فرزانه جعفری

 The subject of this study is the relationship between individual emotions and the management of public financial resources and its purpose is to investigate the effect of positive and negative individual emotions on the decision of financial managers of a governmental university in the optimal use of public financial resources.

In this study, preliminary data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire for managers' willingness to manage public financial resources (based on the Beleski et al. Questionnaire), and the Panas Emotions Questionnaire. 70 questionnaires were used for analysis. Also, multivariate regression and descriptive and non-parametric statistics have been used to analyze the results. In inferential analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and regression test have been performed to test the hypotheses.

The results show that both positive and negative aspects of financial managers' personal emotions have a significant impact on their decisions in the efficient and inefficient management of public financial resources. Evidence also suggests that education and work experience have a direct and significant impact on the efficient management of public financial resources and a significant and inverse impact on the inefficient management of public financial resources.

Based on the findings of this study, the financial managers of public universities should, as an adaptation, select and implement appropriate strategies in the process of spending steps in order to prevent any waste of public financial resources.

The Qur’an is a holy and Divine book, the fight against which has been carried out since the beginning of the revelation and is still going on. Today, in order to weaken Muslims’ beliefs, suspicions are raised against this holy book on the part of enemies. In the book, Critique of the Qur’an, by Dr. Soha, doubts are expressed in various fields, including the type of human personality in the Qur’an, and the author attempts to introduce human beings in the Qur’an as distorted, deviant, and devoid of a transcendental spirit. According to Soha, human has attributes such as inquisitiveness, creativity, discovery of science, legislation, authority, justice seeking, etc., which have not been considered in the Qur’an. Citing verses of the Qur’an with the concept of soul being left unexplained in the Qur’an, Soha finds no rational or scientific evidence for the existence of something immaterial and considers it the invention of the Greek philosophers, which the Qur’an has used. The author of the book also refers to the incompatibility of the soul with physiological and psychological evidence. In response to Soha’s suspicions, the present article, making use of a descriptive-analytical method with a critical tendency and the library method, and citing rational reason, the Qur’anic verses and the ideas of Fariqain commentators, proves the soul and human’s spiritual issues and concludes that Soha is being contradictory in his/ her writing. Science, justice seeking, creativity, legislation, etc. are among the categories that have roots in human’s nature and subconscious mind, and the Qur’an has addressed all of them. Expressing these spiritual characteristics while not believing in the existence of a soul in human indicates that Soha has a kind of contradiction in his/her viewpoint.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency and success rate in training air duct piping using laryngoscope video, considering the importance of air duct piping and claiming more success of direct laryngoscope video method with direct laryngoscope.

In the current interventional study, we enrolled 157 medical interns without any intubation experience in the Emergency Department of Imam Hussein Hospital during 2016. Individuals were divided into two groups: the first group, worked with the direct laryngoscopy, and the second group learned to work with the video laryngoscope. To evaluate and to compare the data in two training modalities, the performance of the individuals including seeing vocal cord, proper positioning, correct posture to the moulage, handling and correct insertion of the laryngoscope, and the successful intubation were recorded. All analyses were performed using SPSS, version 19.

Time of intubation and observing vocal cord in the group trained with video laryngoscope was lower than those in the direct laryngoscopy group (23.3±6.8 vs. 28.8±6.4 and 21.9±5.2 vs. 26.9±5.6 sec, respectively; P-value for both=0.001). Furthermore, failure in observing the vocal cords in the direct laryngoscopy group was higher than those in the video laryngoscope group (23.5 vs. 14.5%, P-value=0.217). The percentages of standing in the correct position in the video laryngoscope and direct laryngoscopy group were 85.5 and 66.7%, respectively (P=0.014).

It seems that given the time spent on intubation and the time of observing vocal cord in the group trained with video laryngoscope in comparison with the group who was prepared with a direct laryngoscope, applying video laryngoscope may have better effects in educating medical interns.

The present study aimed to predict symptoms of anxiety and depression according to interpersonal problems. 362 individuals (220 men, 142 women) selected from the University of Tehran using the convenience sampling method. The participants completed the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-60, Horowitz, et al, 1988) and the Stress Depression Anxiety Scale (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). The results indicated that interpersonal problems (assertiveness, sociability, submissiveness, intimacy, responsibility, and controlling) had a significant positive correlation with the symptoms of anxiety and depression (P<0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that interpersonal problems could predict 19.4% of the variance of anxiety symptoms and 21.4% of the variance of depression symptoms. Based on research findings it is important to pay attention to interpersonal problems for preventing symptoms of anxiety and depression.

