas at risk and, if necessary, detailed geomorphological studies and field studies will be needed.

One of the most important and advanced forms of water erosion is gully erosion that causes the destruction of land and sediment production in many areas, resulting in a lot of economic damage. The Nemarestagh watershed is one of the sub-basins of the river Haraz which is exposed to expanding this form of erosion. It is necessary to determine the sensitivity of the area by using appropriate methods to plan its control. For this purpose, 133 gullies were first recognized and recorded through Google Earth image, aerial photography and extensive field surveys. Randomly out of this number, 99 gullies are used for modeling and 34 gullies are implemented for evaluation. The layers of effective factors including lithology, elevation, slope, aspect and vegetation and land use were prepared using ArcGIS environment. In the next step, the length and density of gullies in per class of the factors were calculated by overlaying the layers and the map of the risk zoning of gully erosion in the region was provided using the frequency ratio and information value statistical methods. The results showed that Shemshak formation with shale, sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate, elevation of 1000-1200 meters, the slope of 40-50 percents, the southern direction and poor pasture have a highest gully erosion susceptibility. The evaluation of statistical methods using the probabilistic probability showed that the information value model is more suitable for hazard zonation in the area.

The quality of urban life is the social, physical, spatial, and economic conditions of the urban environment, which indicates the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of citizens with the urban environment. This concept has been developed from the 60s and 70s, with a view to refining the concept of development, from a purely quantitative and economical development to sustainable urban development. Today, in cities, the old and worn-out texture is among the urban areas that have caused unsustainable urban development and reduced citizens' satisfaction from urban environments. The core of the ancient city of Amol, which is the origin of the city, has been exhausted due to passing of time, which has caused the situation to cause problems for citizens. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to measure the quality of life index in the worn out tissue and also in Amol city and compare these results with each other and to analyze the impact of socioeconomic factors on the quality of life of Amol citizens. For this purpose, 350 questionnaires were distributed among households in Amol city and the same number of questionnaires distributed in Amol city. To test the hypotheses, T-test and correlation were used in SPSS software. The results of these tests indicate that the city's quality of life component in the medium to high and the urban texture in this index is below the average and average of the city and there is a significant difference between the overall mean of quality of life between the two situations. Independent T-test results also show that the mean difference in the social and physical component is significant in both the position of the worn texture and Amol area, in contrast to the difference between the mean of economic quality.

Drainage density is an important hydrogeomorphologic indicator in determining activity quality of processes of overland run-off, flood intensity, soil erosion and sedimentation load in the basin. Drainage density was defined as the ratio of the total length of streams in a watershed over its contributing area. It describes the degree of drainage network development and was recognized by many authors to be significantly effective on the formation of flood flows. Drainage density is higher in arid areas with sparse vegetation cover. The higher the drainage density, the lower the infiltration and the faster the movement of the surface flow. The structure of watershed topography depends to a large extent on the interaction between slope and channel processes. The applicability of these relatively simple summaries, however, needs to be examined carefully. It is still uncertain how the development of drainage systems with time affects the relation of drainage density with lithology, slope, aspect and elevation. The Behrestagh watershed is a sub-basin of Haraz River basin where in varied geological and topographic conditions and the many overland flow cause soil erosion and destruction of pastures and gardens of the area. This study examines the relationship of drainage density with Geology and topography factors for Behrestagh watershed.
The Behrestagh watershed lies between the latitudes of 35° 56΄ N to 35° 59΄ N and longitudes of 52° 16΄ E to 52° 22΄ E. The main stream in the area is Haraz River. Topographic elevations in the study area vary between 1172 to 3548 m. Here, in order to examine drainage density in the studied area, map of the watershed’s streams was prepared first using GIS and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of that area. Then, effective Geology and topographical properties including lithology, elevation, slope and aspect was considered and classified in ArcGIS environment and finally were overlaid with the streams as a dependent variable. Accordingly, sum of streams length per unit of each factor was calculated and drainage density was obtained. Data were analyzed in SPSS 20. Moreover, collected data were described using descriptive statistics (tables, charts, abundance distribution, mean and standard deviation). Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA to obtain differences with other studied variables.
Discussion of In this study, data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA to obtain differences with studied variables. Results of the statistical test indicated that the relationship of lithology and slope with drainage density in the considered area was significant at .95 and .99 level of confidence, respectively. The relationship of drainage density with elevation and aspect was not significant, as well. The results showed that the most drainage density of the area was observed in elevation lower than 1400 meters (average density of 8.24). Also, the cretaceous melaphyre formation (km) with average density of 8.79 and the slope class of 20 -30 percent showed an average density of 10.7 and the western aspect (domain direction) indicated an average of 5.57.
To determine the geology and topography factors influencing drainage density, data layers of lithology, slope, aspect and elevation were analyzed through overlaying the dispersion map of the watershed’s streams. The results showed that cretaceous melaphyre formation, elevation below 1400 meters, slope of 20-30 percent and the west aspect are sensitive to streams. Also, results indicated a significant relationship between lithology and slope with drainage density in the considered area and slope was found to be the most important topography factor affecting drainage density. Therefore can used from these variables to assess erosion intensity and its control.

