غلامعلی اکبرزاده شوکت

European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) is one of the most important pests in orchards including apple trees, across different parts of Iran. The effectiveness of the new acaricide acequinocyl was tested on the European red mite of apple tree in three provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Khorasan-e Razavi in 2016. Effect of acequinocyl 1 and 1.25 ml/lit was compared with spirodiclofen 0.5 ml/lit, phenazaquin 0.5 ml/lit, and control (watering). In order to determine the effectiveness of the treatment, the number of live mites on host leaves was recorded at one day before and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after spraying. The percentage of efficiency of these treatments was calculated using Henderson-Tilton formula and the Analysis of Variance was done with SAS statistical software. In West Azerbaijan, there was a significant difference between treatments at 3 and 7 days and acequinocyl 1.25 ml/lit and phenazaquin were most effective in 3 days (97%). In East Azerbaijan, at 3 days, all acaricides showed more than 73% effectiveness. On the 21st day after spraying, spirodiclofen and acequinocyl (1 ml/lit.) had the highest effect compared to the other treatments (75.27% and 65.07% respectively). In Khorasan-e Razavi, all treatments were more than 93% effective at 14 days and the effect of acequinocyl 1.25 ml/l and phenazaquin treatments were similar (100%) on day 3. The results showed that acequinocyl at the both concentrations (1 ml/lit and 1.25 ml/lit) was effective in controlling European red mite on apple and could be a good alternative to older acaricides.

Effects bifenazate 24% SC doses (0.5 0.6, 0.7. ml/l) evaluated with spirodiclofen SC 240, fenazaquin  SC 20%, fenproximate 5% SC 5%, fenpropatrin, 10% FL on active stages of  Panonychus ulmi on red apple variety in East (Marand), West Azerbaijan (Oromia), Ardebil (Meshkeinshar) and Khorasan Razavi (Golmakan) provinces during 2010 . Blocked randomized design with three replications used and each replicate consisted four apple trees. Treatment done when mean of 5 mobile mite stages observed in 30% apple leaves collected randomly. Effects fo each treatment carried out by collection of 50 apples leaves and alive mite counted on upper leaf surface at one day before and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days accordingly. Mean active stages of P. ulmi mite/leaf found varied between 3.01 to 7.78 mites, 6.70 to 28.15mites, 3 to 36.66 mites and 17.43 to 26.83 mite among treatments in West Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi, East Azerbaijan and Ardebil respectively.  Highest mite mortality% threated by bifenazate doses up to 21 days after recorded 98.33% and 94.85% for 0.7 and 5 ml/l in Oromia and Golmakan, up to 14 and 7 days after observed 99.9% and 68.71% for 0.7 ml/l of bifenazate in  Marand and Meshkeinshar respectively. Bifenazate toxicity on mean of recorded natural enemies (predatory mites, Orius sp, and Thrips sp.) in Meshkeinshar reduced their number but did not eliminate them from apple trees. Higher doses of bifenazate application when mean of P. ulmi recorded lest than 5 mites on 30% of collected leaves, will provide effective control.

Most of new acaricides evaluation were demanded against apple mite pest’s orchards in Iran. Effects of flufenzin 200 SC doses (0.2 and 0.3ml/lit) against Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae in apple orchards of Ardebil, West Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi and in Esfahan provinces were investigated during 2014 respectively. Other registered acaricides such as Spirodiclofen 240 SC, bifenazate 24% SC, fenpropathrin 10% EC, fenproximate 5% SC along with1.5% liquid detergent soap, water sprayed in control treatment were used in this study. Random apple leaves sampling at weekly interval followed from middle month of May and by observing mean 5 active mite stages on 30% of the collected leaves, treatments carried out at early morning hours. Efficiency of each treat done by random 40 leaves from middle part of apple trees collected at interval of one day before and 3,7,14, 21 days after treatment respectively. Mean mortality% analysis done by SAS software and ranked them according Duncan method. The higher P. ulmi mortality% by 0.2 ml/l of flufenzin dose treat recorded 92.45% and 95.82% at 3rd and 7th days after in Ardebil and reduced to 55.79% at 21st day respectively. Maximum P. ulmi mortality% caused by 0.3 ml/l of flufenzin dose recorded 86.47% and 81.79% at 14th and 21th days after in Mashhad area and on T. urticae observed between 66.07% to 72.17% during 3rd to 21st days after treatment in Esfahan. Highest mite pest control among registered acaricidal received for spirodiclofen acaricide and effects of all of them in comparison to earliest record found in reduction. Results indicated that by 480 g a.i. of flufenzin spraying in hectare under low mite pest incidence effective control in apple orchard expected.