One of the most common mental disorders is anxiety disorders and depression. Therefore, recognizing the factors influencing their formation and continuity is very important. The present study aimed to predict symptoms of anxiety and depression according to satisfaction of basic psychological needs. 362 individuals (220 men, 142 women) selected from the University of Tehran using the convenience sampling method. The participants completed the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale (BNSG-S, Gagne 2003) and the Stress Depression Anxiety Scale (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond 1995). The results indicate that satisfying the basic psychological needs had a negative correlation significantly with the symptoms of anxiety and depression (P<0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that satisfying psychological needs could predict 16% of the variance of the research variables. It can be concluded that satisfying psychological need is one of the determinants of psychological health, meanwhile playing a preventive role in a psychological disorder.

Synoptic analysis of Iran’s northwest dust storms This study was conducted to identify the effective synoptic patterns in creating dust storms using hourly visibility data and considering the meteorological codes related to the dust phenomenon in 8 meteorological stations located in East and West Azerbaijan for a period of 14 years (1996-2010). Then, using the network data of the US Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Forecasting, the scan-synoptic characteristics of each dust storm were analyzed. The determination of the main sources of dust for each of the selected storms was performed using the Lagrangian model of dust particle tracking and using the regression tracking method. The results show that most dust storms in the northwest of the country occur in spring and May. Also, 2008 and 2009 had the highest frequency of dusty days. The synoptic view found that the pervasiveness, durability, and intensity of dust storms were consistent with the location of low-pressure surface systems located in western and southwestern Asia. In the synoptic study of the association of dust storms, 3 sea level pressure patterns with different arrangements were identified as the main patterns at the time of the storms. The results show a strong pressure gradient due to the expansion of warm low pressures from southern latitudes and cold high pressures from high latitudes to the west and southwest of Asia and the rise of dust particles from the ground and dust currents blowing towards the research area with The southwest-northeast direction is by low depth trough based on dust sources in Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia in the middle levels of the troposphere. Key words: Dust storm, Low pressure, LAGRANGIAN particle tracing model, low depth trough, North West of Iran Key words: Dust storm, Low pressure, LAGRANGIAN particle tracing model, low depth trough, North West of Iran.

Due to its specific geographical situation,Iranhas an especial precipitation pattern. In other words,despitehaving a precipitation equal to one-third of global average,Iran experiences a strong fluctuation in its rainfall regime. According to global classifications, floods are considered to be among the most important natural disasters. In recent decades, humaninterferencesin the environment and improper management of land usehave resulted in increasing severity and higher frequency of these natural disasters (Abbas ZadehTehrani et al., 2010: 78). Extreme floodingcaused by climate changeshave resulted in severe damages in different parts of the world during recent decades and the effects of these changes are more significant in dry environments (Negaresh et. al., 2013: 15). Increasing urbanization and constructions has naturally reduced permeable areasin different basins. The resulting impenetrable surfacesare incapable of absorbing the rainfall, and consequently, the total volume of runoff in the city has increased (TaheriBehbahani and Big Zadeh, 1996).

Two typesofground level data and data collected from higher levels of the atmosphere were used in the present study:A) Precipitation data collected during the first ten daysof April 2019 by stations in Western and South Western Iran obtained from the Iranian meteorological organization.B) Data collected from higher levels of the atmosphere including revised geopotential heights, sea level pressure, meridian and orbital winds, omega and especial humidityobtainedfrom the National centre for environmental surveys at Colorado, USA.For synoptic analysis, environment to circulation approach was used to detect heavy rainfall peak periods and then their synoptic dimensions were reanalysed in the spatial range of 10 to 70 degrees north latitude and 10 to 80 degrees east longitude. Based on the analysis ofprecipitation data, April5th and11th,2019 were selected as having the highest rainfall resulting in the highest level of flooding and damage in the western and southwest regions of Iran.

