فاطمه محمد نیای قرائی

A review of human history, activity and technology shows that since the beginning of human creation, the changes in the environment and human needs have gone together as an inseparable factor. Cities are complex systems that recent changes in people's lifestyles have caused the emergence of non-communicable diseases among city residents. In addition, in recent decades, the world has witnessed a variety of emerging infectious diseases, some of which have become global pandemics. This article is, to the best of our knowledge, the first and most comprehensive review to assess the relationship between urban form characteristics and urban health with an emphasis on epidemics. In this research, the purpose of epidemic diseases is all types of diseases related to the aspects of urbanization, including communicable and non-communicable diseases. Through a systematic review, we first compiled characteristics of urban form that influence urban health and then identified potential synergies and trade-offs between these dimensions. A framework based on health-oriented urban form is proposed that combines the interlinkages between urban form and urban health. Providing a new holistic perspective on the subject. Looking at the relationships of communicable and non-communicable diseases, physical and non-physical dimensions of urban form and technology and nature simultaneously may help to provide practical guidance in more effective design and management of green spaces that benefit all dimensions.

Throughout history, cities have often been able to withstand and recover from environmental shocks and stresses; however, due to the growing trend of urbanization, increased migrations from urban to rural areas, and the problems of suburbanization, these issues have become more frequent. Realizing the goals of participatory planning can help improve the sense of belonging, social capital, and interactions among individuals and groups. In return, this can contribute to the formation and improvement of the components of social resilience via active and real participation. As such, the specification of the components of participatory planning through the social resilience approach is highly significant. In the contemporary literature on resilience, this concept is considered a key dimension of sustainable development and is defined as the ability and readiness of cities to respond to and recover from significant changes, risks, and disasters with minimal damage to public health, community and economy. Social resilience involves a paradigmatic change in the mentality of citizens about their problems, the community's perception of risks and therefore, the adoption of a new approach toward interventions required for solving those problems and mitigating risks. Civil participation and social support can significantly impact local communities' resilience by increasing individuals' understanding of themselves and engaging them in decision-making processes. In addition, the support of local and governmental authorities and proper access to available resources can increase social welfare and communal readiness against future risks. However, any attempt at providing the right conditions must be tailored to local needs, and stakeholders need to become aware of and understand the complexities of urban systems. Despite recent scholarly attempts to identify the components of participatory planning to achieve resilience, few, if any, comprehensive and integrated studies have been carried out so far. Therefore, this research aims to bridge this fundamental gap.

This research is quantitative in terms of the used data, systematic in terms of its analysis structure, and applied in terms of the intended purpose. The methodology involved PRISMA and a systematic literature review on participatory planning and social resilience. In this type of review, a systematic and transparent method is used to identify, select, and critically evaluate all relevant research and collect and analyze data from existing studies. PRISMA is equivalent to reporting preferred materials for systematic review and meta-analysis frameworks. These frameworks are a comprehensive map based on which systematic review is performed. Resources are subsequently searched when the frameworks required for data collection are defined. Next, the target criteria are identified in the selected articles using PRISMA and combined and displayed. Among the 248 initial articles selected for systematic review in this study, 31 explicitly covered the main components of participatory planning and social resilience. In the final stage, thematic analysis was exerted to determine the objectives via open coding and the latent codes of the articles. The finalized sources were coded using MAXQDA Pro 2020, focusing on the research question. During the thematic analysis, concise codes were extracted from the texts by scrutinizing the lines, main phrases, and words to form concepts. In cases where the concepts had a shared ground, they were merged to form categories.

This study aimed to identify the components of participatory planning via the social resilience approach and develop a comprehensive concept by combining the two components. A total of 215 codes were identified in the selected articles, which were developed into 20 concepts and 6 categories. The main categories were skills and empowerment of residents, potentials of local communities, sustainable recovery, synergy of institutions, social capital, and integrated and transparent participation. The concepts of trust building, increasing awareness, empowerment of residents, and crisis response were the most frequent ones. This is indicative of the multifaceted structure of resilience.

