فاطمه منتظری

The examination and clarification of the "moral status of animals" is one of the important and challenging topics in applied ethics, given its direct impact on human life and the environment. The concept of "moral status" has been presented with various criteria and standards, and some philosophers have emphasized that possessing rationality, general understanding, awareness, and particularly self-awareness are prerequisites for having "moral status," thus assigning inherent value and "moral status" exclusively to humans. In contrast to this perspective, Peter Singer, a contemporary utilitarian philosopher, criticizes the anthropocentric view and challenges traditional views on the criterion of moral status, introducing "pain and suffering" as a valid and precise criterion for "moral status" through an innovative and critical approach. This article briefly mentions the main perspectives on "moral status," presents Peter Singer's new and controversial criterion regarding the moral status of animals, and evaluates and critiques his assumptions and claims in this regard. It is evident that accepting Singer's proposed criterion and acknowledging the "moral status of animals" leads to a reconsideration of the relationship between humans and animals, refraining from instrumentalism, and striving to end the cycle of unnecessary suffering and cruelty towards animals, which becomes an ethical obligation.

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), which is also known as repeated miscarriage, affects around 2-3% of women who are trying to conceive. While some factors contributing to RPL have been identified, the cause of almost half of all cases remains unknown. Immunological factors have been proposed as one of the potential causes of such miscarriages. However, it is hard to track the common factors leading to RPL since the individual genomic identity of aborted fetuses is different in a family like other siblings. The immunological factors involved in the pathogenesis of miscarriage generally result from either the function of the maternal immune system attributable to her genomic background or the fetal origination established by both maternal and paternal genomic backgrounds that constitute the fetal genome.

Today, with the increase of environmental problems and crises, it has increased the importance of discussion and research on environmental issues. Changes that occur in human behavior in the environment can cause environmental degradation. To prevent the destruction of the environment, human behavior must change to Eco-friendly behavior. Achieving behavioral change requires understanding people's attitudes toward the environment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the tourists’ environmentally friendly behavior in Sorkhabad Savadkuh rangelands. The research method was descriptive-survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the views of professors and relevant experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. Using Cochran's random method and statistics, 86 tourists were selected as the sample. Data analysis was performed using SPSS22 software and Smart PLS software. The results obtained from calculating the correlation coefficient indicate significant positive relationship between environmental perception and environmental behavior of tourists. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the environmental impact variable (0.444) had the greatest effect on the environmental behavior variable. In other words, a higher level of has led to more responsible environmental behavior among tourists in that area. According to the structural equation modeling findings, the variables of perception, attitude and environmental knowledge affect the environmental behavior variable with coefficients of 0.768, 0.031 and 0.210, respectively.

Over the past 20 years, seven coronaviruses have caused more or less severe respiratory diseases in humans. Among these, the most important ones are SARS-CoV and the coronavirus, a similar virus that has created a pandemic called Covid-19 since 2019, belonging to the b-category of beta-coronaviruses called Sarbecovirus.This virus is due to a kind of spike-like structure to the ACE2 receptor (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) bind to the surface of host cells. Often, dysfunction of ACE2 protease after viral infection leads to dysfunction of the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) pathway and, as a result, by affecting blood pressure, it upsets the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body, a process that results in increased inflammation and permeability of arteries in the airways. Furthermore, the widespread release of cytokines by the immune cells in response to viral and/or secondary infections can lead to cytokine storms along with symptoms of sepsis. In these cases, uncontrolled inflammation causes multiple organ damage that leads to organ failure, particularly in cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal systems.

Despite the findings of the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, there is still no specific drug to treat COVID-19. Therefore, achieving proper therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 requires a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis in the host for developing new drugs and/or using approved drugs.

Not being to get pregnant, after one year of unprotected sex is called infertility. In the post, infertility was mainly a female problem, but the role of male factors in infertility has denotation, although a greater percentage of this infertility is related to the deficiencies of semen.