On April 5th,2019 most regions of Iran have receiveda rainfall of more than 20 mm. The maximum levels of rainfall wererecorded in Koohrangstation(187 mm), Izehstationin Khuzestan (155 mm) and Yasoujstation(151 mm). OnlySistan and Baluchestan, Kerman and South Khorasan Province have experienced a stable situation without any precipitation on this day. However, on April 11th,2019, the highest level of rainfall has occurred inwestern stations of the country. The maximumlevels of rainfallon this day were recorded inNahavand and Tuyserkan stations (Hamedan Province) and Noorabad(LorestanProvince) with 126 and 122 mm, respectively. Central and northwesternregions of the country have experienced the next highest level of rainfallfollowing western regions. Figures 1 to 3 show a part of precipitation values in the western and southwestern regions of Iran during rainfall peak periods. Precipitations in more than 16 provinces in the western, southwestern, and central regions of the country have damagedagricultural, economic and social sectors. More than 45 people were killed in thesedays.The highest number of deaths and injurieshas occurred in Shiraz. In the western parts of the country, Poldokhtar and Mamoualn were most severely damaged. Moreover, heavy rainfall and floodinghave damaged 700 thousand hectares of agricultural land and resulted in 4600 billion USDlosses. In the construction sector, the country has suffered from 1,600 billion USD losses (Hamshahri Newspaper, 1398).

The present study have focused on synoptic and thermodynamic analysis of  systems causing pervasive, heavy and hazardous precipitation onApril 5th and 11th in the western and south western regions of the country. The synoptic and thermodynamic analysis of maps indicated that the contrast between the influence of southern and western low pressure fronts such as Saudi Arabia, Sudan and the Mediterranean on the southwestern areas of the country and the cold high pressure frontover the Caspian Sea have caused a strong pressure gradientand formed a strong front condition over the country and the region under study at the sea level. In the middle and upper atmosphere, deep multiple amplitudetroughsformed over the North Pole passed through Russia as bipolar and low pressureblocks, cyclonic centressettled over the eastern Mediterranean regions and the eastern half of the trough formed as a result of blocking settledover the western and southwesternregions of the country. These have resulted in severe, and widespread negative omega and divergence of warm and humid southern weather over the country and the region.

Weak westerlies over high and mid latitudes cause cut-off low blockings (CB) and CBs create durable phenomenon such as frost waves. Iran, in the south of mid latitudes is engaged with annual spring frost waves. So far, most of the researches in Iran have been done with statistical and synoptic methods, but most of these studies, especially the synoptic ones, are case study samples. The apparent role of large-scale atmospheric systems such as cut-off low blockings in the emergence and durability of spring frost-waves, requires great research to undertaken throughout Iran and in a long period. So our goal was the study of effects of cut-off lows on frost durability over Iran.
Data and

For this purpose, the data of minimum daily temperature of 69 weather stations from March 20th 1968 to June 21st 2014 was collected from the meteorological organization of Iran. It was determined that 114 spring frosts with a duration between 3 to 25 days exist and in the next step 47 enduring ones based on tables of daily temperatures and fluctuation of their frequencies were determined. All of these 114 waves were determined based on the frost duration criteria which lasted at least two consecutive days and their spatial criteria occurrence in more than two stations. This allowed the determination of the most durable frost index wave of each year during spring. Analyzing the peak-days of all index waves, distinguished the waves affected by the cut- off low blocking system. The final synoptic patterns were designed for analysis by examining the 500 hPa maps of the distinct days.

The height contours on 500 hPa air-charts from ENCEP/ENCAR showed cut-off low blockings were dominant patterns during the peak days of the most enduring frosts (18 ones). The first results indicate that the appearance of this blocking which directs the cold air flows to Iran from high latitudes has minimized over the last three decades. Designed synoptic patterns show that during the peak days of spring, frosts affected by cut-off low blockings, appeared around Caspian Sea, especially its eastern basin and stayed for many days and then divided into two branches including the main one in northern latitudes and minor in southern ones. Although the southern branch of these winds appeared relatively weaker than the main and northern one, but its effects were cold and sub-zero airflow from the Scandinavian Basin, Eastern Europe, Caucasus Basin and the Ural Mountains towards northwest, north, and sometimes northeast of Iran, and penetrated till Central Iran. Lack of high summits and mountains, lower inclination of sunlight and proximity to the southern warm waters are factors that have moderated the violence of these flows in the southern coastal provinces and there have been no reports of temperatures of zero and below zero degrees Celsius. The results showed four factors including “the diagonal move of cut-off lows from Southern Scandinavia to Pamir Plateau” and “eastward movement of troughs from Mediterranean Basin” both at 500 hPa level and “the position of Zagros mountains” and “the entrance of cold high pressure tongues of Siberia” at the surface, caused the symmetric influence of durable frosts over west and east of Iran.

