فهرست مطالب فرزین باقری شیخانگفشه

Shopping addiction is an uncontrollable need that forces a person to go shopping for temporary relief from psychological distress and depression. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the shopping addiction scale in the Iranian sample. This research was a descriptive-analytical study of evaluation type. The sample consisted of 500 women (404) and men (96) in Tehran in 2021 who were selected by the available sampling method and completed the shopping addiction scale, saving inventory, and psychological well-being scale. Psychometric properties of the shopping addiction scale were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in R software version 4.1 at a significance level of 0.05. The seven-factor structure (Salience, Mood Modification, Conflict, Tolerance, Relapse, Withdrawal, and Problems) of the shopping addiction scale was evaluated and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.89, RMSEA = 0.07). In examining the concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the saving inventory was positive and significant. The relationship between shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the in-person addiction scale was 0.96 and for its dimensions was 0.81 to 0.92. The findings indicate the structural validity and acceptable reliability of the shopping addiction scale, and the multidimensional structure of this scale can help to diagnose shopping addiction.

Serving in the military environment can lead to profound psychological and social implications. This study aimed to explore the risk and protective factors influencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans and soldiers.

This research involved a systematic search across international and national databases, as well as the Iranian Medical Science Articles Database, using keywords such as post-traumatic stress disorder, soldier, veteran, prevalence, mental health, depression, anxiety, stress, psychological distress, trauma, military, and war.

The studies review revealed a PTSD prevalence ranging from 2% to 57% among soldiers and veterans. Common issues among those affected included depression, anxiety, trauma, coping mechanisms, personality traits, stress, cognitive challenges, sexual dysfunction, emotional conflicts, substance abuse, and marital difficulties. Optimism, self-esteem, quality of life, resilience, social support, spirituality, and mental well-being were identified as factors significantly mitigating PTSD symptoms in soldiers and veterans.

The research findings underscore the critical role of psychological, behavioral, social, and emotional factors in the development and exacerbation of PTSD in military personnel. Given the occupational context of soldiers and military personnel, proactive measures are essential to identify high-risk groups and prevent widespread psychological disorders.

 The power of narratives is such that they can immerse readers in their world and transform them. Narratives can transport readers to various places and times. With this in mind, the current study sought to compare the ability to maintain effort and interest over the long term, as well as resilience, across different levels of engagement with a success narrative.

 This comparative study involved the selection of 200 middle school students (2019) from both girls' and boys' schools in the first district of Rasht, utilizing a convenience sampling method. Initially, they were provided with five short stories on success for study. Following their reading of the stories, students completed the Transportation Scale - Short Form (Appel et al., 2015), the Short Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003). The Transportation Scale - Short Form (Appell et al., 2015) was employed to measure students' levels of engagement with the narrative on success. Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance with the SPSS24 software.

 The findings revealed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their ability to maintain effort and interest in long-term goals as well as resilience (P < 0.01). Participants in the high-level narrative transportation group demonstrated greater capacity for sustaining effort and interest in long-term goals (29.52) and resilience (67.05) (P<0.01).

 Drawing from the obtained results, one could posit that storytelling serves as a distinct form of motivation and catalyst for success, prompting students to engage deeply with narratives and be impacted by their substance, consequently fostering heightened motivation and emotional enrichment.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses faced unprecedented challenges they had not experienced before, leading to multiple psychological health issues. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder, and cognitive job failures among nurses in the post-COVID-19 era.

The current research utilized a semi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest approach, employing a control group. The study population consisted of nurses from hospitals in the six provinces of Tehran in 2022. The study sample included 36 nurses who were selected purposively and randomly allocated into the experimental and control groups. The data collection tools included questionnaires assessing the severity of fatigue, post-traumatic stress, and cognitive job failures. The experimental group received eight sessions of 90-minute mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention.

The results indicate that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly reduces fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder, memory, attention, motor skills, and estimation among nurses.