This case-control study was performed on sperm samples from 30 infertile oligoteratozoospermia (OT) patients as case group and 30 fertile and normosperm as controls, all the patients and controls between the ages of 20-49 years, who were referred to the Yazd Infertility Center for the treatment of infertility, were used to check the chromosomes 18, X and Y using the FISH technique. The results were considered using SPSS version 16 software and statistical tests T-TEST and Chi-Square Tests for statistical analysis and Pearson R correlation coefficient to measure the relationship between variables and statistical level P <0.05.

Disorders were observed in infertile oligoteratozoospermia men who were significantly related to the control group and between the chromosomal abnormalities, sperm counts and morphology )P<0/01) and there was also significant difference in correlation between chromosomal abnormalities and duration of infertility  (P<0/01). In addition, there was no correlation between chromosomal abnormalities and age, but the rate of chromosomal abnormalities in the age group of 40-49 years increased to 50%, which has the highest rate among age groups and definitely needs to be examined in a larger statistical population.

This finding suggest that patients with OT may be at an increased risk of producing aneuploid offspring. Considering the chromosomal aneuploidy is recommended by cytogenetic molecular techniques.

Epileptic neurological disorder, which is controlled with medications such as sodium valproate (one of the treatment priorities for the patients with epilepsy). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of complication of sodium valproate. Ovulation in PCOs Patients is disrupted, resulting in serious complications, including endometrial hyperplasia with typical and atypical forms, increased the risk of endometrial endometrial cancer, diabetes mellitus, and decreased fertility rates. This study, in accordance with bioinformatics studies and other studies based on the association of miRNA-222 with genes involved in PCOs and hyperandrogenism, was designed to evaluate the association of PCOs in the patients treated with sodium valproate by simultaneously comparing the AMH factor and miRNA-222 marker at specific time periods.

In this case-control study, 33 women with epilepsy before and after use the drug were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. After blood sampling, their plasma was isolated. According to the instructions of the Total RNA extracted kit , cDNA synthesized and miRNA-222 expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR technique and statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 23 software, T-test and ANOVA tests.

The results of statistical tests such as T-test and ANOVA test (done with SPSS software) which showed a significant difference (p<0/01) between the mean expression of mir-222 and AMH in the patients before treatment compared to 3 month after treatment. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that the increase in AMH is directly related to the decrease in miRNA-222 expression (p<0/01).

According to the results of the present study, in order to better control the possible side effects of the drug and possibly timely drug change and early diagnosis of PCOs (PCOs-like symptoms), evaluation of miRNA-222 expression changes can be used at the same time with AMH assay.

Some of the environmental problems in each region are affected by the tourist’s behaviors, and to solve these problems, it is necessary to identify the factors that affect the environmental behavior. In this regard, the present study investigates the relationship between the variables of knowledge, attitude and perception with the variable of environmental behavior in the Miankaleh area of Behshahr. The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The questionnaire questions were designed based on the Likert scale of five options and its reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha test. The statistical population of Miankaleh region included 340 visitors, which was determined using Cochran formula, the sample size was 181 people. Data analysis was performed using Smart-PLS and SPSS software. Findings from structural equation modeling in Miankaleh region showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the independent variables of knowledge, attitude and perception with the dependent variable of environmental behavior. Perception variable with a path coefficient of 0.814 had the most direct effect on environmental behavior and the path coefficient of two variables of attitude and knowledge were 0.329 and 0.467, respectively. The results of correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between environmental knowledge, attitude and perception with environmental behavior, which among the three variables studied, perception with a correlation coefficient of 0.455 has the highest correlation with environmental behavior. For two variables, knowledge and attitude were obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.209 and 0.237, respectively. In general, it can be said that the studied variables reinforce environmentally responsible behaviors and promote responsibility towards the environment.