Based on this research, the decrease in the occurrence of cut-off low blockings during the last three decades in Iran can be justified by the tangible and searchable expansion of warm air territory from low latitudes to the high latitudes in Southwestern Asia.

Audio data are widely exchanged in telecommunications networks. Due to the limitation of network resources, these data are usually compressed before transmission. Various methods exist for compressing audio data. Hence, in order to unlawfully access these audio information, one needs to first identify the codec which is used for audio compression. One of the best approaches for audio codec identification is identification based on the contents of received packets. In these methods, statistical features of received packets are used for identification of employed codec. In this paper, a method of audio codec classification is proposed based on longest common substring and longest common subsequence features. Simulation results (with accuracy of 97% for 8 Kbytes packets) demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method compared to conventional methods.

Problem statement: The occurrence of terrible floods due to climate change has caused much damages in different parts of the world in recent decades, and the effect of these changes is more pronounced in dry areas. Floods are the most common environmental damage. On average, 60 floods occur annually in Iran, with an average annual flood loss of 141 people, meaning more than 2 deaths per year per flood event. Research Methodology: The study area consists of six stations located in Hormozgan, Kerman, Yazd, Kohgiluyeh, and Fars provinces. In this study, two types of ground and high data are used as follows:A) - Using daily rainfall data of the 44 years (1967-2014) statistical stations of the region obtained from the country's Meteorological Organization B) Use of high-level data. Includes revised data for geopotential heights, sea level pressure, wind direction, meridian wind, omega, and humidity, from the National Center for Environmental Excellence at Colorado. To conduct synoptic analysis, the circular environmental method was used; after observing the daily rainfall during the statistical period of all rainfall over 50 mm in selected stations of Yazd, Jiroft, Shiraz, Bandar Abbas, and Yasuj, 118 heavy rainfall events were investigated. After identifying and separating days, 105 observation systems were identified and analyzed.
After the evaluation and control of the pressure maps of the sea of the systems of landing, 4 patterns were selected and identified. Explain and interpret the results: The results showed that heavy precipitation occurred in the months of December, December, February, February, and November, respectively. Since November, with the retreat of high-performance dynamic systems to the southern latitudes and the influx of western winds from high latitudes on the area, conditions for the occurrence of heavy rainfall are provided. Most centers with 9 heavy rainwater systems of Sudan's lowland, 6 the moderate Sudanese-Mediterranean component of the Middle East has been on Iraq, and the four satellite systems have been the Mediterranean-Sudan-Mediterranean integration. The most frequent Sudanese pattern in 2-day continuity with 17 cases was Sudan-Mediterranean integration pattern with 7 cases in 3-day continuation, Sudanese-Mediterranean integration pattern in the Eastern Mediterranean, 4-day continuity with 7 events, and equidistant Mediterranean pattern The continuity of 2 to 4 days has been due to the increased load of Mediterranean systems ranging from 70 to 90 mm.