The findings demonstrate that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly contributes to the reduction of psychological disorders resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic among nurses. Therefore, it is essential to identify and provide psychological treatment for nurses involved in the care of COVID-19 patients in specialized units during the pandemic.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and potentially debilitating disease that affects the central nervous system, which comprises the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. MS disrupts the flow of information within and between the brain and body, leading to a wide range of physical and cognitive symptoms. This condition is characterized by an abnormal immune response that targets myelin, the protective sheath surrounding nerve fibers, resulting in inflammation and damage. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional adaptation and mindfulness with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation in patients with MS.

The method of this research was descriptive and the research design was a correlation design. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all people with MS in Tehran in 2022. For this purpose, the Iranian MS Association was referred and 300 patients were selected through voluntary and accessible sampling. To collect research data, questionnaires on emotional adaptation (Rubio et al, 2007), mindfulness (Cardaciotto et al, 2008), and, cognitive emotion regulation (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006) were used. A unified questionnaire comprising all the scales was prepared to conduct this research. Subsequently, in coordination with the Iranian MS Society, individuals were contacted. If they volunteered and were willing to participate in the study, they were asked to visit the MS Society or MS treatment centers in Tehran to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed individually, and during the research implementation, necessary explanations regarding how to respond and the purpose of the research were provided to the patients. The research was conducted from September to December 2022. Additionally, to adhere to ethical considerations, patients were assured that the research data would be analyzed collectively. Ethical principles in writing the article were followed according to the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) code of conduct. For data analysis in this research, descriptive statistical indices (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) and inferential statistical indices (Pearson correlation coefficient, path analysis) were used via SPSS and LISREL software version 24.

The results obtained from this research showed that the dimensions of mind-awareness (awareness focused on the present moment and acceptance) as exogenous variables of the research on the dimensions of emotional adaptation (lack of regulation of emotional and physiological arousals, hopelessness, and wishful thinking) have both direct and indirect effects (P<0.001). These effects underscore the complex interplay between present-moment awareness, acceptance, and the emotional processes in individuals with MS. The indirect effects were mediated through various pathways, indicating that mind awareness influences emotional adaptation directly and through its impact on other intermediate variables and coping mechanisms.

What can be concluded from the present findings is the importance of training mindfulness skills in MS patients and improving cognitive skills in emotional regulation. According to the stress perceived by these people, the more a person focuses on desires and destructive thoughts loses focus on the present, and cannot accept his illness, the course and process of the disease will undoubtedly be faster. Future research should continue to explore the benefits of mindfulness and emotional regulation training in MS patients. Longitudinal studies could provide deeper insights into how these interventions impact disease progression and quality of life over time. Additionally, research could investigate the optimal methods for delivering mindfulness training to MS patients, considering factors such as disease severity, cognitive function, and individual preferences.

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on coping styles, distress tolerance, and metacognitive beliefs in substance-dependent individuals.

The research method employed was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all drug-dependent men who sought treatment at addiction treatment clinics in Tehran in 2024. Among these, 40 people were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=20) and control (n=20). The participants in both groups completed the multidimensional coping inventory, the distress tolerance scale, and the metacognitive beliefs questionnaire in the pre-test and post-test. Acceptance and commitment therapy was performed on the experimental group in 8 sessions lasting 90 minutes each, held twice a week. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The study findings indicated a significant difference between the two groups. Acceptance and commitment therapy led to a decrease in emotion-oriented and avoidant coping styles, as well as dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. Conversely, it increased problem-oriented coping styles and distress tolerance in substance-dependent individuals.

The findings of this research indicate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in improving the mental health of substance-dependent individuals. Given that these individuals are psychologically vulnerable, it is essential to implement measures to enhance their psychological health.

This study aimed to investigate the validity of the apparent anxiety inventory. The current research is descriptive and questionnaire construction and validation. The statistical population of the present study included all the clients to specialized skin and beauty clinics in Tehran in 2022. The sampling method in this research was purposeful. In order to test the proposed model and the hypotheses of the research, considering the number of variables, a total sample of 330 people was selected. The sample subjects completed the demographic checklist, the appearance anxiety inventory, and the body deformity disorder questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software and inferential statistics of correlation, reliability coefficient, and factor loadings (using the confirmatory factor analysis method). Based on the obtained results, the apparent anxiety inventory had test-retest reliability and convergent validity in measuring apparent anxiety. It was also sensitive to change during treatment. This scale has a two-factor structure in the clinical group, one factor is avoidance and the second factor includes threat monitoring. However, in the community sample, it seems to have a one-factor structure. The results show that the appearance anxiety questionnaire has psychometric properties to determine whether changes in cognitive processes and behaviors can mediate the outcome of treatment in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. In general, the findings indicate that the apparent anxiety inventory had an acceptable construct validity and reliability in the Iranian sample, and the structure of this scale can be used to screen the apparent anxiety of patients.