The results of this research showed that there is a significant relationship between the components of participatory planning, social resilience, and the main categories. The components of participatory planning via the social resilience approach include skills and empowerment of residents, potentials of local communities, sustainable recovery, synergy of institutions, social capital, and integrated and transparent participation. Trust building and awareness, constituting 51.61% of the references, and empowerment of residents and crisis response, constituting 48.39% of the references, were the most frequent concepts. This shows that resilience has a multifaceted structure, and it can be achieved if all the dimensions are properly addressed. The realization of participatory planning for increasing social resilience requires building trust, one of the most important aspects of human relations and a basic requisite for participation and cooperation among society members. Crises result from interactions between humans and the environment. These interactions are inexhaustible, as are the crises resulting from these interactions. Although the severity of these crises can be reduced, certain issues persist, such as economic problems, population growth, lack of control land use, lack of insurance for urban sprawl, suburban development problems, inadequate social structures, and non-compliance with the technical requirements of construction. These issues can lead to major crises in societies when they are accompanied by natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Therefore, for communities to become resilient, their social problems must be properly addressed, and their physical and social structures need to be strengthened.

The inherent duty of urban design is managing the improvement of urban design qualities in both content and procedural dimensions.Without simultaneous attention to these two, even the purest urban design theories may remain ineffective in reality.Improving the quality of landscape, in addition to the need to formulate comprehensive, clear and more or less flexible regulations, requires the definition of a precise and efficient executive structure so that it can be a suitable lever for the implementation of these rules.facade committees are one of the types of control and implementation of these approvals, which play a significant role in achieving the goal of improving facade.The city of Mashhad has been one of the main pioneers of this issue in the country by compiling approvals and forming committees to control and guide the urban landscape.The purpose of this research is to evaluate performance of facade Committee by examining its damages, challenges and achievements and providing effective suggestions to improve this performance.This research has evaluated the performance of facade Committee in two quantitative and qualitative phases by using the mixed research method and alignment research plan.The research findings state that the most important challenges of facade committees;The quality of decisions and application of individual tastes of members is the weakness of legal position and lack of standards action and lack of executive guarantee. Its most important achievements;Drawing the attention of specialized community to the importance of the public landscape, the rights and tastes of citizens and strengthening the position of architects in the development process.Suggestions improving the performance of facade committee in the procedural section, including things such as improving the organizational administrative level of the facade committee, forming a project steering committee, preparing periodical performance reports and content, including planning for participation and polls,and culture building to promote the Iranian architectural model.

As human knowledge advances in various fields, the probability of their vulnerability to natural and man-made crises has increased significantly.One of the important issues from the perspective of crisis management is to identify suitable places for deploying vulnerable uses in order to provide quick assistance in times of crisis.The present article seeks to locate these uses based on efficient criteria in the city of Mashhad.The method of the present study is descriptive and location and is applied in terms of purpose. Gathering information from library sources and published documents and statistics.Numerous criteria were determined using the opinion of experts and determining the degree of importance of criteria and sub-criteria and prioritizing vulnerable users was done with the help of confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical analysis and related software.Based on the combination of different layers of information, it was possible to determine the degree of vulnerability. Therefore, based on the analysis, some vulnerable areas are not in a good position in terms of criteria. A suitable model was proposed.

Urban development and the process of space production have always been accompanied by serious conflicts. This has led to the production and reproduction of profit spaces based on the logic of capital accumulation. One of the manifestations of this confrontation can be seen in the interventions made in contexts of special identity, such as Mashhad, which is in serious conflict with the issues of sustainability and its three dimensions. Against these challenges, spiritual-led urbanism and the need to identification its indicators in contemporary urban planning in order to balance the current vicious cycle seem necessary. The increasing trend of researches in this field by reputable scientific centers shows the need to apply this concept more and more in the scale of contemporary urban planning. This research aims to provide a spatial reading of the indicators of the production of spiritual-led urban space in contemporary urban planning in line with the adjustment of the current cycle, with the aim of compiling effective spatial components in this process. In terms of the goal, this research is among developmental and qualitative research that was conducted with the grounded theory method. The statistical community includes experts and key informants (21 individual interviews and 2 group interviews) who were selected as the sample size using the purposeful sampling method. The findings of the research are the identification of 23 indicators in the form of 8 main dimensions, including space syntax, role-playing, symbolism, sustainability, and justice, security, and management structure and Contemporizationof theoretical knowledge. The achievement of this research is placing a balancing concept in the cycle of space production, which will reduce the ambiguities and shortcomings of the urban planning system, especially in cities with the support of spiritual identity, by structuring effective spatial components in the production of spiritual-led space.