Amniotic fluid contains a mixture of different cell types sloughed from the fetal skin, respiratory, alimentary and urogenital tracts, as well as the amnion membrane. As amniotic fluid develops prior to the process of gastrulation, many cells found in its heterogeneous population do not undergo lineage specialization. Therefore, amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) may correspond to a new class of stem cells with properties of intermediate plasticity between pluripotent and adult stem cell types. Compared to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from other sources, such as bone marrow, AF-MSCs have better properties for clinical applications, such as differentiation into the cells of three germ layers, high clonal capacity, ability to form embryoid bodies, expression of pluripotent markers, high self-renewal capacity (over 250 population doublings) with normal karyotype at late passages, long telomere length due to continued telomerase activity, specially non-tumorigenicity, low immunogenicity, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.

Such features have nominated AF-MSC for a range of clinical applications, including in regenerative medicine. In several studies, these cells have been used to regenerate nerve, lung, and heart tissues. Overall, AF-MSCs are expected to be an ideal source of stem cells for future regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Recently, mesenchymal stem cells have attracted much attention in regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells are used in regenerative medicine mainly based on their capacity to differentiate into several cell lineages, low immunogenicity, and in particular their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive-immunomodulatory properties. 

The present manuscript, by reviewing more than 150 recent published articles, introduces the latest information regarding the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive-immunomodulatory properties of the mesenchymal stem cells. 

The fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, Wharton jelly, umbilical cord, placenta, and amniotic fluid. The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells result from their interactions with innate and adaptive immune systems to inhibit immune cells. Such an inhibitory function is due to the interaction of these cells with immune cells through direct cell-cell contact or via paracrine secretory factors. The composition of these secretions or secretom of these cells includes various components such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, anti-inflammatory mediators and exosomes. Many in vivo studies in animal models have demonstrated that the ability of mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate and repair tissues is more attributed to their immunosuppressive-immunomodulatory function rather than their proliferative properties. 

Conclusions:  

Therefore, understanding the mechanisms establishing the interactions of these cells with immune system would be important for their use as a promising therapeutic approach in the future for treatment of immunological diseases as well as in the field of regenerative medicine.

Critical discourse analysis is a way for text analysis and Norman Fairclough has presented the most comprehensive approach in this field that discovers the relationship between the text and the context in three layers: description, interpretation and explanation. Expanding the new methods of the text analysis, makes necessary to analysis the ancient texts by these methods. Although the mystical texts often have written by the personal (and inner) motivations and apart from the politics and the society, they have not been protected from the society's effects and their dominant discourses are influenced by the social conditions. Fifth century is one of the important periods of the mysticism and “Qushayri Risala” is one of the prominent texts of this period, which has been written by Abū al-Qāsim al-Qushayrī for explaining the principles and ideas of Sufism because, it had been appeared some deviancies in mysticism. In this essay, it is analyzed according to the Fairclough’s theory the last part of this book which contains some orders to the disciples. The results shows that Qushayri's ideology has been discovered along his way of using the words and the phrases. The dominant discourses of this part are obeisance to the Sufism, ascetic and surrendering the disciples to the Sufis. These discourses in addition to the representing the social, political and cultural conditions, make it easy to reproduce the new conditions and to improve the existing conditions.

Recurrent miscarriage, as the occurrence of two or more of pregnancy loss before the 20th wk, can occur for multiple causes. One of the causes of miscarriage may be a defect in the process of angiogenesis because the delivery of nutrients to the fetus is decreased and it may lead to miscarriage. Also, micro ribonucleic acids play an important role in the development of diseases. The microRNAs 16 and 21 are the most well-known angiogenesis-related miRNAs, which their gene targets are vascular endothelial growth factor-A and phosphatase and tensin homolog, respectively.

To evaluate the changes in expression of microRNAs 16 and 21 and their association with the gene targets in women with unexplained RM.

In this case-control study, blood samples were taken from 25 women with unexplained RM and 25 controls. After extraction of RNA, the relative expression of microRNAs and their gene targets was measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR method.