Accepting the fact that a member of the family has heart disease and the stress of living with a heart patient can be so effective in the family that it might change its nature. In this context, the present research was conducted to discover and identify the patient's and his family's lived experience with acute exposure to one type of heart disease.

The present study was a qualitative research conducted through phenomenological analysis method in 2019 in Tehran. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted regarding 6 patients hospitalized in the special care department of Baqiyatullah Hospital and 4 people accompanying the patients until the data saturation was reached. Data analysis was done using MAXQDA 20 software.

Based on the findings of this research, 19 sub-themes and 7 main themes were obtained regarding the initial experiences of cardiovascular problems (malfunction)and internal states related to cardiovascular disease, the initial experience of the family related to cardiovascular disease, the atmosphere of Participants' life before experiencing cardiovascular disease, life experiences before experiencing cardiovascular disease, perceived changes after experiencing cardiovascular disease, and finally, facing the experience of cardiovascular disease.

The obtained results showed that suffering from cardiovascular diseases has wide psychological, social, and family consequences for the individual and their family. For this purpose, it is necessary to pay special attention to psychological aspects of these patients in addition to drug therapy.

 During the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide quarantine, many universities were closed and continued their activities electronically. This issue caused many students to experience high anxiety. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of online cognitive-behavioral therapy on the difficulties in emotional regulation and psychological well-being of students with the anxiety of COVID-19.

 The present research method was semi-experimental and its design was pre-test-post-test with the control group. The statistical population of the research included the students of Tarbiat Modares University in the academic year 2021. The study sample includes 30 students with COVID-19 anxiety who were selected using the available sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental groups (n=15) and control a group (n=15). The collection tool included a questionnaire on COVID-19 anxiety, difficulty in emotional regulation, and psychological well-being. The experimental group received 90-minute sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

 The results of covariance analysis showed that online cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly increases psychological well-being and reduces difficulties in emotional regulation in students with COVID-19 anxiety (p<0.01). Also, 94% of the total variances of the experimental and control groups are caused by the effect of the independent variable.

 Considering the effectiveness of online cognitive-behavioral therapy on emotional regulation and psychological well-being of students with COVID-19 anxiety, to quickly provide medical services during acute and pandemic conditions, this method can be used for other psychological disorders.

Considering that achieving marital compatibility requires a set of awareness in the field of choosing a spouse, the necessity of pre-marriage education is felt to help people. The present study aimed to investigate the role of premarital education and counseling in the formation of a positive attitude toward marriage and marital success from the perspective of youth and family counselors. The design of the present study was a descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study included all students of the University of Guilan in 2021, from which a sample of 461 people was selected by available sampling, as well as psychologists working in institutions. Education and research of Guilan province, 95 experienced specialists in psychology and counseling were purposefully selected. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire including two sections on demography and studying the views of young people and family counselors was used. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire including two sections on demography and studying the views of young people and family counselors was used. From the perspective of young people, the most important factor concerning a positive attitude towards marriage was the range of factors affecting education with an average of 3.71. From the experts' point of view, the positive attitude towards marriage had an average of 3.64, in other words, the attitude of expert respondents was higher than average. The youth prioritized the dimensions of the factors affecting education, the necessity, and outcome of education and counseling, educational content, and finally the provision of education. Specialists prioritized the dimensions of the factors affecting education, the necessity, and outcome of training and counseling, training delivery, and finally training content. In the long run, mandating premarital counseling can show how much it will contribute to marital success and family strength.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges for couples, including managing household duties, child-rearing, and communication difficulties. Unfortunately, these challenges have led to marital conflicts and, in some cases, divorce. This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of domestic violence against women and children during the pandemic.