In recent decades, the metropolis of Mashhad has experienced a huge horizontal expansion and growth, and the annexation of the surrounding villages to the city has been common. In this regard, the newly urbanized areas are located on the outskirts of the city,which are considered the junction of the suburbs with the city and called Pirashahr in the form of separate development in only three urban areas, including Toos,Shahid Bahonar and Mehregan. The result of the present study is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary and survey methods following the effect of land location in isolated suburban areas in Mashhad on controlling or accelerating the process of dysfunctional tissue and also determining isolated suburban area in Mashhad with more success in the field. Elements of land location elements(including demographic,social and cultural elements-economic elements-administrative,defense and securityelements-geographical, natural and environmental elements-spatial-physical elements).The results of the research hypothesis using paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance showed Separate urban sub-districts have improved their economic, quality of life and welfare services after accession.In the field of environment no different is observed compared to the past and in the social field, negative changes have occurred. In the QoL index, Toos area and in the social index,Bahonar town have had a better situation. Also, the results of fuzzy TOPSIS showed that in isolated metropolitan areas, the isolated area of Toos in controlling the growth of dysfunctional tissue and the realization of land location elements had a better performance than Shahid Bahonar town and Mehregan town in order to prevent growth and Expansion of dysfunctional tissues in Shahid Bahonar and Mehregan towns,in the field of planning,considered the necessary measures,especially in the environmental and social fields.

The present article reviews the indicators related to the paradigm of spiritual development in the production of urban space, and since the perception of spirituality is the basis, structuring conceptual dimensions and the desired semantic boundary of spirituality and spiritual development in the urban scale will require the use of qualitative methods. Those measurement parameters (codes and criteria) of spiritual-led urban planning are identified, and, in the next step, we will reach the field of measuring and evaluating the impact of these components. Therefore, the research tries to answer the following questions: What are the effective space indicators in producing the spiritual-based space from the perspective of the audience reading? What is the impact of these space indicators? Therefore, the present article is  mixed-methods research and is based on the strategy of grounded theory and structural equation modeling.

This research is mixed-methods research based on the strategy of grounded theory and modeling of structural equations, which in the first step by using meta-analysis of a selected body of research, the structure and elements of the model are identified, and then, in order to localize and identify other factors affecting the model, 23 interviews with experts were conducted in the qualitative part of the study, in which two criteria were effective in selecting the initial informants: experience in planning, policy-making, and administration in Samen region; and a minimum record of residence, presence or continuous activity in the context of this region. In this study, a total of 21 individual interviews and 2 group interviews were conducted. In the next step, in order to establish the relationship and sequence among the obtained dimensions and to present the structural model, the structural equation modeling (SEM) method was used, which based on the opinions of the experts and the analyses carried out, is the selected statistical population of Samen region. Accordingly, in accordance with the Cochran's formula and with a 95% confidence level, 384 sample units were required for all four sub-sectors and 12 spaces and the target resident and floating population. On the other hand, according to the SEM experts, in order to achieve sufficient statistical power and accurate estimates, the sample size should be equal to 10 to 15 sample units per predictor variable (Hooman, 2009), so with regard to the 23 predictor variables 345 questionnaire items were required. Finally, considering the size of samples in the first and second methods, the same number of 384 questionnaire items were developed and distributed to informed audiences and activists in this field within an area of ​​300 hectares of all sectors of Samen region (case sample).

