فاطمه شجاعی

Worldwide every year, many people lose their lives and their homes due to natural disasters. Providing appropriate places for the establishment of relief centers and resettling displaced people after an earthquake is one of the most important things in planning and crisis management. In this article, the city of Kerman has been selected and studied due to its high earthquake potential, in order to locate temporary settlements for the population affected by a possible earthquake. To do so, initially, three potential sites for temporary accommodation and effective criteria to rank them were identified. Afterward, the weights of the criterion were determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and finally, sites were prioritized using TOPSIS and VIKOR methods. Based on the results access to main routes, access to rescue centers, the possibility of installing infrastructure facilities, and the size of the selected site gained respectively the most to least weights. Further, among suggested locations, Madar Park was ranked first.

The quality of the learning environment affects students’ learning, and specific characteristics of the learning environment affects medical students’ burnout. The aim of this study was to determine dental students’ viewpoints on the learning environment in dental schools and its relationship with academic burnout.

In this cross-sectional study, we investigated undergraduate dental students from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Isfahan applying a convenient sampling method in 2021. Data were collected through social networking platforms such as WhatsApp and Telegram, using the "Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire" and the "Dental School Learning Environment Survey". Man-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and a linear regression model served for analysis (p value < 0.05).

Among 300 dental students with a mean age of 24.25 ± 2.72, 54.7% were women. The mean score for the dental school learning environment was 2.92 ± 0.30 out of a maximum score of 5. The highest score was belonged to the dimension of organizing educational program (3.13 ± 0.45). The mean score of academic burnout was 2.61 ± 0.66 of the maximum score of 5. The highest score belonged to the dimension of overload (3.34 ± 0.87). A reverse association revealed between the dental school learning environment and academic burnout (r = -0.2, p value < 0.001).

Dental students in Isfahan reported the quality of their dental school learning environment as well as their academic burnout as average. Regarding the reverse association between the learning environment and academic burnout, it is suggested to plan interventions aimed at improving the dental school learning environment and reducing the academic burnout.

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of social capital in the relationship between psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior of elementary teachers in Behbahan city. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of nature and method. The statistical population was elementary teachers of Behbahan city. Of these, 210 people were selected randomly using Morgan's table. In this research, organizational citizenship behavior, social capital and psychological capital questionnaires were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS-AMOS software. The results of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between psychological capital, social capital and organizational citizenship behavior. Also, the results showed that psychological capital through social capital has an indirect and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior. Based on the results, it can be stated that due to the positive relationship between psychological capital, social capital and organizational citizenship behavior, it is necessary for education officials to create a reliable, friendly, creative, innovative and entrepreneurial environment and pay attention to psychological dimensions, especially hope. Optimism and resilience and their development through education, improve and develop the process of organizational citizenship behavior so that the goals of education can be achieved in the most favorable way.

Cerebral stroke is one of the most common and debilitating neurological diseases, and its defects are mainly in three parts: physical, cognitive, and emotional-behavioral. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to interventions that target cognitive and mood problems at the same time. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of the stress reduction training intervention based on mindfulness and Powell's cognitive rehabilitation on the psychological symptoms of ischemic stroke patients.

This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period. Based on the entry criteria, 36 ischemic stroke patients were randomly assigned to three groups of 12 people. The data collection tools were demographic profile questionnaires and (DASS21). The collected data were analyzed with SPSS software (Version. 22) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, paired t-test, Tukey and repeated variance analysis at the significance level (P<0.05).

Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that patients receiving stress reduction treatment based on mindfulness and Powell's cognitive rehabilitation reported lower severity of depression, but no significant difference was observed between the two interventions based on the averages. Regarding anxiety, only the stress reduction intervention based on mindfulness was effective, and none of the interventions showed significant effectiveness regarding stress.

According to the results, stress reduction interventions based on mindfulness and cognitive rehabilitation can be used as a complementary treatment along with other treatments in order to improve the cognitive and psychological problems of patients.