For this research, various English databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley, ProQuest EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, were searched from February 2020 to September 2022, using keywords like Children, Adolescents, Coronavirus 2019, Depression, Stress Anxiety, Domestic Violence, and Pandemic. In this study, the PRISMA systematic review study reporting guide was used.

Research findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge in mental, physical, and sexual violence against children and women. Factors such as income level, employment status, age, school closures, smoking, and home quarantine have been associated with increased verbal, sexual, and physical violence against these vulnerable groups.

Violence against women and children can cause severe psychological and social consequences. As much of this violence may occur in secrecy, the country's welfare and psychological organizations must take action and promote awareness of domestic violence.

Eating disorders manifest numerous psychological and social consequences for both individuals and society. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in alleviating COVID-19-related anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and depression among women diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa.

Methods & Materials:

 This study employed a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research population consisted of women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa in Tehran in 2022. Thirty participants were selected through convenience sampling from psychological clinics in the 6th and 8th districts of Tehran, and were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=15) or the control group (n=15). Questionnaires assessing eating attitudes, COVID-19-related anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and depression were administered to both groups. The intervention group received a total of eight 90-minute sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance through the SPSS software version 24.

The results of the study showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy led to a significant reduction in mental anxiety related to COVID-19 (P<0.001, F=36.41), physical anxiety related to COVID-19 (P<0.001, F=39.15), fear of negative evaluation (P<0.001, F=41.92), and depression (P<0.001, F=47.48) in women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (P<0.001).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy demonstrated efficacy in alleviating psychological disorders among women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Given the potentially severe impairment of mental health experienced by numerous individuals with anorexia nervosa, it is imperative to implement measures for identifying and providing psychological interventions to vulnerable groups.

Long-term pain experience and pain-related time beliefs are key factors for understanding pain experience and patients' psychological distress. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between mental health and chronic pain in children and adolescents.

In this review research, using the English keywords chronic pain, chronic back pain, chronic headache, abdominal pain, neck pain, multiple pain, musculoskeletal pain, children, adolescents, and mental health, databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI, Scopus, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched in the period 2000 (from January) to 2022 (until November).

The studies conducted showed that the prevalence of chronic pain was 4%-60% in children and adolescents, and abdominal pain, headache, back pain, and multiple pains were more common. Patients with depression, anxiety, fear, stress, pain catastrophizing, emotional ataxia, psychological distress, aggression, behavioral problems, and cognitive disorders had more severe chronic pain. On the other hand, factors such as favorable socio-economic status, quality of life related to health, good sleep quality, social communication, physical activity, resilience, and cognitive flexibility reduced pain and accelerated the treatment process of patients with chronic pain.

The obtained results indicated a significant association between mental health and chronic pain in children and adolescents. In this context, psychology and counseling centers of schools should provide training to increase the quality of life-related to the health and resilience of children and adolescents.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a multifactorial disease that has many psychological consequences. In this regard, the present study investigated the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on sexual function, coping strategies, and distress tolerance of employees with rheumatoid arthritis. The present research has a quasi-experimental design, with pre-test-post-test and a control group. The statistical population of the research included the employees of Tehran province in 2019. Thirty patients were randomly divided into intervention (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The data collection tools included sexual function, coping strategies, and distress tolerance questionnaires. The intervention group received eight 90-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy, but the control group did not. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis by SPSS-24 software. Acceptance and commitment therapy significantly reduced emotional and avoidant coping styles. On the contrary, it has increased sexual function, problem-oriented coping style, and distress tolerance (tolerance, absorption, evaluation, adjustment) in employees with rheumatoid arthritis (P<0.001). Also, according to the calculated effect size, 76% of the total variances of the intervention and control groups are due to the effect of the independent variable. This research findings indicated the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in increasing the rheumatoid arthritis patients’ mental health. Since patients with rheumatoid arthritis are psychologically vulnerable, it is necessary to take measures to improve their psychological health.

