فرشید طهماسبی

This study aimed to determine the effects of skilled people’s EEG-Based neurofeedback training on learning of the rifle shooting skills in novices.

This applied study was a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest control group design. Thirty novice athletes (mean age: 20±1.509 years) voluntarily participated in this study and were assigned into three homogenous groups including Beta/Theta Neurofeedback, Neurofeedback based on the brain pattern of skilled rifle shooters (decreasing the Theta activity in Fz and F4 area, and increasing the low and high Alpha at the P3 and P7 area, and Control groups according to pretest scores. The acquisition phase consisted of 6 sessions. The control group only did physical exercise during the sessions.  48 hours after the last acquisition session, a retention test was conducted followed by a transfer test by a non-dominant hand to grab the weapon.

The results showed that the group with neurofeedback based on the brain patterns of skilled rifle shooters was significantly better than the other two groups in all sessions. In the retention test the group with neurofeedback based on the brain patterns of skilled rifle shooters significantly performed better than the other two groups and the Beta/Theta Neurofeedback group had better performance compared with the Control group. In the transfer test, both neurofeedback groups performed better than the Control group, but there was no significant difference between the two neurofeedback groups.

Future research can accelerate the progress and reach the peak shooting performance for novices by correcting neurofeedback protocols according to the brain and the expertise relationship.

The timing of mental imagery can have a significant impact on performance improvement. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of the timing of internal and external mental imagery on the learning of the learning simple volleyball service skill.

to achieve the goals of the research, 60 beginner volleyball students aged 16 to 18 were selected from the accessible population, and they voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were divided into two groups of 30 individuals each based on their pre-test scores, considering two factors: imagery and its timing. Each group consisted of three subgroups of 10 participants, including Group 1, which practiced mental imagery (before, during, and after performance), and Group 2, which practiced external imagery (before, during, and after performance). The acquisition phase of the research involved five training sessions, where participants performed three sets of 10 attempts of the criterion task in each session according to the respective program. After 48 hours from the post-test, participants underwent a retention test.

The results showed that the dimension of imagery (internal - external) and the timing of imagery (before, during, and after performance) did not have a significant impact on the acquisition and retention of volleyball service.

According to the research findings, it is recommended to physical education coaches and teachers that, instead of focusing solely on the timing of internal and external mental imagery, they should concentrate on other variables such as physical repetitions or effective training games.

The aim of this study was to evaluate psychometric properties of the persian version of sport imagery ability questionnaire (SIAQ) (Williams and Cumming, 2011). In the first step, SIAQ was translated into Persian and translate accuracy of Persian version of questionnaire was confirmed. Then 154 skilled male athletes (mean age: of 22/59±3/69 years) completed the Questionnaire. Data was analyzed with Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations and Cronbach alpha coefficient. The results showed that questionnaire’s internal consistency was acceptable and confirmatory factor analysis supported Persian version of sport imagery ability questionnaire with 5-factor and 15-item. The identified five factor model in this research was identical with the model introduced for this questionnaire by original authors. Due to the confirmation of variability and reliability of this questionnaire, it can be used for evaluation of sport imagery ability in male athletes.

The purpose of this study was to develop a strategic plan for sport diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method was descriptive-analytic and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of all political-sport managers and experts in the field of sports diplomacy who were selected through purposeful and accessible sampling. Data collection method included library studies, semi-structured interviews with experts and finally Delphi method in three stages. Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) and External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) were used to identify the strategic position. The results showed that the position of sport diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is in the WO position. In this regard, it is concluded that high level officials and policy makers in the Ministry of Sport, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other relevant institutions should focus their efforts on removing weaknesses and taking advantage of existing opportunities.

Although motor development is influenced by development and maturity, environmental conditions affect it. The purpose of this study was to compare the loco Motor Skills of children aged 7 to 9 years with emphasis on geographical location and gender Factors. The statistical population consisted of children from the centers of Tehran, Lorestan, Khuzestan and Kurdistan provinces with a sample size of 240 (120 girls, 120 boys). Ulrich motor development Test (2015) was used to measure loco motor skills, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data using SPSS 22 software.The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the main effect of city and the interaction of city and gender were significant in displacement skills (P = 0.001). In boys galloping skills in Sanandaj City, they gained more points than girl children (P = 0.001). In hopping, male children performed better in Tehran (P = 0.001, F-19/01) and Ahvaz city (P = 0.001), In the slaiding component of male children in Ahvaz city they received more points than female children (P = 0.001). Also in the total score of displacement Khoramabad city children score was significantly higher than Ahvaz children (P = 0.001) and children of Sanandaj City gained more points than Khoramabad and tahran children (P = 0.001). No significant differences were found between the other citys. According to the findings, it seems that geographical location has different effects on the development of movement patterns of boys and girls.