Background &

The skill of self-expression is a skill that can help people to work efficiently in the face of problems and goals and successes in life. Self-expression is a skill that, in addition to the direct effect it has on the skills of expressing one's interests, also indirectly strengthens interpersonal communication skills as well as cognitive and psychological skills. According to the definition by the American Psychological Association, anxiety is a diffuse, unpleasant, and vague feeling of fear and worry of unknown origin, which affects a person and includes uncertainty, helplessness, and physiological arousal. Due to the unknown nature of this virus and the acute respiratory symptoms of this virus in some people and the fact that this virus has suddenly limited our ability to interact freely, the anxiety experienced by people following the spread of this virus, Corona anxiety is called. This anxiety affects all aspects of human life. The coronavirus epidemic has affected many businesses, schools, and universities. Students are among the groups that have experienced a lot of anxiety due to the Corona epidemic, school closures, and virtualization of education. The purpose of this article was to model the mediating role of anxiety caused by Corona in the relationship between identity styles and the ability to express oneself with students' motivation to progress.

The current research design is a cross-sectional-analytical study in terms of its fundamental purpose. The statistical population of the present study is all female students in the second year of high school in the 3rd district of Tehran, who were studying in the academic year 2011-2014. According to the information of the education department of the 3rd district, the size of the statistical population is 3807 students. Then the sample size was determined using Klein's formula. The value obtained for the sample size was 300 people. The sample was selected by random cluster sampling, in this way, 3 high schools were randomly selected from among all girls' high schools in Region 3, and 250 students were selected by staged cluster sampling, and the link to the questionnaires is in They were allowed to complete the questionnaires. Skewness and kurtosis indices were used to determine the normality of the data. At the level of inferential statistics, Pearson's test was used to determine the zero-order relationship between pairs of variables. Modeling was done using path analysis in Smart PLS 4 software and the fit of the model was checked. Before performing the analysis, necessary pre-processing was done on the data. Missing data were identified in rows and columns, and participants who did not answer even one question were excluded from the analysis, thus 30 data were removed from 400 data. Then single-variable outliers were identified using boxplot and multivariate outliers were identified using Mahalanbis index and 40 outliers were identified, which were removed from the analysis. A total of 330 pre-processed data were included in the analysis.

The findings showed that progress motivation had a positive and significant relationship with the variables of informational, normative, and commitment style (P < 0.01), and self-expression (P < 0.01). Progress motivation showed a negative and significant relationship with the variables of avoidant identity style (P < 0.01) and corona physical anxiety (P < 0.05). Avoidant identity style showed a positive and significant relationship with the mental anxiety of Corona (P < 0.05). No significant relationship was observed between informational, normative, and commitment identity styles and the physical and mental anxiety of Corona. A positive and significant relationship (P < 0.01) was observed between self-expression and all identity styles. A negative and significant relationship (P < 0.01) was observed between self-expression and the mental and physical anxiety of Corona. Corona anxiety did not play a mediating role between means of existence and identity styles with achievement motivation. In this article, research hypotheses that have been analyzed using mediation test and Smart PLS software are reported. In order to investigate the role of identity styles and the ability to express oneself with the mediating role of corona anxiety on students' progress motivation, the path analysis method was used. Before testing the model, the assumptions of the path analysis, including the co-linearity of the variables (variance inflation factor and tolerance index) and the independence of the errors (Watson camera test) were examined. The tolerance index for all variables is greater than 0.4 and the variance inflation index is less than 10. Also, the value of the Watson camera is 1.74, which is less than 4, and it can be said that the assumptions have not been violated. Therefore, according to the obtained indices , it can be concluded that the conditions of the path analysis have been met. In the figures below, the coefficients of the standard path and the significance in the model are presented. The direct paths from identity styles to progress motivation, self-expression to corona anxiety and the path of self-expression to progress motivation are significant (P<0.05). If each of the identity styles increases by one unit, students' motivation to progress increases by 0.54. If self-expression increases by one unit, Corona anxiety decreases by -0.27. If self-expression increases by one unit, the motivation to progress increases by 0.16. The direct paths of identity styles to corona anxiety and corona anxiety to achievement motivation are not significant.

The results showed that progress motivation had a positive and significant relationship with informational, normative, and commitment identity style variables and a negative and significant relationship with avoidant identity style. Also, self-expression has a positive and significant relationship with motivation to progress. According to the research findings, Corona anxiety did not play a mediating role in the relationship between identity styles and motivation to progress. This finding can be explained in this way identity style is a personality variable that is formed in every person from the teenage years, for this reason, it is a fundamental variable in the human body that directly affects motivation and thoughts. Variables related to the conditions and situation in which a person is placed, such as anxiety and stress or life events, cannot mediate its effect on the motivation of progress.