European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) are the two major pests of deciduous trees and most of the acaricides used in the control of them in apple orchards of Iran. The early of these two mite damages on leaf chlorophyll contents caused plant retardation, reduce fruit size and quality in apple production. Extensive mite pest damages during the middle of spring and summer months not only caused complete leaves shedding but side effects of this unusual condition imposed shortages of nutritional on vigorously of infested apple trees in next year on apple production also. Most of the new acaricides introduced and registered here in the last two decades demanded and evaluated against apple mite pests. Reduce the hazardous risk of synthetic acaricides application, so many efforts since 1995 undertaken since 1995 for sustainable mite pest’s management and keeping environmental and natural enemies safer in apple orchards. Evaluation of organic pesticides in developed countries in control of apple pests received more attention mostly to overcome spider mite pest damages in the world. In Iran, the only sulfur powder was tested in 1954 against citrus russet mite and no other mineral as an acaricide tested on apple mite pests in Iran. In this study, for the first time, the effect of Kaolin doses investigated on active stages of European red mite in four major apple growing orchards of Iran. Concerned literature survey indicated that this the first in depended kaolin effects report from Iran.

Different kaolin doses (3, 4 and 5%) against Panonychus ulmi infested apple orchards during investigated 2014. Effect of this pesticide was compared with registered acaricides such as Envidor (spirodiclofen 240 SC), floramite (bifenazate 24% SC), Danitol (fenpropathrin 10% EC), Ortus (fenpyroximate 5% SC), 1.5% detergent dishwashing along with water sprayed on apple trees as in uncontrolled treatment. Experiments conducted in different provinces of Iran (West Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Ardebil and Khorasan Razavi provinces during 2014). Treatment effectiveness was determined by random 40 apple leaves collected at the interval of one day before and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatments. Active mite stages on the upper side of the apple leaf counted with the help of a stereomicroscope. Collected alive mite raw data from each treatment at different interval times, converted into morality% by Henderson-Tilton formula. Mean mortality% analysis variance done with SAS software. Grouping and ranking effects of each treatment carried out by DUNCAN methods.

Mite mean density before treatments on apple leaves among treatments found varied during 2014 in different provinces. The highest mean of mite out of 40 leaves before treatments in West Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Ardebil and Khorasan Razavi provinces recorded 11.60±0.28, 13.52±1.29, 11.85±0.32 and 4.75±0.15 respectively with total apple leaves infestation of 65 to 80% in all provinces. Lower doses (3 and 4%) of kaolin pesticides in the control of mite pests in all experimental stations except in Ardebil observed very weakly and less than 50% up to 14 days after. The highest mite mortality% time up to 7 days after treatments for 5% kaolin dose recorded 75.97% and 78.70 up to 7 days in Oromia and Ardebil and up to 14 days after observed 66.68%, 75.23% in Esfahan and Khorasan Razavi provinces respectively. A sharp reduction in apple mite pest control recorded at 21 days sampling interval for kaolin 5%. All kaolin doses sprayed on apple trees found without phytotoxicity during the hot and dried period of sampling time in all places. Expected control with 5% kaolin application at the early stages of P. ulmi activity for a once during the growing season is possible.

Application 5% kaolin at the lower incidence of Panonychus ulmi for once during the growing season in apple orchards recommended.

The European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch is one of the most important pests of apple orchards in different parts of Iran. The present study was conducted in apple orchards of Azarbaijan-e Sharghi, Azarbaijan-e Gharbi and Khorasan-e Razavi provinces in a randomized complete block design with 7 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments were the new acaricide, Envidor speed with two dosage, 0.4 and 0.5 ml/L, Baroque 10%SC 0.4 ml/L, Propargite 0.57 EC 1 ml/L , Pride 20% 0.4 ml/L, Envidor 0.24 SC 0.5 ml/lit and a check treatment by spaying water. Mean number of mites per leaf was counted one day befor and 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after spraying. Results showed that both concentrations of Envidor speed were more effective than the other acaricides after 7 days, and this trend continued until 28 days. Envidor speed had better effect with more durability effect on the control of European red mite compared to the other acaricides. We recommend the 0.4 ml/lit dose of this acaricide because of its economic efficiency.