After the initial coding of the text of the interviews and field notes, in the first step, 1014 initial codes were identified. In the second stage, by refining the initial concepts, the number of these conceptswas reduced to 251 codes or first-level concepts, of which by final reviewing of the initial concepts, the elimination of unrelated concepts, and the integration of similar concepts, 53 first-level concepts are obtained. Following the research analysis process, these concepts were categorized into 8 third-level concepts and 23 second-level concepts. The value of t-statistic obtained for all identified components is greater than 1.96, and the effect of identified components on the perception of spirituality is confirmed. According to Figure 4, and considering the value of the path coefficients obtained for the desired components, the sustanability component with the path coefficient value of 0.412 is in the first rank, the management structure component with the path coefficient of 0.200 in the second rank, the justice component with a final point of 0.181 in the third rank, the component of symbolism with the path coefficient of 0.166 in the fourth rank, the component of space arrangement with the value of the path coefficient of 0.160 in the fifth rank, the role component with the path coefficient of 0.154 in the sixth rank, the security component with the path coefficient of 0.129 in the seventh rank, and the component of modernizing theoretical knowledge/practical action in the eighth rank with the path coefficient of 0.103.

Unlike previous studies, which have focused on the production of basic spirituality, focusing more on the objective components of visual spirituality and more detailed dimensions, this study analyzed all the components of this process. The results of structural equation analysis in Figure 5 show the degree of effectiveness in the production of spirituality-based space is, from higher to lower, related to the components of sustainability, management structure, justice, symbolism, spatial arrangement, role-playing, security, and deterrence of practical/contemporary action taking of theoretical knowledge. The development of basic spirituality is a concept beyond the dominant view in current planning (which measures it to the extent of mere physical interventions on the façade and at the micro-scale of urban design). This concept is a three-level construct of concepts that, along with a process-oriented view (structural spirituality), tries to balance the flow of space production through the presentation of strategies and reflections such as reform in space management structure and modernization of theoretical knowledge as a reforming catalyst of the current cycle. The result of this research relies more on replacing the point- and product-oriented view towards a process- and action-based approach in a spiritual-based development, which can be used in development studies. In fact, the reform of the space production cycle and contemporary urban planning depends on understanding the mental social processes in interaction with the objective components, and if the planning situation changes from type A to C, we will see a balanced space production cycle and its positive consequences.

 Visual illusions are the most common perceptual illusions, but in urban literature are less addressed. Therefore, the present study seeks to achieve a new approach to analyzing the visual illusion in the layout of urban space elements.

 This research was conducted in 2021 and included scientific-research articles in the field of visual error perception during the years 2000-2020. In this meta-method analysis, all Google ScienceDirect, research gate, and GoogleScholar were examined for classification into research data. 30 related articles were chosen. Design based on meta-method analysis, for perceiving the mechanism of visual error perception in the arrangement of urban elements and locating the focal point in the city, visual error "change the size-distance of urban landscapes", as a developmental and experimental method, in a sample of urban space with focal point and background Visually modeled using SketchUp 2017 software.

 The main components of the methodology of the visual illusion studies were determined by using the metamethod combined method. Based on this methodology, a specific Visual illusion of the change of the size in 3d urban space and Landolt C visual acuity chart was modeled by using SketchUp software. The specific nature of this visual illusion was characterized, and the ability of the SketchUp software and the visual acuity chart of Landolt C in the analysis of the Visual illusion was determined. 

 A Turning and design point, namely point M, was presented By modeling the size perception illusion. Hence the focal point of urban space with comparison its background before and after point M is perceived differently. This point and its specific illusion create a specific potential for planning the urban spatial system and the dominance of focal points in specific tourism and memorial corridors.

Tissues that have been formed in the past and throughout a long process have been gradually weakened with the growth urbanization and urban development. On the other hand, the impacts of the immense growth of urban populations have led to a dispersed growth and the emergence of the marginalization phenomenon, having resulted in its own distinct problems. Yet, it is well-agree that the urban areas are the best option for urban development due to their existing infrastructure and urban amenities. Accordingly, the present paper seeks to locate these lands in the eroded urban fabrics of the Avini neighborhood by compiling the criteria and indices from theoretical texts and practical experiences to identify the lands susceptible to internal development.