Background &

Cyberspace has become an important part of people's lives, among them teenagers use cyberspace more than others. Excessive use of virtual space can involve mental, social-emotional problems, behavioral and emotional incompatibility in teenagers due to the lack of development of physical and mental development. One of these negative behaviors that teenagers face increasingly in digital life is cyber bullying. In a short period of time, this problem has become a worrying social phenomenon, which has spread rapidly and simultaneously with the adoption of new technologies and smart phones among teenagers. Cyberbullying is a form of cyber-aggression with an aggressive and deliberate action by a group or individual, using electronic means of communication, repeatedly over time against a victim who cannot easily defend himself. Among others, we can refer to actions such as defamatory actions, displaying annoying comments, hacking a user account, disclosing personal information of others without their consent, harassment and sending threatening messages. This problem significantly affects the mental and physical health of adolescents and is associated with a wide range of internal and external problems, negative emotions, loneliness, and emotional regulation problems. In general, this phenomenon reduces positive emotions in teenagers and replaces negative emotions and emotional instability. Cyberbullying increases the likelihood of social isolation in adolescents. Social isolation is a state of complete lack of connection between an individual and society, whose symptoms may be different based on the age group of individuals, which can be caused by a combination of internal and environmental factors that are associated with a variety of negative developmental outcomes including social, cultural and environmental factors (such as age, gender, housing, place of residence, living alone), psychological and cognitive factors (such as depression, anxiety, disorder) are associated. This disorder has negative consequences on physical and mental health in teenagers and its complications can last for years. On the other hand, it limits the opportunity for teenagers to interact with their social environment and as a result, it delays the growth and learning of social norms and causes the physical and social separation of teenagers from their peers, which has destructive effects on the sociability of teenagers. One of the most important indicators of social isolation is being alone, having few social relationships, not participating in social or group activities, and finally, the perception of loneliness. The persistence and intensity of this structure can lead to unhealthy lifestyles and communication disorders. On the other hand, the way parents interact and educate affects all aspects of teenagers' lives. The prevalence of social isolation disorders and cyber bullying is increasing in Iran, and the mothers of these children face many challenges. One of the most important factors affecting teenagers is the parenting style of parents, especially mothers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between schema therapy and parenting styles in mothers with teenagers suffering from social isolation and cyberbullying.

This research was applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of methodology, it was descriptive (correlation) research. The statistical population of this research was all mothers with teenagers suffering from social isolation and cyberbullying in Arak city. In order to select a sample of teenagers in Arak city, 100 mothers whose teenagers have these disorders responded to the questionnaires of social isolation (Yazdi School, 2013) and cyberbullying (Antoniado, Kokinos, and Markos, 2016). The title of the sample was selected. In order to collect data, Baumrind's parenting style questionnaires (1973) and Young's initial maladaptive schemas short form (1988) were used. The obtained data were entered into SPSS24 software for regression analysis.

The findings of the research showed that between the initial incompatible schemas and the release parenting style (r=0.487); authoritarian parenting style (r = 0.302) and logical authority parenting style (r = -0.514); between the schemas of the cutting-off domain with the release parenting style (r=0.369) and the logical authority parenting style (r=0.604); between self-management schemas and impaired performance with release parenting style (r=0.218); authoritarian parenting style (r = 0.309) and logical authority parenting style (r = -0.394); between the schemas of the domain of impaired limitations with the liberation parenting style (r=0.711) and the logical authority parenting style (r=0.590); between the schemas of the orientation domain with the release parenting style (r=0.713) and the logical authority parenting style (r=0.408); between schemas in the field of listening and liberating parenting style (r=0.224); authoritarian parenting style (r = 0.643) and logical authority parenting style (r = -0.519); There was a relationship, which is statistically significant with 99% confidence (p ≥ 0.01).

