فائزه اسدی

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of leadership behaviors of school principals in the team learning of teachers. The research population consisted of all primary school teachers of Qorve city, numbering 548 people, and a sample size of 225 people was selected from this population by simple random sampling based on Morgan's table. The research method was correlative and through structural equation modeling. To collect data, Strang.'s leadership behavior questionnaire (2005) and Bresó et al.'s team learning questionnaire (2008) were used. To determine the reliability and validity of the tool, Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used; the desired reliability and validity of the tool were indicated by the results. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used by Lisrel 10.20 software. The results indicated that: task-oriented leadership behavior of school principals had a positive, direct and significant effect (0.27) at the 0.05 level on teachers' team learning with a t value (4.98). Also, the Person -oriented leadership behavior of school principals had a positive, direct and significant effect (0.50) at the 0.05 level on teachers' team learning with a t value (9.34). The dual leadership behaviors of school principals are able to explain 38% of the variance of teachers' team learning, which has a t (8.41) and indicates the significance of the explained variance of teachers' team learning by the dual leadership behaviors of school principals.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of practical training of intimate communication skills on love styles, psychological well-being, emotional abuse and marital tension in married women. The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The socio-statistics of the research included all married women who referred to the health centers of Mahdishahr city in 2019. Among these, 30 people were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The participants of both groups completed questionnaires of lovemaking styles, psychological well-being, emotional abuse and marital tension in the pre-test and post-test. The practical training of sincere communication skills was carried out in 10 sessions of 90 minutes with the frequency of one session per week on the experimental group. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that the practical training of intimate communication skills reduced emotional abuse and marital tension and improved psychological well-being and love styles in the group that was trained, but no significant difference was observed in the friendly love style. As a result, this method can be used to reduce conflicts and improve the quality of married life in couples.

In the last two decades, empowerment practices have gained recognition as effective approaches for organizations to enhance positive work outcomes by fostering employees' sense of competence, self-determination, meaningfulness, and influence (Maynard et al., 2014). Empowerment theory suggests that leaders play a crucial role in empowering employees (Maynard et al., 2012). Leaders have the ability to create an environment conducive to employees taking ownership of their tasks and surroundings (Stander & Coxen, 2017). Consequently, organizations must establish environments that enable individuals to maximize their potential and contribute value to the organization (Stander & Rothmann, 2009). Employees require leaders, who understand the importance of ownership and empowerment for their emotional and intellectual growth (Bhatnagar, 2005). Several studies have highlighted the significant role of work in psychological ownership, including research by Kim & Beehr (2018) and Knapp et al. (2014). Studies by Su & Ng (2019) and Yıldız et al. (2015) have explored the impact of participation in decision-making on psychological ownership. Additionally, Olckers & Enslin (2016) have demonstrated the role of trust in fostering psychological ownership, while Cheng et al. (2021) and Yıldız et al. (2015) have examined the influence of providing independence on psychological ownership. These studies indicate that empowering leadership behaviors are associated with followers' psychological ownership. Therefore, the present research aimed to investigate the role of empowering leadership dimensions exhibited by school principals in teachers' psychological ownership. Specifically, we sought to determine whether the empowering leadership dimensions of school principals significantly impacted teachers' psychological ownership and identify which dimensions had the greatest and least significant effects on psychological ownership.

The present study adopted a quantitative research approach, aligning with the research philosophy and the applied nature of the study. In terms of data collection and analysis, a descriptive method was employed, specifically utilizing correlation studies and structural equation modeling. The research population comprised all primary school teachers in Qorve City, totaling 548 individuals (350 women and 198 men). A sample of 225 participants (144 women and 81 men) was selected by using proportional stratified random sampling based on Morgan's table. The research methodology employed was correlation analysis.

The findings of the current study indicated that the dimensions of empowering leadership exhibited by the school principals had a significant and positive impact on the teachers' psychological ownership. The effects of these dimensions ranged from 0.13 to 0.24, with participation in decision-making and significance having the greatest and least effects, respectively. Collectively, the 4 dimensions of empowering leadership could explain 33% of the variance in the teachers' psychological ownership. The Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA) conducted to determine the relative importance of the structures in the structural model revealed that all the four dimensions of empowering leadership exhibited high importance and high performance, falling within the consolidation area. Based on these findings, several suggestions were proposed to strengthen the effects of the empowering leadership dimensions of school principals on teachers' psychological ownership:1) Clarifying the role of teachers in societal growth and development, emphasizing their impact on the society
2) Providing necessary support and resources to enhance teachers' professional development
3) Fostering a safe and supportive environment in schools that encourages teachers to express their opinions on school-related matters
4) Empowering teachers with collaborative decision-making skills
5) Encouraging participation through the establishment of quality circles within the school
6) Analyzing the fit between teachers and their assigned tasks
7) Clearly defining the levels of independence and authority teachers have in their assigned tasks
8) Gradually delegating authority to teachers in solving school problems
9) Promoting transparency and honesty in the speech and actions of school principals
10) Institutionalizing a culture of positive and developmental responsibility within the school
It could be concluded that the creation, growth, and strengthening of teachers' psychological ownership were influenced by the school principals and their leadership. Therefore, the active application of empowering leadership with a focus on its dimensions could have positive effects on teachers' psychological ownership. To collect data, the researchers utilized the enabling leadership questionnaires developed by Ahearne et al. (2005) and the psychological ownership questionnaire developed by Olckers (2011). The descriptive analysis involved the use of frequency distribution tables, mean, and standard deviation. To test the research hypotheses, statistical techniques, such as the Pearson correlation matrix and structural equation modeling, were employed using the statistical software of SPSSv.25 and LISRELv.10.30. Additionally, the relative importance of the structures in the model was determined through the use of an IPMA.