Drought is a reptile climatic phenomenon whose occurrence is unavoidable in all climates. Because of human and ecosystem dependence on the existence of water and lack of water resources in an arid and semi-arid climate, drought can exacerbate the limitation of water resources even with low intensity and cause countless harmful damages. Drought is different from other natural disasters such as floods, storms and earthquakes. Most of these differences are in the effect of gradual droughts during a relatively long period, the impossibility of accurately determining the time of start and end, and the geographical extent of its effect. On the other hand, the absence of a precise and global accepted definition of drought has added to the complexity and confusion of this phenomenon (Zare et al., 2004). Generally drought is the unexpected decrease in precipitation over a period of time in an area that is not necessarily dry (Alijani & Kaviani, 2011), and or precipitation reduction relative to the long-term mean (Garajzadeh, 2007). Iran is one of the countries that is located in the desert belt of the earth and in some years will suffer from drought and other years from wetness. Our research region includes a large part of Iran including desert and dry areas in the east, center and southeast of the country which includes Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman, Yazd, South Khorasan, Qom, southern half of Khorasan Razavi province, Isfahan and Semnan provinces. The data of 35 ground stations used in the research include daily rainfall data for the period 1985-2014 located in 9 provinces of Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Semnan, Qom, Sistan and Baluchestan, Yazd, Kerman, Isfahan and Hormozgan, which are obtained from the Machinery Service Department of the Meteorological Organization Upper surface data, include retrieved data of geopotential heights, sea level pressure, humidity, meridian and orbital wind at 1000 to 500 HPA which are used by the European Center for Middle Eastern Weather Forecast (ECMWF) with a spatial resolution of 0.75 arcs. Then, using the Grades software, the combined sea level pressure maps and geo potential height of 700 and 500 hp, and the wind vector and moisture at 1000 and 700 hp in the range of 0 to 75 north degrees and 0 to 90 east longitude degrees east were plotted. Using RAI (Anomaly of Annual Rainfall Index), the severe and pervasive drought-wet years of the studied area were extracted and its relationship with the standard situation of the troposphere was investigated. The peak of drought severity during the entire statistical period belonged to Saravan station with an intensity of 6.44 in 2001, also the highest duration was at Zabul station from 2006 to 2014. The maximum frequency was also observed at Anar, Bam, Kerman, Yazd, Mashhad and Torbat Heydariyeh stations with 17 occurrences during 30 years of statistical period. According to the year of the minimum rainfall, the most pervasive year that was coincident with the most severe drought in the research area was seen in the years 2001, 2010, and 2008, respectively. The most severe wet year occurred in 1991, 1986, 1992, and 1997, respectively. The peak of wet year intensity with 88/11 belonged to Chabahar Station in 1997, and the longest duration occurred in Sirjan and Shahr-e-Babak stations from 1991 to 1997. Maximum frequency was observed in east of Isfahan, Garmsar and Qom stations with 17. According to the maximum rainfall year, it was determined that the most severe and pervasive wet year was in 1991, 1986, 1992, and 1997. In the mentioned years, most stations recorded positive values of the RAI profile. The mentioned years are the most severe wet and drought years during the statistical period in 9 under study provinces in the east and south-east of Iran. The analysing of zoning maps showed that drought and wet years with different intensities occur in each point of the research area. Also, at the time of drought’s occurrence, showed more pervasiveness and less temporal and spatial fluctuations than wet years. this feature indicates more drought’s relationship and effectiveness from synoptic troposphere condition as pervasive and zoning in the research area. But in the wet year’s analysis, even some nearby stations (especially the stations located in Khorasan Razavi and Semnan) have shown a great difference in terms of wet year intensity during the peak years. Synoptic analysis in the peak years of drought showed that the interaction between Siberian high pressure in sea level and sub-tropical anti cyclone in the middle level of troposphere create dry, without turbulence, stable and quiet in the research area. So that the penetration of the Siberian high-pressure with a north eastern direction to the southwest and the extent of the ridge from the near regions equator to high geographical latitudes in northern Europe and Russia and settlement the weak orbital and meridian contours which created from the ridge on the research area prevents the penetration of the southern thermal low pressure (Sudan) and western (Mediterranean) and the deep north troughs and consequently create upward and unstable flows and provide the basis for the most severe and pervasive droughts. In the years which the severity of the drought has increased the axis of the ridge on Iran in the middle level will be southeast- more northwest direction. Also the synoptic analysis conditions of the peak days showed that with the retreat of the Siberian high pressure and European migrant to higher latitudes, the east-ward of anti- cyclone from Saudi Arabia to the Red Sea are faced with two changes. One on the sea level with penetration of thermal Sudan low pressure and Mediterranean, and also the second one on the middle levels of the troposphere, north European cyclone and Russian systems stretched on Iran and the research area. Also, when the severity of wet year was increasing, the troughs are deeper and its direction become northeast to the southwest. Locating the half east of trough on the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Persian Gulf and the Eastern Mediterranean And centre of the anti-cyclone with high ridge of north east to the southwest in west of the Arabian sea was the best position in order to strengthen divergent and upward flows, and consequently, the convection of the most volumes of moisture to the research area. Analysis of changes in the RAI index values in the research area indicates that the entire statistical period is divided into two parts: one wet year period (1985-1999) and one large and durable droughts period. By the beginning of the 21st century, the severity, magnitude, frequency and pervasive of droughts have been significantly increased. The peak of drought and wet years severity during 1985-2014 were observed at stations in south-east of Iran. In fact, it can be said that the highest fluctuation of the RAI drought index was observed in stations located in lower latitudes with lower height in south and south-east of Iran and stations located in higher latitudes in the north and west of the study area have experienced more normal conditions. Analyzing the effects of synoptic scale systems in years with decreasing in precipitation for Iran which are experiencing a severe decline in water resources over recent years is important. Therefore, using dynamic and synoptic indicators and the development of a warning system can well predict the droughts affected by synoptic systems in the area. Also, with managing water resources, evaluating the risks of climate change, and modifying and developing predictions, we can minimize the hazards of drought in the future.