In explaining this finding, it can be stated that in relation to the nature of schemas, it is assumed that the five basic needs of the child must be satisfied in order for him to have a healthy growth. The child becomes prone to develop early maladaptive schemas in one or more areas. Schemas, especially those formed mainly as a result of adverse childhood experiences, may be the core of personality disorders, milder behavioral problems, and many chronic disorders such as anxiety, depression, cyber aggression, and social isolation. Schemas grow in childhood and are brought to life and act in adulthood by different situations in which a person is placed; Therefore, they spread throughout life and play a major role in thoughts, feelings, behaviors and relationships with others, and in a paradoxical and inevitable way, they bring adult life to childhood conditions. In order to reduce the problems of teenagers in the field of presence in real and virtual space, parents are advised not to involve their schemas in choosing the parenting style.

Eotaxin is a pre-inflammatory adipokinin secreted from adipose tissue that plays an important role in function regulating of adipose tissue. This study was done to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training on the gene expression of eotaxin in visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance following metabolic syndrome in rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (weight 180±20 gr) were selected and after 12 weeks of high-fat diet and the creation of the metabolic syndrome model were randomly divided into four groups including  control, metabolic syndrome, High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and metabolic syndrome with HIIT. Rats in the high-fat diet were subjected to a special diet (30 to 40% fat) for 12 weeks to develop a model of metabolic syndrome. HIIT consisted of 5 to 10 interval 1-minute intensive running on treadmill at 80 to 95% of maximum speed and in slow alternations at 55% of maximum speed for 8 weeks. Insulin resistance using HOMA-IR mode is considered as a basic factor for determining metabolic syndrome.

The gene expression of eotaxin and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Gene expression of eotaxin and insulin resistance was significantly lower in HIIT and metabolic syndrome with HIIT groups than the metabolic syndrome group (P<0.05). Also, the gene expression of eotaxin and insulin resistance was significantly lower in HIIT group than the metabolic syndrome with HIIT group.

It seems that HIIT may be an important factor in down-regulating eotaxin and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome.

Although Iranian legal system has protected family as society’s basic unit in many rules specifically constitutional law, family main issues need study in laws and regulations to recognize the matters that threat it. Lawyers and jurists by studying article 1085 civil Code guide us to that that right of lien and its ways of taking advantages in the family rights and duties often used by law with ignore of the philosophy and root of this right. Supreme Court’s decisions on generality of submission (not sexual submission) for remaining right of lien while insolvency of man, shows the reason of woman’s lien to receive dowry. Using the rule of commutative contracts for marriage without mention the protection of right of women is caused by Remedial Principles which is showing hidden facts of decisive time for paying dowry, avoiding of prevailing a ultra-realistic method on social aspect of family as a important unit of society is on the negative line of materialistic view to the most important contract among people.

Identification and introduction of flora in a region has a particular importance in various aspects. In this regard, plant species were identified and named in Darreh Anar watershed basin in Baghmalek. Plant species were identified and their chorology, life form, endemic and rare plants determined through laboratory examinations and by using reference books. Floristic surveys resulted in identification of 132 plant species, belonged to 103 genera and 43 families. The families of Poaceae (23 species), Papilionaceae (20 species), Asteraceae (16 species) and Apiaceae (6 species), were the most important families which include? percent of total species. The dominance of Therophytes and Hemichryptophytes (92%) Life forms indicates the specific flora of mountainous regions and the cold climates in this region. From the 132 species of flora, 74 species (55.6%) are soil conservation plants, 71 species (53.4%) have forage value, 55species (41.35%) are medicinal plants and 11 species (8.3%) are edible plants. Irano-Turanian (63 species) and multi-regional (54 species) were the most dominant (87.97%) Chorotypes. The dominance of Irano-Turanian and multi-regional, can be referred to the dry and warm climate in Khuzestan and simultaneous effects of water and disturbance on the flora of this region. The threat status also indicated that none of the plant species exists in the range of threatened species. Only one species (Tribulus terrestris L.) was recognized in the domain of vulnerable plants, 14 species (10.5%) in the domain with less threat (slightly vulnerable), and 17 species (12.8%) was endemic species.