In this regard, in order to reach a conceptual understanding and expert knowledge concerning the features of the lands susceptible to internal development, a questionnaire based on the theoretical framework was developed and completed by the urban planning experts on the one hand, the research method in this paper is, an F'ANP analytical method which is a combination of the functional analytical methods and the ANP; on the other hand, it is a secondary analysis of the location of the land susceptible to the development of an endogenous GIS.

The findings of this study acknowledged that among all the factors affecting the identification of the lands susceptible to internal development in the Shahid Avini neighborhood, the performance criteria, and the accessibility and the related indicators attained the highest priority and prominence in locating these lands. Furthermore, a number of the parts related to the brownfields and the workshop located in the north and northeast areas of the neighborhood had a higher priority compared to the other parts to carry out the process of endogenous development with a weight between six and nine.

In line with the results of this study, among all the factors affecting the identification of the lands susceptible to internal development in Shahid Avini neighborhood, performance criteria and access and related indicators have the highest priority and importance in locating these lands. In addition, parts with barren use and production-workshop located in the northern and northeastern parts of the neighborhood, with a spatial weight between six to nine, have a higher priority than other parts to perform the process of internal development.

Visibility of focal points is the result of visual information on the retina and how the form is perceived. Developing the principles of visibility of focal points requires understanding the visual space in the "horizon dimension" and "distance dimension" and background signals. How can the focal points (urban landmarks) be located based on the visual illusion and the effects of the background (annoying) elements? In general, the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology that can be used to increase the visibility of the focal points of the city by arranging buildings and designing urban space and architecture Research is developmental in terms of nature and causal method in terms of purpose. Geometric modeling and virtual reality techniques were used to measure the relationship between physical structure, visual perception, and visual illusion. A case study of the focal point and indicator of the holy shrine of Razavi and sidewalk buildings of Ayatollah Vaez Tabasi was modeled with sketch up software. Based on the research literature, there is a point (M) in the visual corridor, where, based on binocular vision, the height of the focal point and the marker are equal; before that, the focal point height is perceived higher than the marker height but after that, is perceived smaller. Therefore, based on geometric calculations, the position of point M was modeled according to the height of the focal point-marker and the distance from the focal point to the marker. according to the three-dimensional model of Ayatollah Vaez Tabasi sidewalk to the holy shrine of Imam Reza by virtual reality technique, the accuracy of the model was confirmed. Therefore, the arrangement of urban signs should be done following this issue in urban space.

Today, with the advances made in weapons technology and military equipment, urban areas are more at risk of raid. One of the most important factors in increasing human casualties in military attacks on urban areas is the absence of standardization or in other words non-conformity of housing architecture with principles such as optimum locating and positioning of the building, proper dispersion of the building, observance of the principles of concealment, camouflage and deception, the degree of reparability of the building and internal architecture, with respect to passive defense. Although housing, is regarded primarily as shelter provision, but it is a more complex phenomenon that should be considered from a variety of physical, social, economic and cultural aspects. Spatial planning of housing, considering all the above aspects, is trying to implement the best residential development methods in order to provide residential space for homeless households. According to the above, the principles of passive defense and design durability should be considered in designing infrastructure and structures of urban housing. In this research, the indicators of passive defense in spatial planning of housing have been used in a descriptive-analytical study with a qualitative approach, and the tool for collecting information is field observation and reference location data. Noghan neighborhood in Mashhad, is located in Sector 2 around the Holy Shrine, while the neighborhood is characterized by very low safety standards and high vulnerability and lack of considerations of passive defense. The results of the research show that to increase safety and reduce vulnerability of this neighborhood passive defense strategies can be applied by replacing passages, rehabilitating buildings, increasing open spaces, distributing appropriate local services and installing shelters at the necessary points.

With the development of technology, time has become more limited to the presence of urban spaces and the experience of spaces and visual relations. This means that in the process of fitting the urban environment it is necessary to create spaces in which that, meanwhile in accordance with the needs of today, fit beyond the obvious qualities of space. In these spaces, we must try to close ties and encourage them to become more and more in the presence of communal spaces.The purpose of this research is to identify the needs and expectations of young people from urban space in general and temporary scenes in particular. In this research, based on the nature of the subject, qualitative research method has been used and it has been analyzed by grounded theory. The data collection tool was based on a standard open interview with 44 young people in Mashhad and analyzed by standard open source coding method. The results show that in order to be more youthful and considering the effect of causal conditions, one should focus on three main categories of participation, respect for youth and creativity in design. This is achieved through strategies such as national-artistic-religious events, the creation of special youth institutions, the creation of multipurpose temporary uses and the preservation of native and traditional events using nostalgic elements. Eventually, these strategies result in the presence of young people in the city, the development of temporary multi-purpose spaces, the formation of a new style of space in the form of temporary landscape scenes.