Cognitive effort can affect the execution of a wide range of tasks and is primarily involved in the regulation of cognitive control when performing the task and achieving the chosen goal.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of easy and difficult goals on self-efficacy and memory performance in young and elderly people with an investigation of the cognitive effort hypothesis.

The present study is a semi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study was the young and elderly people in the sixth district of Tehran city and its statistical sample includes 80 young and elderly subjects who were selected in 2018 and were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups. To measure self-efficacy, a questionnaire of memory self-efficacy beliefs was used, and a stroop task was used to assess cognitive tasks. Data were analyzed using analysis of mixed covariance tests with repetitive measurements, two-way analysis covariance, and Bonferroni PostHoc test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20.

Results in high cognitive loads showed that young adults group with difficult goals have significantly better performance rather than other experimental groups (P<0.001). The results of tasks with low and high cognitive loads showed that younger adults group has better performance rather than older adults (P<0.05). The average self-efficacy beliefs in youth group with the easy goals were better than other groups (P <0.05).

According to the findings of this study, the use of goals for promoting performance and memory self-efficacy beliefs in training is recommended.

Given the significance of balance in maintaining body posture and exercising complex sports skills, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of brain gym on static and dynamic balance of non-athlete female students. To this end, 24 non-athlete female students from University of Kharazmi voluntarily participated in this study, and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed brain gym exercises, which were specifically designed to improve their body balance, for 8 sessions of 30 minutes each. The control group underwent a series of flexibility and stretching exercises, deemed not to impact their balance. The number of sessions and the time devoted to each session was the same as the treatment the experimental group went through. In order to measure the static and dynamic balance of the participants in the pre- and post-test, the Stork and Star tests were administered. ANCOVA was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that controlling the pre-test scores, there was a statistically significant difference in the static and dynamic balance between the control and the experimental groups, suggesting that brain gym has a positive impact on static and dynamic balance. It then follows that due to the ease of implementation of brain gym exercises, coaches and physical education teachers can use brain gym in order to improve balance in their students.

Although motor development is influenced by development and maturity, environmental and cultural conditions affect it. The purpose of this study was to compare cross-cultural manipulation skills of children Iranian ethnicity.

Samples consisted of 240 (120 girls, 120 boys) children aged 7 to 9 years in the provinces of Tehran, Lorestan, Khuzestan and Kurdistan. The Ulrich motor development Test (2000) was used to measure the motor skills of manipulation.

The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the main effect of province on manipulation skills was significant. In the total score of manipulation, children scores of Lorestan province were significantly higher than children of Khuzestan (P = 0.001) and children of Kurdistan province gained more points than Lorestan children (P = 0.001) But there was no significant difference between the other provinces. Also, gender and province interaction were significant only in the component of rolling, so that male children in Lorestan and Khuzestan provinces had significantly higher scores than female children (P = 0.001).

