فرح انگیز صبوحی ثانی

The ancient bronze artifacts (archaeological objects) in various forms are one of the most important artifacts that have been discovered from excavated Bronze Age sites, southeast Iran. various bronze artefacts belonging to Bazman Spidej Cemetery one of the notable archaeological sites, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran. More of these artifacts have been deteriorated and partially destroyed due to long-term burial environment, suffer from various corrosion occurs on the surface of or inside the bronze artifacts. this research in an attempt to study type and corrosion process, as well as the study of their corrosion stratigraphy of the six discovered bronze artifacts. In this regard, these artefacts have examined to study by analytical methods such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with coupled energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and also from X-Ray diffraction (XRD) measurements to examine the corrosion stratigraphy and decuprification (selective dissolution of copper) process. The results show effect of corrosion stratigraphy, the corrosion structure indicates three inner layers in two samples and two inner layers in three samples, and also the layer of outer corrosion layer was also detected in all samples in the sample types except one sample (Spd4). In the bronze artifacts, this structure is associated with the occurrence of decuprification (selective dissolution of copper) process. and the infiltration of oxygen into the metal core in linked to the formation mechanism of tin rich layer. Therefore, the results indicate the decuprification process in all samples except one sample (Spd2). The results indicate the identification of three different corrosion phases including Cuprite, atacamite and paratacamite, which indicates bronze disease in the existing samples and also The structure of corrosion occurred in the study samples study Is related to. corrosion II type in bronze artifacts.

Color in the ancient world is one of the most important things in human history because it has led to the creation of important works in the history of art. One of the important aspects of using paint during the prehistoric period has been the decoration of various types of pottery, which has led to a special style in the art of different regions of Iran. Identifying the type of colors used by prehistoric artists can be one of the most prominent archaeological questions in prehistoric time.In this research, the subject of recognizing the type of paints on the pottery of the Bronze Age sites of Sistan and Balouchistan has been studied. The results of this study, which is the result of recognizing color in the pottery of significant areas such as; Shahr-i Sokhta, Bampur, Chegerdak and Spidej and Keshik Cemetery demonstrated that the use of black and brown-red colors is common in pottery in the southeastern areas, and their main sources have been iron oxide and manganese oxides. Black and dark colors are composed of manganese oxide, as well as a combination of two iron-manganese oxides, and brown-red colors are composed of iron oxide.

The site of Narjuiyeh III is located on the eastern natural mounds of the Narjuiyeh village, from the west overlooking Halil River. Scattering of the fourth millennium BC, especially typical Aliabad type are visible on these mounds. Traces of illegal excavation are also available as pits and holes all over the site. Aliabad ceramics are pottery dating back to the fourth millennium BC (Chalcolithic) in the southeast of the Iranian plateau, first excavated and reported by Caldwell from Aliabad in Bardsir of Kerman, and then have been found and reported from fourth millennium layers of Tell Iblis (Iblis IV) which eventually became known as Aliabad Culture (Caldwell, 1967). Ali-Abad culture potteries (Chalcolithic age) dates back to the 4th millennium BC in southeast of Iran which the distribution of its potteries include the regions of Kerman, Balouchistan and Pakistan. Aliabad pottery in the south-east of the Iranian plateau is one of the most important and prominent pottery types in the Chalcolithic period (Eskandari and Mollasalehi, 2017), which for more detail understanding about this culture in addition to archaeological studies, requires scientific archaeometric analysis and methods; therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate, study and further understand the fourth millennium BC pottery of Aliabad culture from Jiroft’s Narjuiyeh III site and understanding the expansion of this culture by using structural and technical studies of pottery of this period. At the same time, it has been attempted to use the method of mineralogy (petrography) to get information about how to process the paste, clay type and used temper, conditions, heating and temperature of baking in the furnace, as well as the understanding of the origin of pottery of this area. Archaeological studies show that Aliabad culture in the southeast of the Iranian plateau was the dominant culture of the region in the fourth millennium BC. In this study, it has been attempted to obtain mineralogical information regarding pottery (Aliabad pottery) using library and thin section petrography studies. The polarized binocular microscope JamesSwift made in the United Kingdom at the Petrographic Laboratory of the Institute for Restoration and Conservation was used for microscopic study of the studied pottery.

Women's traditional and indigenous metal jewelry in Sistan and Baluchistan Province has been one of the most important decorative works used until a few decades ago. These works have been made in various designs and models. They are of the most prominent artistic technologies in Southeast Iran, which are being forgotten today and there is a need for extensive research in this field. For this reason, in the present study, it is attempted to study Baluchi women’ traditional jewelry to investigate the methods, structures and materials used to make them. To this end, in the present study, 9 samples of conventional jewelries of Baluchi women are examined using metallurgical experiments optical microscopy (OM), radiography, computerized tomography scan (CT-Scan), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Structural analysis of metal jewelry shows that the base metal of the jewelries is entirely made of silver-copper alloy with a eutectic structure by using casting methods. Moreover, the elemental and compound analysis identifies the two elements of silver and copper with the highest amount in the compound of the alloy, respectively. Also, the type of connections, the type of soldering and the type of metal core of the jewelries are examined using radiography and computerized tomography scan (CT-Scan).