For an economic review of food prices in May 2019 to determine the trend of rising or decreasing prices compared to previous periods, we considered the price of food items at that time. The types of items consumed during specific periods in urban areas and the whole country are selected for our statistical analysis. Among the various methods of modelling and statistical prediction, and in a new approach, we modeled the data using data mining techniques consisting of decision tree methods, associative rules, and Bayesian law. Then, prediction, validation, and standardization of the accuracy of the validation are performed on them. Results of data validation in the urban and national area and the results of the standardization of the accuracy of validation in the urban and national area are presented with the desired accuracy.

Many‌ people prefer ‌village eggs because of their good taste, ‌bold yolk, and golden skin than commercial eggs, and some people are more interested in commercial eggs because of their production and expiration date codes, and the question always arises which one has a more desirable quality, so this research is aimed at comparing qualitative, microbial and oxidative parameters in the village and commercial eggs in Semnan. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 75 village and 75 commercial egg samples were collected by random sampling method from retail stores of Semnan and transferred to food hygiene laboratory under cold and sterile conditions to determine qualitative parameters (Haugh unit, egg weight, yolk index, pH, yolk color) and also microbial and oxidative parameters. Village eggs in qualitative parameters except for weight had higher rates compared to commercial eggs (P< 0.05) and in a* and L* color index there was no significant difference in the village and commercial samples. In terms of microbial and oxidative parameters, the comparison of averages showed that village eggs were significantly higher in the overall shell-level and internal egg mesophilic bacterial counts, as well as the village eggs, showed a higher amount of lipid peroxidation compared to commercial ones (P< 0.05). The findings of this study showed that village eggs accounted for more in terms of bacterial counts and the rate of oxidative breakdown, but due to yellow color index and viscosity, they are more marketable than commercial eggs.

Effective implementation of guided play requires teachers who, with a clear understanding of their role and that of children, know how to begin and interact during play. Such teachers, while paying attention to and supporting learning goals, also provide children with a process of enjoyable playing experience. The goal of the current study was to identify and explain the role of the coach and the child in the guided play process of teaching-learning. The research method was inductive qualitative content analysis in which guided play research studies in the field of children's education between 2000-2020 were identified by purposive sampling and analyzed until reaching saturation. The result of analyzing 17 scientific sources (including 15 articles and 2 dissertations) led to the identification of 6 main organizing themes and 5 sub-organizing themes, which were divided into two comprehensive themes: teacher role (purposeful initiator, a participant in the play, supportive) and child role (intrinsic motivation, active role in the play, dynamic participation). The identified themes were well-received and validated by experts.

The statement of the Holy Quran about the personality traits of the prophets is fundamentally different from what is narrated in the Testaments. If the issues expressed in the Quran regarding the infallibility of the prophets and divine revelation are generally different from the definitions of the sacred texts. This article intends to examine the sources of the Quran and the Testaments to draw the moral characteristics of the Prophet and to achieve the true characteristics of this Prophet.The moral qualities concluded in this article are descriptive-analytical and based on the behavior, speech and descriptions mentioned by him. Among the personality traits of Prophet Yaqub (AS) are patience and perseverance in the way of religion, guidance of the people, peace. And Swallow anger is his wrath and it is also proved that trying to preserve the religiosity of the children of Yaqub is the main theme and worrying about the possible origin of Yusuf from religiosity is the main reason for his sadness and grief in the separation of his child

Teach a focal point for all training activities and enhance the quality of teaching and learning strongest professors at the university. The importance of quality teaching and it is such an important topic in today's higher education landscape is transformed. The aim of this study was to identify elements of effective teaching professors of curriculum planning qualitative research with phenomenological approach was used. For this purpose, 21 students of Tehran and Allameh Tabatabaei University curriculum planning conditions had given samples using semi-structured interviews were exploratory study. Data collected, recorded and coded and classified into main categories Grdyd.thlyl content curriculum the students about the components of effective teaching professors led to the identification code 328 primary, 26 sub themes and features 6 original scientific content (mastery of, scientific knowledge valid and up to date teaching the subject, the relationship between theory and practice in the subject, researcher approach to teaching); teaching skills (expression Shiva understandable and coherent, different teaching methods, active teaching methods, use of facilities and Tools Kmkamvzshy) classroom management (time management to lesson plans, classroom rules more flexible, interactive management style, communication skills) moral qualities (the spirit of criticism, attention and respect for students, humor, punctuality, love to teach and students; justice), motivation (the use of different sources of motivation, encouraging students to learn, attention to individual differences of students, creating excitement in the training process) and evaluation (using new and varied methods of assessment, fitness evaluation method to subject; the emphasis on process evaluation circuit was).