Soldiers and veterans with higher psychological vulnerability may be more affected by military and war conditions and show suicidal thoughts and self-harm than others. In this regard, the present study investigated the relationship between mental health and thoughts and behaviors related to suicide among military personnel.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and systematic review in terms of data collection. In the current research, by using specialized keywords search, suicidal thoughts, suicidal behavior, soldier, veteran, post-traumatic stress, mental health, depression, anxiety, stress, self-harm, violence, military, and war in the base. English databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI, Scopus, and ScienceDirect and also the scientific database of academic jihad (SID), the country's journals database (Magiran), and the database of Iranian medical science articles were searched. After searching for keywords, the statistical population of this study was 764 Persian and English articles published in 2011 (from February) to 2022 (until July). After removing the articles not related to the research objectives, 51 articles were included and fully reviewed according to the PRISMA model.

Investigations have shown the existence of widespread psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, trauma, fear, stress, social stigma, low sleep quality, lack of social support, moral injury, low resilience, personality disorders, impulsivity, smoking, and alcohol addiction among military personnel had thoughts and behaviors related to suicide. Also, young age, male gender, low education, being single, poor economic status, family history, length of service, and military rank were among the demographic factors influencing the increasing thoughts and behaviors related to suicide among military personnel. According to the studies, having cognitive flexibility, resilience, social support, and spiritual and mental health can significantly reduce the number of thoughts and behaviors related to suicide in military personnel.

Considering that military personnel face various stressful and anxiety-provoking events during their lives, it is necessary to have good mental health. In this context, psychology and counseling centers of military barracks should regularly examine and screen thoughts and behaviors related to suicide to provide appropriate psychological interventions if necessary.

Working at different levels of the military may cause a person not to follow moral standards properly, so it is necessary to use efficient tools to detect the signs of moral injury. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the scale of moral injury symptoms in a military unit. This study was a descriptive evaluation consisting of 402 soldiers of a military unit in Tehran in 2022-2023, who were selected by the available sampling method. Soldiers completed a demographic checklist, moral injury symptom scale (MISS), post-traumatic stress disorder scale (PTSD), and mental health scale (MHC-SF). The psychometric properties of the moral injury symptoms scale were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis test and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in SPSS version 24 and R software version 4.1 at a significance level of 0.05. The content validity of the questionnaire items was found to be satisfactory in terms of quality. The factor analysis results indicated the existence of a ten-factor structure for the scale of moral injury symptoms. The RMSEA of the model was equal to 0.04 and the SRMR index was equal to 0.07, indicating the model's appropriateness. The calculated values of other indices (GFI, CFI, NFI, NNFI, and IFI) were 0.96, 0.98, 0.95, 0.98, and 0.97 respectively, which indicates the acceptability of the model. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also 0.96. The findings indicate the construct validity and acceptable validity of the moral injury symptoms scale in the military and the structure of this scale can be used to screen the moral injury symptoms in the military and soldiers.

Adolescents, because they are of sensitive ages, may undergo many psychological and physical changes that, if left unchecked, can lead to irreparable problems. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on the psychological well-being and resilience of students with depressive syndrome.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental and its design was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of the study included first-grade high school students in the second district of Rasht in the second semester of 2021-2022. The study sample consisted of 30 students who were selected using the available sampling method and randomly placed in experimental and control groups. The collection tools included Depression Inventory (Beck, 1996), Psychological Well-being (Ryff, 1989), and Resilience Questionnaire (Connor & Davidson, 2003). The experimental group received eight sessions of 90-minute cognitive-behavioral group therapy with Comfrey and Jacqueline (1995) but the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, the data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly increases autonomy (19.41), environmental mastery (57.46), personal growth (90.87), positive relations with others (64.23), and purpose in life. (51.53), self-acceptance (46.54) and resilience (76.01) Students with depressive syndrome (P <0.01).

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that group cognitive-behavioral therapy with behavioral activation has been able to increase psychological well-being and resilience. Since depression can affect the academic performance of students, it is necessary to do early interventions in this field.