Several provinces in Iran are subjected to the invasion of moving sands during permanent and seasonal wind blowing. In this research, effect of oil mulch on biodiversity, richness and evenness indices of soil macrofauna and vegetation has been investigated in Jask region. The research data were including density, canopy and richness of vegetation and the richness and biodiversity of soil macrofauna. Vegetation was sampled using 60 plots with the area of 5Í5 m2 and soil macrofuana investigated using 80 pit traps (glasses containing poly ethylene glycol 50%). Richness and biodiversity indices were calculated using Past software. Results of compared biodiversity indices for macrofauna showed that richness of soil macrofauna of mulched areas in autumn and spring, were 2.9 and 16.5 times than the control area, respectively. Shannon’s and Simpson’s biodiversity indices related to autumn were 3.6 and 3.1 times than the control area in mulched areas, respectively. Results of oil mulch effect on richness and biodiversity of vegetation in mulched and control areas indicating similar plant diversity after 10 to 14 years than the mulching process in the studied areas.

In this study, first pollutants concentration data was obtained. After that for atmospheric right scrolling with using RAOB software and high level atmospheric data of Mehrabad station draw the thermodynamic chart (SKEW-T).In order to analyzing the atmospheric circulations with using European among scale center data base (ECMWF), the related maps draw in GRADS software. In this research, first seasonal trend and number of Pervasive polluted days in a time period of 1390-1396 extracted and analyzed. The founded expresses decreasing trend in pollutants concentration like PM2.5, O3, CO,SO2 and increasing trend in NO2, PM10 concentration in a understudy time period. After that with determining most intensive and inclusive polluted days, paid to analyze the synoptic selected samples. In winter and spring season with penetrating migrant cold high pressure on north half of Iran in sea level and stretching a high pressure on Arabia and Iraq countries in mid troposphere level and confirm to sea level high pressure, was the dominant condition in a time of inclusive and severe pollutant occurrence. Also in the summer and fall season similar to them with settling the high pressure on Caspian and north bar of country and spreading the Pakistan low pressure to south Alborz regions and in troposphere mid level with penetrating shallow trough belong to Russia north low pressure on the research area with creating quite wind and decreasing the boundary depth layer provided suitable condition for increasing Tehran’s pollution potential.

Dreadful and torrential precipitations in the summer cause heavy damages in the sections of constructive and agricultural installation in different regions of the country because of their unexpected. In this research we proceed to synoptic and thermodynamic of torrential flooding of 28 to 31 july2015 in the half north, west and central of the country. First with using territorial stations data the precipitation of under studied stations analyzed and then with using upper atmospheric data and tracing the related maps, precipitations analyzed. The results showed that spreading the black sea high pressure on north half of the country and penetrating the Warm low pressure of Persian Gulf-Pakistan from south, meanwhile, northern flowing cause severe gradient pressure in the sea level. In the middle levels stretching the trough axis from central Asia till south of Iran cause severe ascending of air. Analyzing the omega maps on Iran indicates the settlement of maximum negative omega in north of Iran. Also analyzing of moisture advection showed that in the levels of 1000 and 850HPA, the black and Caspian seas are the sources of supplying moisture. But in the levels of 700 and 500 HPA, the Oman and Arab Sea and India peninsula has the main rule in transferring the moisture on the studied region.The point worthy of attention is that the jet stream located only above the level of 300 hpa and upper the latitude of 38 northern degree and out of the occurrence boundary of supper heavy precipitation of ending days in July 2015.And it's impact was indirect which caused offloading the warm and humid air to the through and consequently strengthen the instability.