The most common heart disease is coronary arteries stenosis. Generally, there are three approaches for treatment of coronary artery stenosis that includes coronary artery bypass surgery, Angioplasty and drug therapy. Coronary artery bypass surgery includes surgical procedure that blood flow path is diverted in the part that stenosis was occurred and then is guided to the another direction. For this purpose, Cardiac surgeon removes the vessel from the another part of the body and grafts it into the desired location and thus blood flow in that part is restored again. In this study the attempts were made to study the bypass flow rate that is required for grafted vessel for different degrees of stenosis in the coronary artery by using various simple one-dimensional equations. So that we can find the values of bypass flow, especially in the higher percentage of stenosis, with a fairly appropriate approximation. This model could be a guidance for surgeon to choose an appropriate bypass for a patient.

This article examines and compares the factors affecting the process and manner of participation of citizens of Qazvin province in the two ninth and tenth parliamentary elections.In this article, factors such as the level of participation of citizens of the province, effective factors in determining this level of participation, the impact of development parameters, the pattern of citizens' voting based on ethnicity and city and other parameters have been analyzed.Then, according to the development parameters, the constituencies of Qazvin province were divided into two categories.According to the results, one of the factors affecting citizen participation is ethnicity and ethnicity. The results show that in the first constituency, which consists of mostly multi-ethnic cities, the factor of ethnicity is less and the voting behavior of citizens according to the pattern of participatory political culture and dynamic political behavior, and in the second category constituencies, which consist of mostly single ethnic cities The factor of more ethnicity and the voting behavior of citizens is in accordance with the pattern of subordinate political culture and passive political behavior.According to statistics, the turnout in the elections of the tenth term has decreased compared to the ninth term, which can be attributed to the citizens' distrust of the candidate's election slogans, economic factors and the effects of these factors, as well as the issue of disqualification of candidates.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of couples' educational level differences on marital adjustment and marital function.. The sample includes 120 couples in Isfahan in 2017 that passed at least 5 years of their marriage. These individuals were selected from couples who live in six regions of Isfahan by a clustering method, and the sample was divided into three groups as follows: 1 - Male educational level is higher than that of female (40), 2 - Female educational level is higher than that of male (40), and 3 - Female and male have the same level of education (40). To collect data, the Revised Martial Adjustment Questionnaire (RDAS), Measurement of Marital Function Questionnaire and Short Neo-Form Questionnaire (60 items) were used. Data were collected to compare marital function and martial adjustment of couples with different compositions of educational levels by SPSS statistical software. The results of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOVA) showed that the level of martial adjustment and some of the components of marital function in couples, differs with different compositions educational levels. Based on the findings of this study, martial adjustment is more ideal for couples in which male educational level is higher than that of women. There is also no difference in the martial function of couples with different levels of education, but in terms of emotional expression, communication, economics and financial affairs, couples with an equal educational level are in a more ideal situation.

Diabetes stigma puts patients under the pressure and affects their lives. Considering the importance of stigma in the life and its effect on behavior and social interaction of patients with diabetes, the present study was conducted to determine the stigma in female adults with type I diabetes. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 adult girls with type 1 diabetes referred to the Iranian Diabetes Association. The participants were within the age range of 14-18 years, who were selected through convenience sampling technique. The data collection tools included the demographic information questionnaire, stigma perception questionnaire associated with type I diabetes, and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) using one way-ANOVA, independed t-test,  and Pearson correlation. The findings of the study showed that the mean score of stigma perception in the subjects was 92.41(41). The mean score of self-steems in the subjects was 22.98(7.9). There was a negative correlation between the stigma and self-esteem (P=0.012, r=-0.754). Based on the  obtained results of the current study and the effect of  diabetes mellitus type I on the lives of patients, health care providers should plan to reduce the stigma realted to the patients with diabetes mellitus.