Our findings showed that miR-21 expression was significantly decreased in both plasma and peripheral mononuclear cells (p=0.04 and p=0.02, respectively) and could be associated with the PTEN expression (p=0.03), however, there is no significant correlation between miR-16 and VEGF-A.

One of the most remarkable results of this study is that miR-21 showed significant changes in both plasma and peripheral mononuclear cells, which can be related to the etiology and progression of RM.

    In this study, the potential of rangeland species Astragalus globiflorus and Acantholimon hohenackeri in heavy metals absorption including cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, and chromium was investigated around the Firoozkouh cement factory. Soil and vegetation sampling was performed at distances of 500, 1500, and 2500 meters from the center of the factory. Astragalus globiflorus and Acantholimon hohenackeri with three replications were examined in a completely randomized block design. In this experiment, samples were determined using the acidic digestion method using atomic absorption device. The results indicated that, as the distance from the factory increased, the concentration of cadmium and zinc in Astragalus globiflorus and Acantholimon hohenackeri showed an increasing trend, contrary to the concentration of lead. In addition, a decreasing trend was observed for chromium concentration in Acantholimon hohenackeri. The results of mean comparison showed that the concentration of copper, lead and zinc in Astragalus globiflorus, and the concentration of cadmium and lead in Acantholimon hohenackeri were higher in leaves as compared with roots. According to the results, there was a significant relationship between Astragalus globiflorus and copper, cadmium, lead and chromium, and between Acantholimon hohenackeri and copper, zinc and lead (P <0.05). It can be concluded that the proximity to the factory was the most important factor for the accumulation of lead and chromium in the species studied. In this regard, it is suggested that the above species be used to remediate these elements from contaminated soil. It is also recommended that appropriate measures be taken regarding the use of these species by livestock around the factory.

The study of microRNA expression can be effective in the diagnosing and treating different diseases. miR-135a is one of the most important micro-ribonucleic acids involved in endometriosis. Among the genes that become the target of the miR-135a and are subjected to changes in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis is HOXA10 gene which is expressed in the endometrium in response to steroid hormones.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of miR-135a and its relationship with the level of HOXA10 gene expression in both endometrial ectopic and eutopic tissues in patients with endometriosis compared to the control samples.

In this prospective case-control study, both case-eutopic and case-ectopic tissue samples were obtained from 17 women with endometriosis and the eutopic endometrial tissue was sampled from 17 women with normal endometrium as the control group. The gene's expression of miR-135a and HOXA10 were investigated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (q-RT PCR).

A significant decrease in the expression of HOXA10 gene was detected in case-eutopic during the luteal phase compared to the control samples (p=0.001), while in the case-ectopic, the expression of this gene was increased (p=0.681) compared to the control samples. In addition, the expression miR-135a in the luteal phase showed a remarkable increase in the case-eutopic endometrial tissue (p=0.026) as well as a significant decrease in the case-ectopic endometrial tissue compared to the control samples (p=0.008).

Considering the inverse relations between the over-expression of miR-135a and the reduction of HOXA10, it seems that miR-135a may be applied as an endometrial diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker.

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disorder in which endometrial cells that are in the normal state of the uterus are seen outside the uterus. The disease is one of the most common and costly diseases in women with an estimated 176 million female infections in the world and a financial burden of about 11 billion dollars per year. In addition to existing therapies, the use of epigenetic factors, and in particular, assessment of the expression of microRNAs is effective in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of miR-135b in endometriosis, so that through identifying changes in these microRNAs, it could be used in diagnosis and treatment.
From 25 cases with endometriosis and 25 healthy subjects (control) tissue and serum samples were taken. First, RNA extraction was performed and then, using the polyA reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (polyA RT-PCR) and real-time polymerase chain reaction, miR-135b expression was investigated.
Findings: The expression of mir-135b significantly increased in endometrial tissue of patients with endometriosis in both ectopic and uterine tissues compared to healthy women; while the expression of this microRNA in the serum samples of patients decreased compared to control group.
Considering significant changes in both eutopic/ectopic samples and serum samples in patients with endometriosis compared with controls, miR-135b may be considered as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for endometriosis.