Super heavy rains and abnormal floods in dry areas with low rainfall and sparse vegetation in most cases‚ led to occurrence of unpredictable heavy flooding and every year create a lot of damage in the sector of infrastructure‚ construction and agriculture for half southern of Iran. In this paper was paid to synoptic and thermodynamic analysis of super heavy rainfall 104 mm leads to flooding on 14 March‚ 2014.equivalent to 23 ESFAND‚1392 in Bandarabbas. First mentioned precipitation‚ was detected from ground stations. And then using data from the upper atmosphere and associated mapping‚ was analyzed super heavy rainfall in Bandarabbas. Existence of Sudan low pressure with axis of south west-north east on south of Iran and stretching of very deep trough with axis of Northern-Southern on Iran‚ Iraq‚ Arabia and the Red sea in the middle and upper levels of atmosphere and located area of the study in front of the trough‚ top side weather at all levels that led to rising air and instability. And located area of the study on the left side of jet stream core output‚ led to increase instability and create unstable atmospheric conditions for the township of Bandarabbas. The main sources of humidity super heavy rainfall Bandarabbas levels 1000 and 850 hp are the Arab and Oman sea but in thr levels of 700and 500 hp‚ Red sea‚ Persian Gulf and Gulf of Aden.

Iran country because of great spreading with a view to geographical longitude and latitude‚ existence the contortion of unevenness configuration and locating in exposed of air masses attacking has special circumstances in terms of temporal. The overall structure influenced by latitude‚ altitude and air masses. So that with changing each of these factors the temperature will change. In other words the general condition of temperature is a function of latitude and altitude and other factors such as aquatic area and land forms has a role in creating temperature structure that is referred as local factors. Although it seems that temperature changing follows a general pattern which depends on sun radiation angle and the quality of heating energy distribution in a term of hot months. But however the temperature is not steady but observed some subsidence and rising.
Data and With due attention to 2.5 degree interval of NCEP data‚ 24 points is located in an internal frontier of Iran. So first the Geopotential height of 500 HPA and sea level temperature extracted for January in 1961-2010. Then in order to calculate the correlation of these variables on each other and these data standardized with Z index. The dispersion map of value correlation and sea level temperature indicates the strong relation in all regions of country. The most value correlation is in the center and north east. The most value of correlation in the south west of the country reach to 0.82 and the least of that reach to 0.59. The method which used in this research is circulation to environment and the aim was that the anomalies of Geopotential height of 500 HPA on sea surface studied. So the standardized Geopotential value of 500 was ordered in a 24 dimension (points number) in 50 (years number). Then in order to reduce the years of studied and also classification the years with same pattern‚ these data reduced to 4 factors with using factor analysis and the kind of VARIMAX rotation which totally explained 97.7 percent of data variance. Then the map related to each pattern draw and for recognizing the core maximum anomalies of geopotintial height‚ the year which had the most correlation with each factor was chosen.
The results which obtained from abnormal values in height of 500 HPA map‚ showed that the north west and south east had the most height abnormality and the synoptic result showed that in the first and the second patterns in an order‚ settlement the shallow trough‚ the orbital flows in east of Mediterranean and orbital lines of the height of 500 HPA and decreasing the Geopotential on Iran which was obstacle from transferring the hot weather of the lower latitudes‚ caused to occurrence a colder January in Iran. But in the patterns 3 and 4th create a hotter January because of formation the ridge and increasing Geopotential height on Iran and prevent from transferring the unstable systems and falling the cold weather of higher latitudes.
The results show the following outstanding specifications about these patterns and their relation with temperature of January in Iran. In the first pattern existing the shallow trough in east of Mediterranean with strong orbital blowing on Iran‚ transfer the cold weather of high latitudes to Iran. In this occasion the north west of Iran had the most amount of negative abnormal and south east of Iran the most positive abnormal. In the second pattern the curvature of lines was too little and the flows were orbital and barotropic. In this pattern the maximum of negative abnormal in the level of 500 HPA is seen in south east of Iran. The occurred maximum core of negative abnormal in this pattern is located on Oman Sea. So existing the orbital flows create such a temperature of negative abnormal for south of Iran. In the 3rd pattern a weak ridge create a weather subsidence from high latitude till North West of Iran. Also on the other hand a weak trough was seen at east of Aral lake. This occasion causes the positive geopotintial height in the half west of Iran and negative abnormal in the east border of Iran and finally in the 4th pattern with creating a weak ridge in the east of black sea cause to create a maximum positive abnormal core in this region. In this occasion all parts of the country specially the northwest had the more geopotintial height.
It should be noted that which positive geopotintial height in all the patterns cause to emerge the high temperature and reverse. Analyzing that which patterns cause positive and negative temperature in January month in Iran was the main output of this research. The performance of these patterns when appeared which we know orbital flows on level of 500 HPA cause to occur colder Januaries in the south east of Iran.