One of the main topics of geomorphology and river management science is river channels morphology that with its help can be found useful information about geometry, form the substrate, longitudinal profiles, cross sections, deformation and displacement them over time. The measure of these indexes represents the real performance of stream channels. In this research, studied the rate of change and displacement of meanders of Chelchay-Narmab river from 1961 to 2013 by using aerial photographs and Google earth images to access the current situation and future movement and forecast of displacement this river meanders. To achieve this aim, measured the situation of river plan and geometric indices as the channel length, the number of meanders, the sinuosity, the central angle, the radius of curvature of meanders and channel width in GIS and AutoCAD in four separate reaches and compared with each other. The results showed that during the period under review, dropped the average for more morphometric parameters of the river. For example the river channel length of 6200 meters, Sinuosity 3.0, the number of meander loops 31, the average central angle of 1.4 degrees and an average channel width of 9 m is reduced. Also the study of change process in four reaches showed that the changes and trends in reaches were different. In reach 1 to reach 3, the most geometric parameter values were decreased while in fourth reach the values were increased. Factors influencing these changes can be discharge, land slope, soil type and land use types within the river cited. With respect to the maximum number of meanders too developed in reach of 4 and in the vicinity of Gonbad Kavoos, the highest risk areas was in this reach.

Various factors such as morphometric of the basin, rainfall, soil type and vegetation have an important role in the potential of flooding. Flood hazard mapping is very important for catchment Management. Catchment morphometric parameters control its hydrologic response. Understanding a basin’s response to high rainfall based on geomorphological indices can be valuable when studying flood hazard in ungauged catchments. The study area, Galandrud catchment is located in the northeastern Alborz, Mazandaran province and south of Royan city. In this research, Galandrud catchment divided to 12 sub- catchment. Twelve criteria were chosen; including catchment area, drainage density, compactness coefficient, circularity ratio, confluence ratio, area ratio, length ratio, basin slope, river gradient, concentration time, mean annual precipitation and curve number. To quantify potential of flood these parameters are integrated with a technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The TOPSIS technique is one of the multi criteria decision making method, which, it is defined as the alternative that is simultaneously farthest from the negative ideal and closest to the ideal alternative. The weight for each indicator is determined based on Shannon’s entropy. The results of the TOPSIS analyses indicated that sub-catchments 12, 10 and 3 with closeness coefficient 0.548, 0.486 and 0.462 have ranking 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