In the present study, PEGylated liposomal formulation containing doxorubicin was synthesized in order to study the effects of surface charge on its cytotoxicity.
Liposomal doxorubicin containing DPPC, cholesterol and phospholipid DSPE-mPEG with various amounts of cationic phospholipid, DOTAP, (0, 5.2 and 20%) was prepared by pH gradient method. Prepared nanoparticles were evaluated in term of percentage of drug loading, particle size, polydisparity index, 48-hour drug release, and surface charge. The cytotoxicity of free and entrapped doxorubicin on Saos-2 cell lines was also compared.
The percentages of drug loading for all three formulations were higher than 82 percent. All formulations were monodisperse. The particle size was reduced by increasing cationic properties of particles. The zeta-potential varied from -23 to 22.4, and 43% of the drug was released from the liposome during 48 hours. Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin increased with encapsulation. Addition of cationic phospholipid reduced cell survival.
Increasing cytotoxicity of doxorubicin loaded into cationic liposomes is due to the more sustained-release of the system and also the toxicity created by DOTAP in the structure. Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin improved by entrapping it into liposomal vesicles. Doxorubicin loaded into cationic liposome shows highest toxicity.

Soil pollution by heavy metals has become an environmental problem due to their long-term sustainability and ecologically harmful effects. In soils contaminated by heavy metals, establishing plants with the ability to grow in affected areas, adapt and uptake heavy metals is both scientifically and economically beneficial. In the current study, soil and plant samples were taken using a systematic random sampling approach within a 500, 1250 and 2000 meter radius of the centre of Kiasar cement factory in Mazandaran Province. For each distance, three plant species (such as Astragalus, Artemisia and Convolvulus) and their adjacent soils were sampled in three replications resulting 54 samples (27 plant and 27 soil samples). The concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn in the samples were determined using an ICP-OES Device and data analyzed statistically using a randomized complete block design. Analysis of variance results in this study showed that the amount of heavy metals in the soil was higher than those obtained in plant species tissues (p ≤ 0. 05). The mean comparison of data showed that distance from factory had a significant affect on copper and lead concentrations in both soil and plant tissues (p≤ 0. 05). While the copper concentration increased in both the soils and plant tissues, the amount of lead decreased with the increasing distance. The distance had no significant effect on zinc concentration in soil samples, but there were significant differences in plant species tissues and they do not follow the regular process. The correlation of heavy elements between plant species and soils showed that Astragalus and Artemisia had a significant correlation with copper (r = 0. 7) and lead (r = 0. 5), but convolvulus only had a significantly positive correlation with Zn. Due to the high potential of Astragalus and Artemisia species in up-taking the heavy metals, these species can be used in refining contaminated areas with same ecological conditions.

Selection of the best embryo for transfer is very important in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Using morphological assessment for this selection demonstrated that the correlation between embryo morphology and implantation potential is relatively weak. On the other hand, aneuploidy is a key genetic factor that can influence human reproductive success in ART.

The aim of this lab trial study was to evaluate the incidence of aneuploidies in five chromosomes in the morphologically high-quality embryos from young patients undergoing ART for sex selection.

A total of 97 high quality embryos from 23 women at the age of 37or younger years that had previously undergone preimplantation genetic screening for sex selection were included in this study. After washing, the slides of blastomeres from embryos of patients were reanalyzed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization for chromosomes 13, 18 and 21.

There was a significant rate of aneuploidy determination in the embryos using preimplantation genetic screening for both sex and three evaluated autosomal chromosomes compared to preimplantation genetic screening for only sex chromosomes (62.9% vs. 24.7%, p=0.000). The most frequent detected chromosomal aneuploidy was trisomy or monosomy of chromosome 13.

There is considerable numbers of chromosomal abnormalities in embryos generated in vitro which cause in vitro fertilization failure and it seems that morphological characterization of embryos is not a suitable method for choosing the embryos without these abnormalities.

