فائزه طاهری سرمد

The traditional architecture of Iran, particularly its houses, is influenced by the identity and cultural values of the people of that time. Observation of privacy and its hierarchy in the structure of traditional houses is among the principles of traditional houses in Iran. Analysis and investigation of spatial relations in these buildings regarding privacy help us preserve and create privacy in modern housing. One can employ the space syntax theory to identify spatial ties and use them as an appropriate pattern. This theory allows us to know and analyze the social relationships in a building. To do data analysis in this study, some samples are chosen from among traditional houses of the Qajar Period with different and various plan structures using the quantitative cognition method through space syntax techniques and DepthMap Software. This study employed Visibility Graph Analysis to assess the spatial relations in the building. This analysis has been used to examine the depth index and two visual integrity and connectivity for eight case studies. Furthermore, privacy hierarchy has been analyzed in the structure of case studies by comparing these two indices. The results show that houses having one courtyard or the plan structure is designed in a way that most spaces of the house are arranged around one of the courtyards provide a more regular pattern of privacy hierarchy from public to private spaces rather than the samples having many courtyards that are similar in dimensions and shape. The mentioned case makes it easy for us to comprehend space, so the legibility of the spaces is higher in these case studies. However, privacy in houses with several courtyards is more observed than in houses with one courtyard.

Living spaces in each region are shaped by the cultural, environmental, social, historical, and political influences of that region. The city of Paveh, located in the north of Kermanshah province, is home to valuable historical houses, primarily built in a stepped arrangement that conforms to the topography and slope of the land. This research aimed to understand the physical and spatial elements in the traditional houses of Paveh. By examining these elements, the study identified the factors influencing the form and physical and spatial characteristics of these traditional houses. The research employed a descriptive-analytical method, incorporating the study of existing conditions, interviews, document reviews, observation, and mapping. The target population was selected purposefully using a snowball sampling method. The results indicate that the interior spaces of Paveh's traditional houses serve multiple purposes, including hallways, kitchens, storage rooms, rooms, and staircases, arranged on one or two floors. The factors influencing the design of these houses include cultural, social, religious, and economic characteristics. Notable features include the use of natural materials, spatial hierarchy, appropriate separation of spaces, construction of houses atop or adjacent to each other, and attention to climatic considerations such as proper orientation, "Chinese chairs," and appropriately sized openings. These elements are the most important factors in shaping the physical form and spatial organization of houses in Paveh.

Native design of buildings is a branch of architecture based on local needs and available materials that reflect regional traditions. The city of Paveh in the northwestern Iranian province of Kermanshah has many valuable buildings, with some dating back to more than three thousand years which are stepped-type based the topography of the land. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of culture and livelihood on the physical and biological space formation of traditional houses in Paveh. Data were collected through measuring livelihood standard, geographical location, and type of materials, culture and environmental factors through observation method in spring 2023 and based on questionnaire as a tool. The data analysis was done through factor analysis and regression tests with Lisrel and SPSS software. Validation of the questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and its reliability was checked through Cronbach alpha (r=0.701). By confirmatory analysis, research components with a factor load above 0.4 were identified and confirmed. The ADJR2 index in the regression test showed that the research indicators predict 61% of the physical and biospatial variance of the traditional houses in Paveh. The component of culture and climate has the highest influence (beta=0.779) on the physical and spatial formation of traditional houses there. The results obtained from the observation method also showed that the cultural, social, religious, livelihood features include the use of natural materials, spatial hierarchy, proper separation of spaces, building houses on top or next to each other and paying attention to the environment, including the correct orientation, the use of brick laying, the appropriate dimensions of the openings, etc. which have been the most important factors in bodily and spatial formation of houses in Paveh.