Alluvial fans are considered as one of the arid and semi-arid geomorphic effects, which are the result of intense flow water performance in the past and present. Therefore, alluvial fans can be considered as legacies of quaternary climate. Dryv (1873) used alluvial fan terminology for the first time. The US geographical organization conducted a study focusing on alluvial fans in the second half of the nineteenth century. In the early 1960s, some quantitative studies focused on research examining the process and control development of alluvial fans.
Alluvial fans have generally provided suitable conditions and good situations for living settlements in many parts of the world since prehistoric time. The human settlement developments are related to neither prehistory nor ancient time, but many of populated districts with different application on human activities and developments formed on alluvial fans. In Iran where many of rural and urban settlements and its activities are placed in alluvial fans, more studies should be done on the recognition of alluvial fans, especially on southern slopes of Alborz in Semnan which existed many different alluvial. Thus, this study attempts to consider a large number of water basins associated with alluvial fans, which have little relationships with ten geometric features of water basins with the size of its alluvial fans on the southern slopes of Alborze in Semnan.
Research This study is located on the southern slopes of Alborze in Semnan and is limited to a rage from 34 degrees 13 minutes to 37 degrees 20 minutes North latitude and 51 degrees 51 minutes to 57 degrees 3 minutes east longitude from Greenwich prime meridian. This study is comprised of a large number of adjacent alluvial fans with 44 identifiable alluvial fans along with 44 water basins are chosen on the southern slopes of the Alborz.
This study has used (AHP) which is a part of multi-criteria of decision-making model and investigated the process and prioritizing effect of geometric features. To achieve the purpose of this study, the researcher has used alluvial fans range using 1:25000 aerial photographs combined with field visits. The process of AHP method from the most versatile multi-criteria decision-making models by Iraqi-born man named Thomas L Saati was proposed in 1980s. In this method, at first, the priority of various factors and turning them to small amounts of oral judgments (expert opinion) is used. .
In this study, correlation was used to evaluate the correct weight and compare them with each factor. The correlation coefficient is a statistical tool to identify the type and degree of relationship between the quantitative variables. This method is one of the criteria to identify the correlation and coefficient of two variables. The correlation coefficient shows the intensity of relationship as well as the direct and inverse relationship of variables. This ratio is between to -1 and if there is no relationship between the two variables it equals zero.
Some studies focusing on alluvial fans show that the relations between alluvial fans and the geometric characteristics of watersheds are affected by the hydrological behavior. The main reason is that the basin geometry characteristics determine the size of the alluvial fans and their evolution play a very important role. The results from the relations between area of alluvial fans on the southern slopes of Alborz in Semnan with the basin water geometric features showed that criterion of Weight 10-Tions of area, slope, form factor, height, perimeter, basin length, drainage density, channel length, main channel slope and length of the basin were 0.337, 0.190, 0.134, 0.091, 0.075, 0.055, 0.043, 0.032, 0.024, 0.018, respectively. Therefore, the result shows that the effect of basin area in the formation of alluvial fan was more effective than other geometric features of the basin's water and the length of the basin had minimal impact on the formation and development of alluvial fans in this area.
The results showed that the correlation between the basin characteristics and alluvial fan in the region were significantly different. So that some of the correlations are high and some are too low.
Effective factors, such as area, the total length of waterways, basin perimeter, main channel length, basin length, basin height, main channel slope, basin slope, drainage density with coefficient of 0.969, 0.935, 0.927, 0.913, 0.891, 0.465, 0.299, 0.197, 0.176 and 0.061, respectively contribute to form alluvial fan of region which are significantly important in area. The basin area has the most influence on the size of alluvial fans in this region.

It is impractical to exactly uncover the degree of potential of the areas for the land use purposes. However، the application of fuzzy logic، as a mathematical modeling logic of imprecise and vague processes، can pave the way so as to do processing modeling and to determine the ecological potential. In the present research the ecological urban development model of West Azerbaijan was considered as the basis and performed using fuzzy logic. The fuzzification of ecological resources maps and indeed fuzzy inference system in geographic information systems (GIS) is a way of determining the fuzzy membership degree and the overlapping of different layers for urban development. The results of the ecological evaluation of urban development and analysis of fuzzy logic strengths and weaknesses as compared to implementation of Makhdoom model illustrated that the fuzzy inference engine in the geographic information systems can yield much real output particularly in the sides of borders which form the ecological resources maps. Finally، this study invites further economic، social، and modeling studies in the issues of assigning lands for different usages.