This study was determined to the amount of Pb, Cu and Zn in the soil and plants around Firoozkooh cement factory in Tehran. 15 Soil and 15 plant samples collected in the cement from 500 meters to 2000 meters away from the prevailing wind direction. The control samples collected from the opposite prevailing wind direction (2500 meters from factory). The collected Samples transported to the laboratory for testing. The concentration of Pb, Cu, and Zn of the samples were determined by using ICP Device. Data analysis using analysis of variance, comparison of means by Duncan and t-test was performed in SPSS16. The results of the study showed that concentration of all of the measured elements in control soil and polluted soil to have distinction significant so that concentration of Pb, Cu and Zn in control soil is 8.69, 11.34 & 33.95 and concentration of Pb, Cu and Zn in polluted soil is 18.6, 31.79, and 66.12. The concentration of Pb and Cu in root is more than shoot and concentration of Zn is higher in shoot. Level of contamination was calculated based on the PIi pollution index. The index for Pb and Cu pollution levels are low and average and index for Zn is average and high. According to the results concentration of Pb, Zn and Cu in the area is not more than of international standards, but concentration around the factory showed 2.14, 2.80 and 1.94 times increase compared to the control area, respectively.

This study, conducted in Savadkooh County of Iran in 2012, aims at investigating the range utilizations in different methods and their effects on range condition as well as identifying the best utilization method. The evaluation is based on a descriptive-analytic method; thus, a questionnaire is completed through direct interviews. The statistical society includes the operators in 21 rangelands and the sample size is 92 people. The data are analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, variance analysis, Duncan, Spearman's correlation coefficient and t-student tests. The study results indicate that the manners of utilization and the number of users and livestock are significantly related with the range condition and phytomass. Trend of ranchers to stock increasing in council utilization has a significant relation (at 0.05 levels) whereas there is no significant relation in collective and private utilizations. Sense of ownership in ranchers towards rangelands in private and collective (at 0.01 levels) is significant, unlike the council utilization. Therefore, decreasing of animal and ranchers is necessary for sustainability of rangelands.

Nowadays، the science of genetics and relevant issues have influenced various fields of science، particularly the fields of medical sciences (research and clinical field). Considering the high prevalence of hereditary and non- hereditary genetic disorders، especially in our country due to the relatively high prevalence of consanguineous marriages، application of genetic testing for diagnosis، treatment، prognosis، etc. is of considerable importance. However، evolution in the field of genetic testing is very fast and better introduction of different genetic tests can effectively help the scientific community to follow these extensive developments. In this paper، a brief introduction to different genetic tests based on their functional purposes will be provided. In the following، we will present a brief description of the processes، applications، advantages and disadvantages of some of the most commonly used genetic tests in both cytogenetics and molecular genetics fields. In the field of cytogenetics، karyotyping، flow cytometry، FISH، and CGH will be included and in the field of molecular genetics، PCR-based methods، multiplex PCR quantification such as MAPH / MLPA، microarrays and related technologies and next generation sequencing (NGS) will be discussed.

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an epigenetic strategy through wich one X chromosome in mammalian female cells is silenced to balances X-linked gene quantity between male and female. Inactivation of the similar X is preserved during somatic cell divisions، resulting in mosaic females with cell populations incloudings one or the thesecond X active. The procedure is usually random such that approximately equal quantities of cells express each X chromosome. Cellular mosaicism prepares females with a noteworthy biological advantage. As a consequence of the variety of our genomes، if a mutation be present on the maternal X chromosome، then the paternal X chromosome is unlikely to also involve that. Therefore heterozygout female، due to X inactivation، only half the cells will represent this mutation. In contrast، males with identical mutation on their maternal X chromosome represent this mutation in 100% of their cells، because they only have the X chromosome from their mother. In the general population X inactivation pattern is normally dispersed; 10–20% of females have a skewed XCI model >80:20%. X-linked genes may play a role in higher sex ratio through uncommon skewing of XCI. X chromosome skewness has been reported in female carriers of neurological disorders such as X-linked mental retardation، adrenoleukodystrophy، autism and Rett syndrome. We focused here on recent comprehension of X chromosome skewness role in neurodevelopmental disorderand how Such conceptions will give guidance for different therapy.