  Human beings have always attempted to meet their requirements by using agriculture lands for many years. This is changed in such a way that today with present population with diversity of human needs and overuse of land, they created many adverse effects. Wide areas of natural resources disregarding ecological principles to meet their needs have been turned into the degraded lands, while many of these lands have not been cultivated with a high erosion potential. Having knowledge of land use and its changes and reviewing possible causes are important in planning and policy-making in the country. The ratio of land use changes can help to anticipate upcoming changes and perform appropriate actions. Remote sensing techniques can be helpful to detect changes in land-use patterns as great resources for management and planning. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in land use and land cover based on the data derived from satellite images, since these changes along with environmental effects have different impacts on the economy and living conditions of beneficiaries. In addition, the assessment of the following direct economic impacts on land use change considered living and livelihoods of all residents of the area.
Materials and methods
Behbehan city is located in the southeastern areas of Khuzestan and limited to the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces. The job activity of the majority of the villagers is agriculture and animal husbandry. There are three types of vegetation, bushes and grass cover in Behbehan. In this study, we used Landsat satellite images, Landsat TM data in 1991 and the Landsat OLI satellite images of in 2016, general aerial photographs of 1: 20000, numerical topographic map of 1: 25000, and GPS data (Etrex Model). In the first step, the satellite images were processed and geometric and atmospheric corrections are made to prepare the raw image data. Then, we have used maximum likelihood method for supervised classification. After selecting training samples of the images from 1991 to 2016, we used maximum likelihood classification in ENVI to classify the images. Using the clasification method, we divided the images into 6 classes of woods, grassland, agricultural areas, abandoned land, residential areas and water groups. The classification accuracy for image was assessed by using the kappa index. The communities affected by changes in land use were identified in order to evaluate the effects of changes on economic dimension of beneficiaries. At the end, we have analyzed the changes in economic situation of people due to landuse changes.
Results and discussion
After classifying maximum likelihood classification in ENVI, land use maps were obtained from 1991 and 2016. The maps are related to the two time periods (1991-2016) evaluated by overlaying the two maps in GIS environment to obtain change map. The results indicate that the forest area in 1991 was 9348.93 hectares and with 4.57 percent decrease reached to 8812.53 hectares in 2016. The area of pasture is also decreased by 36.63 percent and it has decreased from 86596.92 hectares in 1991 to 82297.71 hectares in 2016. The agriculture land-use has increased 11.72% from191.61 hectares in 1991 to 1567.26 hectares in 2016. The area of abandoned lands has also increased from 15137.19 hectares in 1991 to 18413.91 hectares until now. Residential areas have also increased from 1044.27 hectares in 1991 to 2337.39 hectares in 2016. Water level is faced with a reduction in 2016 and it was more than 1399.05 hectares in 1991 and reached to 444.69 hectares in 2016, a decrease of 8.13 percent. The reduction of 536.4 acre in the use of forest and palm groves caused £ 25064958204decrease. A decrease in 4299.21 acre of pasture caused £2923462800 of devaluation. Increase in the agricultural use of lands caused increased income, equivalent to £ 825390000000. Increase in abandoned lands caused decrease in income and consequently devaluation of £ 318168655183.
Conclusion
Given that in this study period, residential areas has increased due to increased urban population and immigration, the need of people for housing has, consequently, increased. The pasture area has been reduced in this period since they are changed these lands over time in recent years. Because of increase in the use of agricultural lands and unprincipled irrigation using traditional methods, water resource and droughts are, consequently, declined in recent years. With increasing population and development of residential areas, it is needed to fix the problem and this reduces natural resources (pasture, water and forest). Although land use change and decrease in the level of natural resources during this period had not so negative complications, but continuation of this process and non-normative change of land use can have more negative consequences in the long run. Therefore, we have to determine uses which are compatible with the environmental potential and capacity of lands

In this paper, an observer-based adaptive fuzzy back-stepping controller for a class of strict-feedback nonlinear delayed systems with unknown control coefficientis proposed. The system has unknown delayed nonlinear terms and unknown disturbances. The goal is to design an appropriate controller such that the system output tracks the desired trajectory with prescribed bounds while the closed-loop signals remain bounded. An adaptive mechanism is designed such that by using Fuzzy approximators, the unknown functions are approximated via adaptation laws. In addition, an observer is designed such that immeasurable states are estimated. In order to avoid the “explosion of complexity” that exists in traditional back-stepping controllers, the so-called Dynamic Surface Control is used at each steps of the traditional back-stepping approach. Furthermore, Barrier Lyapunov function is employed to consider constraints on the system output. Besides, Nussbaum function is utilized to address the unknown control gain problem. The proposed adaptive controller guarantees that all signals in the closed-loop are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB). Finally, simulation results on a delayed nonlinear system with unknown control coefficient confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Providing and water holding, especially in prototypical stages of growth and seedling establishment and their resistance against environmental tensions is a key factor to achieving the goals of managers. One of the new methods to conserve water and reducing irrigation costs is the use of super absorbents. Zeolites are porous materials with crystalline structures acting molecular sieve and due to open channels in their network, allowing some ions to pass and block crossing path of some other ions. In this experiment after preparing the soil, some species of Cymbopogon Olivieri, Medicago sativa, Medicago scutellata in three zeolite (2 g, 4 g and zero in a kilogram) with 15 repetitions was considered. After ensuring the germination of plants, 7-day irrigation tension was used on them. The results showed that the first effect of zeolite application in improving viability and mitigation of drought tension will be appeared and it is observed that the treatments of 20% and 40% of Zeolite, the percentages of viability and germination of plants are much more in comparing with control group. The average number of remaining saplings using tensions were decreased in control treatments. The use of zeolites in the number of base remained has a positive impact on whole plant length, fresh stem length, fresh weight, dry weight, root fresh weight, root fresh weight and increases their performance .