Introduction For the achieved of sustainable development goals, assessment of ecological capable is basic studied for the land use planning. The ecological capability is the sustainable protection system of urban ecology for the urban development and Protection system of urban ecology is integrated unit demand for urban development the impact Limited is the inappropriate of urban development. For the second stage studies of land preparation to evaluating the land potential ecological to land use and Determine priorities and the land use of between organize in the space planning, Mc Harg model is used for many years on a global scale with specific regional modifications in according the structure and calculation in the brief level to the detailed manual and computer method. Iran is becoming an increasingly urban place. Many cities in Iran are experiencing rapid urbanization, mostly in the form of unplanned development. Also West Azarbaijan province is not Exception of this option and increasingly is becoming in urban sites. The environment and human in certain problem has the province of regions. Hence requires ecological knowledge partnership as a strategic to protect and improve urban zones. In this regard of present study for Priority the province's urban centers used Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. 2- Methodology This research is Following Application of Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process in urban centers priority with ecological consideration. The method was descriptive and analytical, In this regard used of Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. 3– Discussion Theoretical studies were classified field criteria to assess the ecological for urban development and Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process used for the calculation final score of each criterion was formed the paired comparison fuzzy matrix and calculation was Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process can be prioritized in terms of urban ecology. Finally each of options score was obtained for sustainable urban development with the weight coefficient corresponding to the classical hierarchical analysis. This finally score was obtained of product final weight criteria in the final weight under criteria of each option. 4– Conclusion Results showed that the total score of cities in Khoy, Maku, Chaldoran, Poldasht and Chaypareh is more for the development. This prioritization is based on ecological characteristics of the urban environment and considering their compliance with the contents of the resource map is closer to reality. Research findings indicate that cities are developing in the first and second priority is not only because of ecological resources. But due to the strategic location of the transit of goods to neighboring countries like Turkey, Nakhchevan Republic, Iraq and that is having the infrastructure sector indices, benefiting from ecotourism, tourism and historical context.