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. is the key pest of apple in Iran. Due to inefficiency of other control measures, insecticide application has been the first option, most common and successful management method so far. In this research, effect of Diflubenzoron (Dimilin® SC48) was compared with Phosalone (Zolone SE 35) and Thiaclopride(kalipso® SC480) in three regions of Zanjan, Urmia and Bojnord using a layout of RCBD with 4 replications for one growing season. Results showed that treatment of Dimilin.with 4.02±0.23, 7.26±1.4, and 2.6±0.42 percent of infection at Urmia, Zanjan and Bojnord recorded the least percent of infection respectively whereas treatment of control with 57.37±4.94, 45.21±3.3 and 57.12±3.08 percent of infection at the same experimental points recorded the highest percent. Treatment of Kalipso with 1.02±0.43 and 3.00±0.44 percent of infection at Urmia and Zanjan and treatment of Zolon at Urmia with 3.65±0.29 registered the same statistical group as the Dimilin. It could be concluded that current insecticides may be replaced by Dimilin per need.

The grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana is the key pest of the vineyards of Iran. In this study, the efficacy of some bio-insecticides was evaluated for controlling damage of the grape berry moth and conservation of its larval parasitoids. Evaluated treatments were BTK (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki), Neem Azal (Azadirachtin A EC1%), mixture of BTK and Neem Azal, Bio1 (Matrine), Basudin and control treatment. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with 4 replications in a vineyard located in Urmia. Evaluation of treatments efficacy was carried out 7 and 14 days after spraying by using two indices, the percentage of the bunch infestation and the number of larval nest per 100 bunches. According to the results, there was significant difference among treatments at 1% probability level. The highest efficacy was observed in treatments of Basudin and Bio1, without significant difference between them. Percentages of the bunch infestation were 7.50% and 6.75% and number of larval nest per 100 bunches were 11.75 and 12.00 in Basudin and Bio1 treatments, respectively. Neverthles, BTK with 34.5% bunch infestation and 64.75 larval nest/100 bunches had the least effect on pest control. Moreover, total percentages of larval parasitism were 9.6, 12.8, 13.9, 14.3, 0, and 14.6 in BTK, Neem Azal, BTK Neem Azal, Bio1, Basudin, and unsprayed control treatment, respectively. According to the obtained results, Bio1 insecticide can be recommended for controlling grape berry moth with the least undesired effects on larval parasitoids.

Grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermuller) is the main pest of Iran and most vineyards of the world. The pest larva causes yield reduction by feeding on inflorescences and berries. The pest reduces the quality of grape by favoring the growth condition of rot fungus such as Botrytis cinerea as well. The seasonal population abundance and related damage of the pest were investigated for 3 years in 3 main vine growing districts of Orumieh, Iran. The population dynamics and density of the moth were monitored by sex pheromone traps and the damage of inflorescence clusters and fruit bunches were determined by sampling from experimental vineyards in different years and generations. Results showed that the grape berry moth has 3 complete flight periods with an average of 37, 26 and 54 days for 3 generations, respectively. Population abundance was varied between years, districts and generations from 51 to 1647 male moths /trap/generation. There was no significant relationship between population abundance and damaged clusters at different districts and generations during 2 years study. Infestation rate of flower clusters at the first generation varied form 68 to 90 percent with a severity of 1 to 15 larval nests per cluster. In the second and third generations, the infestation rate of fruit bunches varied from 43 to 100 percent and the damaged berries per clusters were from 1 to 63 percent.

In this study the parasitoids occurring on pupa of (GBM) Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) which is the most serious pest of grape in Orumieh vineyards, was collected and identified during 2004-2006 and their potential in natural biologic control was assessed in 2005 and 2006 years. Pupae of grape berry moth were collected from under loosen barks of insecticide-free vineyards of Kahriz horticulture station from early October until mid April (emergence of GBM adults in nature) and reared in containers at 25±2°C 50% relative humidity in laboratory. Emerged adult parasitoid were identified and their relative abundance was determined. Rate (%) of parasitism for L. botrana pupa was calculated as the number of parasitoids over the total amou of emerged parasitoids and moths, and their emergence trend was discussed according to 2005 and 2006 years data. Six parasitoid species including: Itoplectis tunetana (Schmiedeknecht), Pimpla arcadica Kasparian, Pimpla sp.nr confinis Kasparyan and Dicaelotus inflexus Thomson belonging to Ichneumonidae and Pteromalus puparum(L.) and Homoporus sp. belonging to Pteromalidae were reared from grape berry moth pupae. The species P. arcadica, P. confinis and D. inflexus are new for insect fauna of Iran and the occurrence of all parasitoids on GBM pupa are reported for the first time. Pupal parasitism ranged from 13 to 42 percent in various sampling occasions with an average of 20.6 ± 2.80 percent for two years.