In this paper a model with anisotropic pressures for dark matter halo is assumed. The corresponding metric matches the schwarzchild metric at the surface of halo. Then the energy conditions, rotation curve and gravitational lensing effect are investigated.

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in university hospitals in Zanjan. 241 nurses of eight teaching hospitals were selected through cluster sampling with probability proportional to size in 2011. The participants were asked to fill in a demographic and professional data sheet, and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). There was significant correlation between age, marital statuse, sex, disability and QOL; and 3 work related factors: type of overtime hours, experience, job interest. QOL in the nurses was less optimal in comparison with the general population norms. The results suggest that nursing job plays a significant role in QOL of the nurses. Accordingly, intervention programs designed to target relieving occupational stress, adjusting behavioral habits and increasing coping resources may be useful to improve QOL among medical professionals.

Nurses are exposed to various stressful situations in their work environment. It is obvious that occupational stress affects physical and psychological health of nurses and consequently the quality of their work. The purpose of the present study was to determine nursing occupational stress and factors influencing that in order to implement interventional programs for decreasing them. In this cross- sectional study، 241 nurses working in teaching hospitals of Zanjan were selected through stratified sampling. Data were collected through three questionnaires for demographic features، job characteristics and nursing stress scale. Data analysis was performed through SPSS16 and using Kruskal Wallis، Mann Whitney U test and Spearman Correlation. In whole، 1. 2% of the nurses had low tension، while 48. 1% were suffering from moderate and 50. 6% from high levels of tension in their positions. Female nurses and those without intention for continuing studies had significantly higher levels of job stress (p<0. 007 and p<0. 05 respectively). Job stress showed no significant relationship with age، marital states، shift working، job experience، work place، overtime working and number of children. The level of stress is high in nurses. It is suggested that implementing some interventional measures for decreasing nursing job stress، especially in high risk groups، such as preventing contacts with physicians or coworkers can decrease job stress in nurses.

Malnutrition is a clinical disorder and a usual risk factor in older people، that was considered as a natural part of geriatrics process in the past، but nowadays it is found that malnutrition is detectable، preventable and treatable and its early diagnosis can lead us to on time intervention. Thus، older people’s nutritional status and detecting its causes can help caregivers to plan and implement appropriate interventions. The aim of this study is nutritional status assessment in the retired senile by some demographic characters in two parts: screening and complementary. This study is a descriptive-cross sectional one on 194 senile retired from governmental organizations who were assessed by simple sampling. In this study، we use a questionnaire consisting of two parts: one part for demographic data and the other called MNA (Minimal Nutrition Assessment) that has 18 items and two parts: screening and complementary parts. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using statistical tests including Krauskal Wallis، Man Whitney and Spierman. Findings showed that 87. 1 percent of the participants had normal nutrition and 12. 9 percent of them had probable malnutrition and 4 percent were with malnutrition. Among the demographic factors (age، sex، marital status، educational status، income and co morbidity)، nutrition was found to be related to sex (0/002) and income (p<0. 013) significantly. Thus، the normal nutritional status was high in female older people and in senile with higher income. Considering the high probability of malnutrition demonstrated in this study، it is necessary for the clinicians and authorities to receive related education and become aware of this issue and respective consequences. Also، it is necessary to implement plans and programs to relieve poverty as a main risk factor in malnutrition.