Women are a significant part of the audience of commercial streets, that their needs to be present in these space have been given less attention than other groups, and so we may have heard many times from women that the experience of being present and passing through these passages is not easy for this gender group, Because it creates a sense of discomfort and insecurity in them. The sidewalks of Mossadegh and Nobahar commercial streets in Kermanshah are no exception to this rule, and what can be seen from the analysis and analysis of the functional situation and the experience of the presence of women, especially during the busy hours, in these two streets, shows the lack of attention to comfort standards both environmental and psychological comfort in the design of these spaces. Based on this, the purpose of the current research is practical and it seeks to investigate and analyze the state of comfort (environmental and psychological of women) based on the facilities available on the said sidewalks, as well as the analysis and evaluation of the quality of the environment based on the indicators of the quality of the environment, and it seeks to answer the question that What is the comfort situation of women on the sidewalks of Kermanshah's commercial street and what should be done to make it happen? In terms of its applied nature and with a descriptive-analytical approach, this research first deals with the knowledge of sidewalk elements, space quality indicators and women's comfort components using documentary studies and library resources, then based on the concepts extracted from the theoretical part and the relationship between the comfort needs of women and the indicators of the quality of sidewalk space, the evaluation criteria for women's comfort are compiled based on international standards. The tools used in this research are field observation, questionnaire (Likert scale) and interview. The sample size was based on the Cochran formula and 200 people for each sample, and the questionnaire was randomly distributed among the women present in the commercial streets. Data measurement has been done using common statistical test (percentage) and reliability evaluation using Cronbach's alpha in SPSS software. The results obtained from the systematic analysis of the data indicate that the condition of women's comfort on both the sidewalks of Mossadegh and Nobahar streets is evaluated as poor, so that the environmental (physiological and physical) comfort of women is unfavorable and the highest average is in the crossing area and the area rider is facing. In terms of mental comfort criteria, both streets in the edge area have a relatively favorable condition. Also, the results of the survey and evaluation of the spatial quality show that the sidewalk of Nobahar Street has a better quality than Mossadegh Street.

In contemporary urban planning, the development and domination of riding and the large volume of traffic have provoked less attention of urban planners and designers for pedestrian movement and his natural human rights and needs, and gradually giving priority to the role of pedestrians and pedestrian-oriented urban spaces. It has faded. Commercial streets and its sidewalks are an example of commercial spaces that have maintained their position in cities since the past until now, according to the issues that become cities for commuting. The comfort of women as a large part of the audience of this space is important, and these arenas must be responsive to their users for success. The metropolis of Kermanshah is not an exception to this rule, and the predominance of riding spaces over the pedestrian paths of Mossadegh and Nobahar commercial streets has narrowed the arena for the presence of citizens, especially women. Therefore, the aim of this research is two-sided and seeks answers to these questions: What factors are effective on the spatial quality of commercial street sidewalks and how much of women's needs for comfort and convenience are provided according to the facilities available on the sidewalk? This research is qualitative and data analysis is used for the final evaluation. First of all, this research deals with the knowledge of sidewalk elements, space quality indicators and women's comfort components using documentary studies and library resources. Then, based on the concepts extracted from the theoretical part and the relationship between the comfort needs of women and the indicators of the quality of sidewalk space, the evaluation of the level of comfort of women is realized by the field method and presence on the sidewalks and questionnaires. Data measurement was done using percentage and reliability assessment with SPSS software. The results indicate that the biggest problems of women on the sidewalks are the lack of physical and physiological comfort in the area of ​​passage, rider area and furniture area (improper lighting) and psychological comfort in both streets, especially in Nobahar, is acceptable.

Undoubtedly, privacy with the tool of spatial hierarchy has been one of the main criteria for designing and building Islamic cities. Islam's emphasis on privacy has caused this characteristic to affect all social and cultural aspects of which architecture is one of its manifestations. The architecture of buildings is designed to respond to the cultural and environmental needs of people. Since the model of the contemporary houses of Kermanshah is to some extent proof of the disregard for the principle of privacy in Iranian architecture and culture, providing a model for maintaining privacy in modern houses based on the typology of housing seems to be one of the necessities. This research aims to know the spatial hierarchy in creating privacy in the historical typology of houses. By investigating the spatial hierarchy in creating privacy, the evolution of these spaces in the houses of three eras was investigated. The research method is descriptive-analytical, with an emphasis on logical reasoning. The research findings show that in the historical houses (traditional and transition period) of Kermanshah, the hierarchy in entering the house has been proportional to the needs of the residents, and this proportionality is less in the priority of attention of today's designers. Therefore, by creating a hierarchy in the entrance space, in addition to creating privacy, it is possible to achieve a proper definition of private and semi-private spaces in contemporary (modern) houses and to prevent disruption in the use and identity of other spaces.