The temperature as an indicator of heat intensity is one of the basic elements of knowing weather. The frost is a condition when the air temperature is less than 0 c Due to the geographical possition of Iran, spring is a season that plants resume a new life after leaving a pause in a periode of the growth. At the beginning of such a periode emerge of sudden cold cause loss bloom (in the case of openinig) or delay in a beginning of plant growth periode (Azizi,2002). Recentley with occuring climate chaos, one of the important climatic disasters which treats human and particularly different areas of the country are cold waves and sever frosts that in some years covers large area of the country.
Surface data including minimum daily temperature of the days of 29 to 30 and 25 to 26 of march of 2003 and 2005 in 9 meteorological synoptic stations in the area of north west of Iran in table (1) was collected from meteorology organization then the days of cold waves in the above mentioned time periode, were analyzed. In ordet to analyse the synoptic patterns, using ncep/ncar data, maps of sea level pressure ,combined of geopotential height and vorticity and temperature advection using Grads were drawn and analysed in the levels of 1000 to 500 hpa.
As it mentioned, during the time period, 29 to 30 and 25 to 26 of the march in 2003 and 2005, 2 clod system were located on the area of north west. In oeder to explain and analyze of synoptic patterns of mentioned period time, the absolute minimum temperature below 0 degrees celsius of stations in western Azarbayejan province were selected and maps of sea level pressure, combined of geopotential height and vorticity and temperature advection using Grads were drawed and analysed in the levels of 1000 to 500 HPA.
The results showed that in the time of occuring hazardous cold waves of 29 to 30 of march 2003 and 25 to 26 of march 2005 and analyzing the sea level map in the first day of cold wave with spreading the cold core high pressure from the eastern Europe and its location on north and east north of the black sea and its pentration from north west corner of the country covered most of the areas of the country.
Analyzing the combined maps of geopotential height and vorticity in the levels of 1000 and 850 HPA in the first day of occurrence of cold, generaly faced with huge anticyclonic development . But in the levels of 700 and 500 HPA , the under studied area was in the south trough of the obtained cold core of the low height locating in the cetral Asia. But on the day of cold peak, high pressure core was exactly located on the under the studied area . Also in the upper levels of atmosphere with locating the back of the trough cumulated of cold air of upper width on the sea level high pressure centre while strengthening the lower levels anticyclonic flows, led to intensifying cold and frost in the west Azarbayejan province.
Positive and negative vorticity maximum cells, also conformed the intensity cold circulation flows on the north half of the country in anticyclone and cyclone centers in order. Also analysing the temperature advection in the levels of 1000 to 500 HPA, direction and temperature intensity exactly followed geopotential height maps patterns.
Such that in the levels of 1000 hpA of the both cold wave analysed, the anticyclonic cold temperature adcection and northward is located on the north west of the Iran. In temperature advection maps of 29 and 30 march 2003 in 850 HPA in Azarbayejan province, the anticyclonic circulation is matches with sea level high pressure. But in the 2nd cold wave that’s occured on 25 and 26 march 2005, the north west area is between 2 antycyclonic circulation on Mediterranean and cyclon located on south of Russia that the directions of temperature cold flows is completely north ward in this level.
In the temperature advection maps of 700 and 500 HPA, the Azarbayejan province is in the western edge of central Asia trough or south of Russia.
The results showed that with studying atmospheric motions and synoptic systems which create cold flows, we can prevent of spring late emergence cold wave destructive impact on agricultural products, energy consumption, and road accidentd by forcasting of these atmospheric conditions.

The design of cryogenic propellant tanks that are used for storing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen due to the low boiling temperature has many differences compared with the others.In this paper, the most important insulated systems in cryogenic storage tanks, such as vacuum insulated, vacuum insulated with powder, vacuum insulated with radiation shields, multilayer super insulation and vacuum cooled shields are discussed. Researches have shown that due to the kind of application and capacity of the storage tanks, the kinds of appropriate insulations couldbe difference.The most appropriate type of insulated tanks that are used in small-scale units is vacuum cooled shield, and multilayer super insulation is used in cases that the weight of tanks has an important role. Also vacuum insulation is the most appropriate option for a high volumeliquid oxygen storage tanks.