The coronavirus 2019 first spread from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and became a global epidemic in just two months, according to the World Health Organization. As of March 23, 2020, the unknown virus has spread rapidly worldwide, infecting more than 187 countries and killing a significant number of people worldwide. COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infectious disease characterized by the main symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. With the outbreak of COVID-19 and subsequent changes such as the closure of high-risk jobs and the implementation of emergency public health measures and home quarantine, social and economic relations and the way people lived were severely affected. During the spread of the virus, strict measures such as social distancing and mask-wearing were taken to control the spread of the disease in different parts of the world. One of the measures taken to curb COVID-19 was establishing home quarantine, which in turn can have a variety of consequences, including increased anxiety and stress. Patients with or suspected of COVID-19 are often afraid of the aftermath of the deadly virus, such as long-term health effects or death. People in quarantine may also experience fatigue, loneliness, depression, and anger. Additionally, common symptoms of COVID-19 such as fever, body aches, loss of taste and smell, hypoxia, cough, and dry throat can increase COVID-19 anxiety in patients, which may cause psychological distress. High levels of fatigue and anxiety resulting from quarantine conditions significantly increase the need for extreme care, but due to the unknown nature of coronavirus 2019 and the lack of definitive treatment, individuals may have difficulty responding to this need. This intensifies fear, anxiety, and depression in people. Another variable that can be associated with pandemic diseases, such as COVID-19, is coping styles and types of symptoms in high-stress patients. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic, there has been a wave of stress and anxiety, first among Chinese citizens and then around the world. People must use appropriate and effective coping strategies to control and reduce the stress caused by these conditions. Overall, COVID-19 anxiety, specifically health anxiety, can lead to cognitive errors, threat-related distortion, immunosuppressive behaviors, and destructive behaviors in healthy individuals who develop high levels of COVID-19 anxiety. In this regard, the present study aimed to compare psychological distress and coping styles in students with different levels of COVID-19 anxiety.

The research design was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study included undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. students of the University of Tehran, Iran, in the second semester of 2020-2021. In the present study, 200 students (100 students with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety and 100 students with low levels of COVID-19 anxiety) participated in the study through an online survey conducted via WhatsApp and Instagram. Inclusion criteria included belonging to the research community, having internet access, being between 18 and 30 years of age, and reporting personal satisfaction with their current living situation. The omission of questions was also considered as a criterion for leaving the research. Due to the epidemic of COVID-19, the closure of universities and educational institutions, and to prevent the spread of COVID-19, samples of this study were collected online. Participants were assessed using the COVID-19 Anxiety Inventory, psychological distress, and coping styles and then grouped. To identify students with COVID-19 anxiety, 338 questionnaires were distributed among the participants. Individuals who obtained a standard deviation above the mean COVID-19 anxiety scale were included in the analysis as a group with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety. Finally, data analysis was performed using multivariate and univariate variance with SPSS software version 24. It should be noted that in the present study, ethical considerations based on Helsinki ethics were observed.

The results of the Eta squared analysis show that the difference between the two groups in the studied variables is significant, with an Eta squared value of 0.71. This means that 71% of the variance related to the difference between the two groups is due to the interaction of COVID-19 anxiety and the studied variables. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that stress (68.55), anxiety (79.77), depression (94.17), Emotion-oriented Coping (98.81), Problem-oriented Coping (102.74), and Avoidance-oriented coping (114/48) were all significant at the level of 0.01. These findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the two groups in these variables (P<0.01). This means that students with different levels of COVID-19 anxiety differ in their use of psychological distress and coping styles. Specifically, students with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety had higher levels of psychological distress, emotion-oriented coping, and avoidance-oriented coping than students with low COVID-19 anxiety.

Findings from this study showed that students with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety have more depression, anxiety, and stress than other students. As a result, students with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety may become more sensitive to physical signs and symptoms, which can lead to increased levels of COVID-19 anxiety. On the other hand, the results of this study indicate that people with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety are less inclined to use problem-solving coping styles and are more likely to use emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping styles. However, problem-solving coping styles can further reduce the harms of experiencing COVID-19 and the stress that results from it. Although stressors play an important role in exacerbating chronic and pandemic diseases, it should be borne in mind that how people deal with stressful situations plays an important role in their health. Therefore, psychologists and counselors need to pay more attention to these areas to reduce the severity of anxiety in students.