Urban texture assessment with passive defense approach is one of the most important issues in the field of urban planning. In this research, we try to evaluate the vulnerability of urban tissue to the enemy's threats, because inactive defense by using unarmed measures reduces Vulnerability and increased deterrence at the time of the threat. Noghan Neighborhood located in the area of 2 tissues around the shrine due to being located in the central area of the city and adjacent to the tissue surrounding the shrine of Imam Reza (AS) despite its high dating texture is worn and organic, and because of the proper access and Therefore, attention to the principles of defective passive defense in central area, is of great importance.The purpose of this study was to Urban texture assessment based on the principles of passive defense using factor analytical network process. The purpose of this study, the nature of descriptive and in terms of analysis tools to analyze and problem-solving model is used F'ANP which are functional and objective.  the findings of the research show that the main factors of urban texture based on the principles of non-operating defense are stability Lebedy, location of utilities land use, desirable access, safe spaces and permeabilit and the physical stability factor was obtained. The vulnerability zone is mapped through the five dimensions of urban tissue vulnerability in the Noghan neighborhood, and it is clear that vulnerabilities in the northern parts of the neighborhood include the street the martyr Kaveh and Bayhaqi are moderate and in the central parts of the city such as the Noghan river and the holy shrine that is considered the old city's texture is very vulnerable.

The growth in urbanization during the recent decades has increases healthcare, social, and economic inequalities at a large scale among the residents of many cities. One of the most important consequences of this trend is the tendency of citizens towards a sedentary lifestyle in Iran and around the world. Lack of physical activity, as one of the important issues in public health, is related to the living space and the daily activities of citizens and residents. Since there are no clear universal measures for measuring this phenomenon in urban space and environment, it is necessary to develop and propose a number of criteria for measuring the effects of physical activity on the quality of urban living space. In this regard, using criteria obtained from previous studies in the form of a theoretical framework, a measuring tool can be identified. Accordingly, the main objective of the current study is to develop a measuring tool for the quality of urban living space with an emphasis on the opportunities for physical activity and to evaluate the obtained measures in the area selected for the study, i.e. Hijab Neighborhood of Mashhad. The current study is a descriptive analytical one. Therefore, the theoretical concepts are gathered through library studies, and then, by developing a questionnaire, the obtained measuring tool is administered to the residents in Hijab Neighborhood. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software application. Based on the results, factor analysis shows that physical activity of citizens is influenced by four variables including the functional variable, availability variable, social variable, and aesthetic variable. Based on the results obtained from the analysis and the effect size of each of these variables on the variable of physical activity, it can be concluded that the functional factor has the highest level of impact on the quality of urban living space considering the opportunities provided for citizens to have physical activities. The availability factor, social factor, and the aesthetic factor are the other criteria affecting the level of citizens’ physical activity, respectively.

This paper with goal of study the impact of social capital on quality of life (both objective and subjective) in the planned urban areas is going for promote the quality of life in these areas by increasing social capital. The studied area is Jahed neighborhood, located in the region 12 of Mashhad city. Criteria and indicators of social capital, objective and subjective quality of life have been developed on 4 levels hierarchical. Used method is practical in terms of target and correlation cross- sectional in terms of method. Data collection was conducted by library and field and using the Cochran formula 372 people were chosen as sample size and distribution method of the questionnaire is simple random. For data analysis SPSS and AMOS software were used. There is a significant relationship between social capital and quality of life and the impact of social capital on quality of life is more than objective quality of it. Also the amount of social capital and mental quality of life of residents in the Jahed shahr neighborhood by residents point views is evaluated moderate to poor and amount of objective quality of life in moderate to high.This paper with goal of study the impact of social capital on quality of life (both objective and subjective) in the planned urban areas is going for promote the quality of life in these areas by increasing social capital. The studied area is Jahed neighborhood, located in the region 12 of Mashhad city. Criteria and indicators of social capital, objective and subjective quality of life have been developed on 4 levels hierarchical. Used method is practical in terms of target and correlation cross- sectional in terms of method. Data collection was conducted by library and field and using the Cochran formula 372 people were chosen as sample size and distribution method of the questionnaire is simple random. For data analysis SPSS and AMOS software were used. There is a significant relationship between social capital and quality of life and the impact of social capital on quality of life is more than objective quality of it.