According to the findings, it seems that different modes of motor development can be the result of cultural differences and social environment of children, and different attitudes of families to physical activity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of video and live observation on activation of mirror neurons in football keep- up skill. Metod:Twenty-four students (mean age: 17.66  0.816 years) who have taken part in Olympiads competition, voluntarily participated ad yoked into live and video observation. Participants’ brain waves were recorded by EEG in open eye resting and observing live and video observation conditions. Mu rhythm Suppression, as the mirror neuron activation, was calculated as a ratio of the alpha absolute power during observation of video and live models relative to the alpha absolute power in the baseline condition (rest) Results showed that there were no significant differences in mu rhythm suppression between live and video observation groups in C3, Cz and C4 brain areas. In addition, absolute alpha power was suppressed significantly in observation conditions compared to rest. Regarding the activation of mirror neurons in both live and video observation, our result suggested that in the case of limitation in the use of the live model, video model can be used in soccer keep- up skill.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of imagery perspectives with real time and slow motion speeds on dart throw skill learning. 40 students (22.7 ± 1.55 age) of Kharazmi University completed Motor Imagery Clearance Questionnaire -2 and based on imagery and pre-test scores were assigned into four groups: internal imagery with slow motion speed, internal imagery with real time speed, external imagery with slow motion speed, and external imagery with real time speed. Results showed that the internal and external imagery perspectives with slow motion and real time speeds had not significant effects on performance and learning participants.  Also, at all stages of experiment, there were no significant differences among four experimental groups in dart throwing skill. Therefore, the different speeds of imagery with an emphasis on imagery perspectives did not lead to significant differences between groups.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of self-talk functions on anxiety, self-confidence and performance of badminton long serve. therefore, 30 girl students voluntarily participated in this study, and were assigned into three groups including instructional self-talk, motivational self-talk, and control groups according to pretest scores. Participants used instructional and motivational statements before skill execution in acquisition phase. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) was completed in pretest and posttest. Results indicated that self-confidence and performance of motivational self-talk group were significantly greater than instructional self-talk and control groups in post-test, self-confidence improved in instructional and motivational self-talk groups significantly, and motivational self-talk group showed improvement in performance significantly. Finally, performance of badminton long serve was significantly predicted by self-confidence. The results suggested that motivational self-talk can be used to enhance self-confidence and performance and increases in self-confidence can explain the facilitating effects of self-talk on performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different video speeds (50, 100 and 150 percent) on football learning skills. The statistical population of this study was all male students of the third and fourth grade of Delfan city. Based on the preconditions of the research, 48 subjects were selected as the sample. Selected samples were randomly assigned to the target groups. The research has a pretest - posttest. After completing the post-test, and completing the FOLQ observational learning function inventory (Cumming et al. 2005), the subjects were subjected to the ABBA method in a sub-scale of skill in the four groups (a control group and three observation pattern video observation groups). The groups were able to see the skillful video model at 100% speed, viewing a skilled video game at a speed below the normal speed (50%), viewing a skilled video game at a speed higher than the normal speed (150%) and the control group. Practicing 8 sessions takes place one day.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of neurofeedback training with a focus on handedness, on learning of dart throwing skill. Thirty-nine Students of Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University )mean age: 21.62±2.57 years) purposefully participated in this research. After instructing and observing dart throwing film by participants, a pretest includes of 10 trails was conducted and then participants were assigned into four groups (right-handed neurofeedback, left-handed neurofeedback, right-handed control and left-handed control) according to pretest scores. Acquisition phase includes of 8 training sessions, participants completed 20 trials per session after neurofeedback intervention. 72 hours after the last training sessions, the retention test and then transfer test with non-dominant hand was conducted. Factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures on training sessions indicated that training sessions main effect was significant, that is, participants showed significant improvement in dart throwing performance during acquisition phase. In addition, one-way ANOVA revealed that there were no significant differences among groups in transfer test, while this difference was significant in retention test. In other words, neurofeedback groups achieved better scores than control group, but significant difference between right-handed and left-handed neurofeedback groups was not found. Theta/SMR protocol leads to sensory motor rhythm and attentional process enhancement, consequently increase in dart throwing performance. It appears that this protocol may help accelerating expertise process in dart.

Providing normative information to individuals may be a strong principle for evaluating their performance. The normative feedback improves self-efficacy, positive self-response, interest in task, and better learning. However, this study aimed to investigate the effects of normative feedback on individuals with high and low self-esteem in learning long badminton service. For this purpose, using random sampling method, 60 student males of Delfan Payame Noor University, were selected as sample. In order to homogenize the participants, a pretest which was consisted of 10 attempts was conducted. Based on obtained scores and Cooper’s Self-esteem Questionnaire, the subjects were randomly assigned into 4 groups. After twelve of acquisition sessions, Post- test and 48 hours after Post- test, Retention test were conducted. The findings showed that the positive normative feedback in participants with high self-esteem had a more facilitating effect on learning of long badminton service skill during acquisition and retention stages.