Evaluation ofquality of city life in view of citizen (Case study: Amol city) 1-Introduction City areas are the main centers of economical، social and political growth in every country. Today in the areas city،study quality of city life is one of the most important subjects of urban studies that it involves components of social، environmental، and economical (Falahat،2008،10). Iran cities which under the influence of Iranian and Islamic culture acted a as regulated whole on local principle its old system has gone under stagnancy in early 13th solar century whith its joining to the global capitalism system and the arrival of mechanical technology so a kind of social-economical relation different from the past has been made in the old city which is not in accordance whith city-life and modern social-economical spleen dour. As a result، the purpose of this study is to answer the main question of the study that it is based on the condition of life quality indicator and weakness and intensity of each of their triple dimensions in the Amol city. Amol is one of the oldest cities of Mazandaran province. Method of the present study has been descriptive-analytical and gathering data was based on questionnaires that it has been distributed among areas of this city and the questionnaires was in accordance withpopulation who lived in each of the areas. Its Statistical population was included 350 households in Amol city which was randomly selected simple for studying. The Cochran formula was used to determine sample size، and finally the SPSS software and Statistical methods such as the Spearman correlation a Chi square test were used in order to analyze gathered data. 2- Theoretical bases Quality of city life is one of the most important subjects of urban studies that it involves components of social، environmental، and economical. Attending to these indicators is increasing، because of their important role in management، town planning، and in general determination of viability of cities. which have demonstrated themselves as the most attractive areas for creating wealth، empoloyment، creativity and innovation. But these areas face fundamental challenges in the field of physical and environmental destructions social degradation، chaos، unemployment، lack of dwelling and traffic which these problems dramatically decrease city-life quality. However، policy-makers and programmers on national and international level emphasize on city qualities for the improvement of human life quality. Therefore، to salve the problems of burgess and the improvement of his life qualities، a concept with the title of life quality was set forth for consideration and research. 3– Discussion In this study، the neighborhoods and subjects were studied through random sampling. Each questionnaire was given the neighborhoods according to the size and population of them. Also،it is placed In among of the selected neighborhoods of worn tissue and new tissue، which is distributed among them. Questions in the questionnaire were explained in the social، physical and economic، and in the form of a 5-choice. Cronbach''s alpha coefficient was used in the internal reliability of the questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained 0/75 indicating the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Analysis of data from Spss software testing Spearman correlation، Phi and Cramer and chi-square test check for data analysis and T-test each sample to evaluate the difference between the average theoretical study (figure 3) and the mean responses is selected to each of questions. These tests show that urban in terms of indicator of life quality (Average3. 02) is uper than average level in where citizens were peevish for economical situation (Average3. 05) than others components،social situation (Average3. 17) and Physical situation (Average 3. 13). Also in thisstudy، areas of Paeenbazar،areas Niaki، and Chaksar show more uncomfortable condition than others areas، in field of social health، functional، and economical condition، respectively. 4– Conclusion Results show that level of social quality in triple components of life quality in the Amol city has an average value that is equal to 3/17 and it has higher value than other indices. Also، average value of Environmental and physical factors is 3/13 and economical quality has average value of 3/05. Theses average values have shown a higher quality than mean value. This means citizens have a relative satisfaction for quality of life in the Amol city. These results led to reject the hypothesis that the lack of quality of life in the Amol city and show that economical factors have less quality than others factors. Also، studies in the city show that factors such as age and duration of stay in the neighborhood are more effective in level of social health of citizens. The most important advantage of social health in the Amol city is related to Interested citizens to Amol and their trend to live and stay in their neighborhood. The most important disadvantage of social health in the Amol city is related to low tendency of citizens to communication with their neighborhood and Concerns about the prevalence of drug use in the neighborhood. Moreover، studies show that variable of income level with four times generation of significant relationship has the most effectiveness of citizens satisfaction about environmental quality. Other results، in the Amol city، show that rely on cash subsidies and concerns about its remove have the most effectiveness in increase of level of citizen’s satisfaction about economical condition of households. In index of economical in Amol city، satisfaction of the residents of the state of cleanliness in the neighborhood is maximum and this shows satisfaction of the most citizen about this index. 5– Suggestions In this city، the most grievances of citizens are related to physical quality of the neighborhood and also status of surface water disposal repulse، especially when it is rainy. There is this problem in all northern cities and managers and urban planners of the Amol city must solve it. The other physical problem of the Amol city is citizen dissatisfaction about status of landscape in the neighborhoods. In other study (Khademi،2011)، solutions of this problem، locating and arranging suitable of parks of the Amol city، and small library inside the parks، in were presented. The solution of this problem leads to reduce consumption of narcotics among youth. Implementation plan، organize and revitalize old neighborhoods of the Amol city are reasons for increasing life quality in the Amol city. Results of other study (Khademi2013) has showed that the situation of of worn tissue of the Amol city is caused reduction of level of life quality in the city.

Suitable locating and establishment of cities has a great importance in preventing the environmental crisis and also sustainable and durable use of resources of the region. The aim objective of this study is to assess the ecological potency of Mazandaran Province and comparing it with the location and development of the existing towns. To this end, this study has been done with descriptive - analytic method and by using geographical information systems (GIS).For this purpose, at first, the maps were digitalized in GIS environment and various required information layers including ground material, the ground situation and form, elevation from sea level, slope, slopes direction, isohyets and isothermal areas, relative humidity, water resources and vegetable cover have been used. Then they were turned into a suitable format for running the model. To evaluate the ecological potency of urban development and to integrate information layers, weighted index method was used as a result of which map of the land proportion for the establishment and development of cities was obtained. The results show that the areas with proper potency for urban development, after removing protected and forest areas, includes only 22/75 percent of the study area. Also comparison of the locations of the cities and the total development scores obtained showed that, 42 cities out of 51 cities in the province are in suitable conditions. Comparison of the total ecological criteria scores with the cities and their populations shows that there is a direct but weak relationship between suitable establishment of cities and their development.