Because their ability to capture CO2, photosynthetical microorganisms have some advantages to CO2 mitigation from high CO2 streams such as flue gases and they can use CO2 as carbon source. Recently, experts have made efforts to exploit microorganisms intended for recovering CO2 from power plants. Materials and method s: To achieve this purpose, we studied the growth response of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis PCC9108 under different concentrations of carbon dioxide (ranging from 0.036% to 10%) and flue gas in a bench-scale system. Preparation of different concentrations of CO2 and injection into Erlenmeyer flasks was performed by a system including air compressor, CO2 capsule, pressure gauge and flow meter. The main goal of studying this paper is a survey of organism's potential to grow by generated CO2 from flue gas of power plant. It already had the potential and highest biomass production recorded at 8% CO2 (v/v). Also we proved that S.platensis PCC9108 can be grown under flue gas, although biomass production decreased fairly. Total lipid content of algae interestingly enhanced with elevated CO2 levels from ambient air to 4% and 6% which ranged from 14.5 to 15.8 and 16 dry weight (wt.) % respectively. In contrast, total protein content illustrated no difference between all treatment and its value was about 46 wt.%. Discussion and The results of present study suggested that understudied S.platensis PCC9108 is appropriate for mitigating CO2 because of its carbon fixation ability. Also due to its high protein content, this cyanobacterium is a good candidate to produce SCP (single cell protein).

Congenital heart defects constitute a high percentage of congenital malformations. After presenting a hypothesis concerning the multifactorial etiology of these disorders، the importance of genetic susceptibility in congenital heart defects has been highlighted. In this regard، various genetic tests are under investigation in research laboratories and clinics. This article introduces some of the most common diagnostic genetic tests that are currently used in clinical diagnosis of congenital heart defects. These techniques are divided into two categories، modern molecular techniques such as Q-PCR and MLPA، and cytomolecular techniques such as FISH and Array-CGH that are used to identify loci and genes associated with congenital heart defects. Considering the role of the new technique of NGS in determining the genetic causes of diseases، the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases with unexplained genetic causes would tremendously change. In this manuscript، we discussed new diagnostic tests that can be used used in detecting the genetic causes of several common congenital heart defects or chromosomal microdeletion syndromes such as Di George، William - Bern، Noonan، etc. This article provides good information on the proper use of genetic tests for the medical community، especially cardiologists، obstetricians، and gynecologists and might help them to make appropriate decisions in prevention and treatment approaches.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer among children. Multi drug resistance (MDR) is the major cause of treatment failure and relapse in ALL. ABC transporters mainly contribute to this disorder and MDR1 gene is the most popular member of this family. The aim of this study is to evaluate the gene expression profile of MDR1 at mRNA level and its prognostic value in ALL. Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples were obtained from 28 newly diagnosed ALL patients and 15 controls. MDR1 gene expression profile was evaluated by using real time PCR. The minimal residual disease (1-year MRD) was considered as the factor of response to therapy. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20 and Graph Pad Prism 5 softwares. MDR1 gene expression level in patients with MRD+ was significantly higher than MRD- patients (2. 29 ± 1. 22 vs 0. 79 ± 0. 21) (mean ± SEM، p= 0. 049). Most of the patients with over expression of MDR1 gene were MRD+ (66. 6% vs 33. 3) (mean ± SEM، p= 0. 048). MDR1 gene expression profile is suggested to be an unfavorable prognostic factor in ALL. The evaluation of the mRNA expression profile of MDR1 in new case patients facilitates identification of the high risk patients and helps modifying the protocols applied for ALL treatment in order to improve the therapeutic outcome.