Grit is the driver of success; without grit, talent couldn’t flourish. Grit is an essential ingredient of success in school, and its improvement can lead to academic achievement; hence the present study tries to strengthen the sustaining effort and interest for long-term purposes, mental toughness, and self-efficacy of students by using the grit program as an interventional study.

In this semi-experimental study (pretest-posttest with the control group), the study's statistical population included the middle school students of district one of Rasht City in the academic year of 2018-19. Using the convenience sampling method, 82 students (41 female students and 41 male students) aged between 13 and 15 years were selected and they were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 41) and waiting for control (n = 41) groups. The program for developing and strengthening grit and mindset including stories, choice maps, peer tutoring, self-evaluation, and verbal self-instruction (Polirstok, 2017) was provided for the experimental group in 9 90-minute sessions (three days a week). The program was group-based and focused on increasing the capacity to sustain effort and interest in long-term goals. The research instruments included the Short Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009), Mental Toughness Questionnaire-18 items (Clough et al., 2002), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995). Data were analyzed by SPSS24 using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA).

Based on the findings, the grit program enhanced the persistence of effort (ηp2 = 0.46), consistency of interest (ηp2 = 0.61), mental toughness (ηp2 = 0.46), and self-efficacy (ηp2 = 0.50) in students. The program on the consistency of interest (ηp2 = 0.61) was the most effective.

Given the facilitating role of grit in students' academic performance and success in school, it is necessary to provide interventions to develop grit in students. Our results confirm the effectiveness of the grit program on the sustaining effort and interest for long-term purposes, mental toughness, and self-efficacy of students, which are recognized as critical factors in academic success.

Nurses have an undeniable role in the health system and the improvement of health services in the country has always been done by strengthening aspects related to nursing. In this regard, the present research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of nurses' empathy-based intervention on empathy, managing pro-social behavioral tendencies, and violent acts of patients.

The current study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research consisted of nurses in the 6th district hospitals of Tehran city in 2019. Among these, 40 nurses were selected using the available sampling method and randomly placed in experimental and control groups. The research tools consisted of the scale of empathy benefit (Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004), the prosocial behavior tendency scale (Baumsteiger & Siegel, 2019), and the scale of attitude toward the management of aggression and violence (Duxbury, 2013). Intervention based on empathy was provided in 10 sessions for participants in the experimental group. Data analysis was done using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS24 software.

The results showed that the empathy-based intervention on empathy significantly increases empathy, prosocial behavioral tendencies, mutual perspective, external perspective, biological perspective, and understanding of clinical management in nurses (P<0.001). Also, 72% of the total variances of the intervention and control groups are caused by the effect of the independent variable.

Based on the findings of the present research, it can be stated that empathy is an effective structure in the efficiency of nurses. In this regard, intervention based on empathy can lead to an increase in empathy, an increase in the desire to perform pro-social behaviors, and an improvement in the attitude towards the management of patients' aggression and violence in nurses, which can ultimately lead to positive results for health systems. brought nurses and patients at different psychological, social, economic, and even physical levels.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought many psychological consequences for patients with chronic low back pain. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional regulation and psychological distress in patients with chronic low back pain and COVID-19 anxiety.

This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included patients with chronic low back pain in Tehran in 2021. The study sample included 30 patients with chronic low back pain who were selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned in to two experimental and control groups. The collection tools included COVID-19 anxiety (Alipour et al (2020)), emotional regulation (Gross and John (2003)), and psychological distress (Lovibond and Lovibond (1995)) questionnaires. The experimental group received 8 ninety-minute sessions of therapy based on acceptance and commitment, but the control group did not receive any intervention.Research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), normality (Shapiro-Wilk test), multivariate covariance analysis, univariate covariance analysis test in Mancova text, and Levene's, Box's and Bartlett's chi-square tests at a significance level of 0.05 through SPSS 24 software.

The results of the present study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy has significantly increased emotion regulation (reevaluation and suppression) and reduced psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) in patients suffering from chronic low back pain and COVID-19 anxiety (p > 0.05).