Paying attention only to the growth of cities and to avoid developing developmental approaches toward cities has led to the emergence of macrocosmic phenomena, which has a direct impact on the quality of life in cities. A remarkable point in dealing with quality of life is to consider it in all dimensions (subjective and objective), so that it can be comprehensively evaluated. Therefore, the present article aims to analyze and evaluate the quality of life (two objective and subjective dimensions) in urban planning areas seeking to improve the quality of life in these neighborhoods by increasing the environmental components.The study area is Jahed Shahr in 12th district of Mashhad. The criteria and indicators for the objective and subjective quality of life in four levels have been developed hierarchically. The method used is objective and applied in terms of descriptive-analytical method.Data were collected using library and field studies. Using the Cochran formula, 372 individuals were selected as sample size and questionnaires distributed as simply randomized . Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS software. The quality of life in Jahed Shahr Neighborhood was assessed moderate to weak level (only in the good transportation sector) and the objective quality of life is moderately upward (only in the components of social security and leisure).

Privacy is conceived of as an interpersonal boundary process by which a person or group regulates interaction with others. The desire for privacy is a public deed, but it is related to variables such as culture, age, gender, personality, and physical environment. It appears that some cultures have a stronger preference for privacy and have more privacy needs than others. The differences in desire for privacy are not limited only to cultures, they actually exists in sub-cultures too. Iran has many sub-cultures which respond to privacy differently, but there have not been any research on the effect of culture on privacy. The present paper focuses on how Iranian women in different sub-cultures look at surveillance in their privacy. The primary purpose of this study is to examine whether women in Iranian sub-cultures (Gilaki, Kurdish, Turkish and Yazdi women) differ in their desired and achieved levels of privacy in parks. Another purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the desired and achieved levels of privacy and the experience of crowding in parks. The final purpose is to describe the cultural differences in the experience of crowding between Gilaki, Kurdish, Turkish and Yazdi women. This research uses a designed questionnaire to collect data. A number of 1173 women were randomly selected in Shahr (Rasht), Mellat (Sanandaj), Baghmisheh (Tabriz), and Azadegan (Yazd) parks. Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that women in Iranian sub-cultures significantly differ in their desired privacy levels. Yazdi and Turkish women have higher needs for privacy (desired privacy) in the public spaces than other women. However, Gilaki women’s achieved privacy level is higher than that in other sub-cultures. On the other hand, the results indicate that Yazdi women perceive urban parks as more crowded than others. The crowded women (for all groups) have a higher mean of crowding score than the isolated and the optimum women. Regardless of culture, women’s desired and achieved privacy levels are related to the level of perceived crowding in public spaces. According to Hall, contact cultures are often found in tropical countries (Arabic countries, Mediterranean area, Middle-East countries, and Eastern Europe) while non-contact cultures are usually found in cold weather countries (north of Europe, north of America). Accordingly, Iran is regarded as having a contact culture. The results of this study, however, indicate that in different Iranian sub-cultures there are also differences in people’s tendency for privacy and social interaction in public places. There is no correlation between the results of this study and Hall’s taxonomy. Yazdi (dry and warm) and Turkish (cold, mountainous) people have contact cultures while Gilaki (Caspian mild) and Kurdish (very cold mountainous) people live in non-contact cultures. The main reason for this difference stems from the investigation of perceived crowdedness and tendency for privacy in public sphere. The behavior of Iranian women and their social interactions with others in public places are strongly affected by tradition and religion.