| Knowledge of the surroundings as a factor affecting the quality of the mental image plays an important role in navigation by users of airport terminals. However, disregarding the effects of the components on the quality of users’ perception of such places’ design has affected the relationship between users and these places. This study was conducted to answer the following questions: What is the effectiveness of components of the mental image and cognitive map on the optimum navigation by airport terminal users? What are the type and extent of the relationship between these components on the quality of navigation of the users of such places? Explanation of the factors affecting the formation and strengthening of the mental image with a focus on increasing the user quality was the main objective of this study, and making it easier to route public spaces was another objective. To achieve the research objectives, a quantitative strategy was used, relying on library and field studies. Qualitative data were collected based on the study of written references on the perception of the environment, mental images, and cognitive maps, and quantitative data were obtained from a field survey using a questionnaire in the study area. The study results showed that for the ranking, the frame (body), legibility (readability), search for meaning, and attractiveness have been the most effective on the cognitive map, respectively.

To enhance the performance of space, as the essence of architecture, it is required to strengthen and optimally use micro-spaces. The methods applied to this end are referred to as "micro-space empowerment methods". These methods have been applied at specific times and in given places to organize space by each society to interact with the territory, history, environmental capabilities, as well as lifestyle. The present study aims to investigate the empowerment methods of micro-spaces in the home to identify effective solutions to improve the quality of contemporary housing. So, the research questions are as follows: What are the micro-space empowerment methods? How are the micro-spaces in historical and contemporary houses empowered? How can micro-space empowerment methods be applied in today's housing? The present study is qualitative research carried out using data analysis. In the present study, first, the concepts related to micro-space empowerment are redefined and micro-space empowerment methods are described. Next, three houses belonging to three Qajar, Pahlavi, and contemporary eras are selected from the three old, middle, and new textures of Kermanshah City as a source, and their micro-spaces are studied and compared by library studies, field studies, and observations. The results indicate that traditional architecture and modern architecture are different in the design of architectural elements. In traditional houses, there is a convergent spatial organization through which various aspects such as responding to lifestyle, diverse lighting and landscape, interaction with nature, and comfort, are organized and integrated, while in contemporary houses, they are provided in a divergent design. Convergent design methods require the use of micro-space empowerment methods.

Traditional houses are important place for exposing the life style.Lack of recognizing and understanding the houses gradually lead houses construction into replacing by temporary house. Kermanshah is a city with rich history and historical parish had placed many of valuable houses but because of war, expansion, emigration ,changing life style, the big part of issues and valuable houses was destroyed. This research explain the typology of Kermanshah historical houses in Qajar and Pahlavi Period. This formal typology includes these subjects for instance formation disciplines, space organization, relation of form, material, method of definition of space.The aim of this research is to study typology of houses for recovering valuable building and rescue them against creating un normal building. The result of this research could lead us to analyzing the historical house according to characteristic of form.This article is trying to answer these two questions , How many types are in Historical houses in Kermanshah? What are the extracted pattern in Qajar and Pahlavi Period houses?The way of gathering information is documentary- and researching way is descriptive-analytic.The result show that construction of Qajar Period house in Kermanshah areintroversion and in the Late Qajar Period are introversion-extroversion and in Pahlavi Period are extroversion that this transformation was effected by many factors ,for example change in the pattern of architecture ,effect of west architecture and transformation of social and historical construction ,in this period. Houses with one or two or three and four yards in Qajar Period turn into one yard house in Pahlavi Period. Omitting vestibule and transferring kitchen from basement and with having privacy yard into yard with direct relation with yard are the other changes in Pahlavi Period.Transporting stairs from corner to major axes of building is the another changes in Pahlavi Period. Decreasing the closed space and increasing opened space are the other changes in Pahlavi Period and also three types of traditional and foreign and integrative was observed.