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy has been able to reduce the psychological problems of patients with chronic low back pain and COVID-19 anxiety. For this purpose, it is suggested to hold workshops and develop programs by psychologists and pain specialists for patients with chronic low back pain.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused many psychological and social problems in people around the world, especially nurses. The present study aims to investigate and compare post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), burnout, and psychological disorders in nurses with and without COVID-19.

This is a causal-comparative study. The study population includes all male and female nurses of non-government hospitals in Tehran from July to September 2021. Of these, 220 nurses (110 without COVID-19 infection and 110 with COVID-19) voluntarily participated in the study. The questionnaires were the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale. Finally, data analysis was performed using multivariate and univariate analysis of variance in SPSS software, version 16.

There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of PTSD, burnout, and psychological disorders (P<0.05). Nurses with COVID-19 had higher scores in PTSD (F=96.38, P<0.001), emotional exhaustion (P<0.001, F=12.45), depersonalization (F=15.49, P<0.001), depression (F=92.97, P<0.001), anxiety (F=37.94, P<0.001) and stress (F=47.6, P<0.001). The nurses with no COVID-19 had higher score in personal accomplishment.

Nurses who were infected with COVID-19 had lower psychological health compared to non-infected nurses. For this purpose, it is necessary to take measures to identify and provide psychological treatments to improve the mental health of vulnerable nurses.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on difficulties in emotional regulation and cognitive flexibility in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. In this study, 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder syndrome were assigned to psychology clinics in Rasht in 2021 as a research sample in two experimental and control groups. Groups were assessed with questionnaires Padua obsessive-compulsive disorder by Sanavio (1988), Gratz & Roemer (2004) difficulties in emotional regulation, and Dennis & Vander Wal (2010) cognitive flexibility. After 10 sessions of 90 minutes of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the experimental group, participants again answered the research questionnaire. Findings showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly reduces the difficulties in emotion regulation (rejection of emotional responses, difficulty in performing purposeful behavior, difficulty in controlling impulse, lack of emotional awareness, limited strategies, lack of Emotional state) and increased cognitive flexibility (P<0.001). Due to the problems that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder have in emotional and cognitive dimensions, it is necessary to pay more attention to these cases in the treatment process.

Suicide is a multi-stage process including suicidal thoughts, planning to commit suicide, attempting to commit suicide, and taking action to end life; Therefore, suicidal thoughts are the first step to end life and one of the predictors of committing suicide (1). Suicidal thoughts are a type of preoccupation with death that has not yet taken on a practical aspect (2). Investigating suicide in medical students is of double importance because they are the active force of society (3). The most common reasons for committing suicide in this group include stress about education, relationship concerns, family problems, depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and financial concerns (4). A review study conducted in 43 countries of the world regarding the prevalence of depression and suicidal thoughts in medical students indicated a prevalence of 9.3 to 55.9 percent (5). Specifically, studies conducted in different countries also showed suicidal thoughts in medical students in Pakistan 36.6% (6), Egypt 12.7% (7), Bangladesh 17.6% (8), India 9% (9), Iran has a high prevalence of 16% (10).

COVID-19 burnout causes a decrease in many nurses' psychological and physical health. Considering the role that compassion-focused therapy can play in nurses' mental and occupational health, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused treatment on obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in nurses with COVID-19 burnout.

The present research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the research included nurses from the eight districts of Tehran Province in 2021. 30 nurses with COVID-19 burnout were randomly placed in two experimental groups (n=15) and a control group (n=15). The collection tools included questionnaires on COVID-19 burnout, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of compassion-focused therapy, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The obtained data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results indicated that the treatment focused on compassion significantly reduced practical obsessions, intellectual obsessions, annoyances, avoidance, negative changes in cognition and mood, agitation and restlessness, and emotional numbness in nurses suffering from COVID-19 burnout (p<0.001). Also, 68.7% of the total variances of the experimental and control groups are due to the effect of the independent variable.

The findings of this research indicated the effectiveness of compassion-focused treatment in nurses suffering from COVID-19 burnout. Since nurses experienced many problems during the outbreak of COVID-19, it is necessary to take measures to improve their psychological health.