The purpose of present study, was to examine the effects of internal and external focus of attention on EEG changes in darts throwing skill. 14 students of Tehran Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University (6 female and 8 male; mean age: 23.13 years) voluntarily participated in this study. Order of attentional strategy was counterbalanced across participants and they randomly divided into the two groups: one group is performed dart throwing internally, followed by external focus of attention, and the other use internal followed external focus of attention. Participants’ Brain Waves were recorded by EEG in three conditions, open eye resting and perform dart throw with internally and externally focus of attention and were transferred to quantitative data by Neuro-guide Software. Alpha and beta band cortical activity in central and parietal brain area were selected.
Findings: Results of repeated measures ANOVA revealed that log of absolute power of alpha band in externally focus of attention condition in C3 and in internally and externally focus of attention conditions in P3 and P4 brain areas were significantly lower than rest condition while there were no significant differences between two internal and external focus of attention conditions. In addition, log of absolute power of beta in internally focus of attention condition in P4 was significantly greater than externally focus of attention condition. Increasing beta power in P4 in internal focus of attention indicates greater focus on body movements during performance, which supports the superiority of internal focus of attention strategy in beginners

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of physical fatigue on special skill of basketball shooting in expert players. 10 male basketball players (mean age 24.9 years and average sport experience 10.5 years) voluntarily participated in this study. In the pretest, players performed 150 shoots from 5 distances: 3.35, 3.96, 4.57, 5.18 & 5.79 meters from the basket (each location 30 shoots). In the posttest, RAST test was used to create fatigue. Players completely performed RAST once before performance in any distance, and then immediately performed their 30 shoots. The results of linear regression and one-sample t test showed a significant difference between actual and predicted performances of players at the penalty point in both pretest and posttest supporting the special skill effect.Results of dependent t test also revealed a significant difference in performance of players between in penalty point and the farthest point in pretest and posttest. Finings of this study suggested that players showed special skill in the penalty point and physical fatigue had no significant effect on the performance of players and did not reduce the quality of their performance at that point.

Mu rhythm suppression is thought to accompany the activation of the mirror neuron system which occurs when a human observes or imitates the behavior of others. The purpose of present study, was to examine the effects of model skill level on mu rhythm suppression in Basketball Lay-up shot. 13 Physical education students of Tehran Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University (mean age: 22.2±1.5 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The demonstration’ order was counterbalanced across participants. They randomly divided into the two groups: one group is observed skilled model, followed by unskilled model, and the other is observed unskilled model followed skilled model. Participants’ Brain Waves were recorded by EEG in three conditions, open eye resting and observing skilled and unskilled model and were transferred to quantitative data by Neuro-guide Software. Mu rhythm Suppression was calculated as a ratio of the alpha absolute power during observation of both models relative to the alpha absolute power in the baseline condition (rest). Results of repeated measures ANOVA with the within-subject factors revealed that model skill and brain area main effects were significant while interaction effect of both variables were not significant. Results of Bonferroni test showed that the mu rhythm in observing skilled model condition was more significantly suppressed compared to the observing unskilled model condition (P≤0.01). In addition, the suppression of mu rhythm in CZ area was significantly greater than the suppression in C3 (P≤0.05). Action observation can activate the brain areas involved in the performance of an actual task.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between hyper kyphosis disorder and mental health state of students. For this purpose, 100 female students, equal numbers of normal and hyper kyphosis cases, were randomly selected for the diagnosis and severity of the abnormality using Hypsometer; the participants were completed the General Health Questionnaire Goldberg after collecting the questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed with Pearson correlation and linear regression tests. The results revealed that there were significant differences between hyper kyphosis and normal cases. There were considerable differences in various understudying parameters, except for somatic, anxiety, social. Dorsal hump back and look bad in people with hyper kyphosis can affect the mental health of students. It can be concluded that the discussed abnormality can compromise patients both physically and mentally. Therefore, Patients suffer from Kyphosis are encouraged to do corrective exercise to improve their mental and physical health.

The purpose of present study was to examine validity and reliability of the Persian version of Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports. For this purpose, 209 athletes of different individual and team sports completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for construct validity of questionnaire. Internal consistency and temporal reliability of questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients, respectively. Results of Confirmatory factor analysis revealed two factor structures of self-talk (cognitive and motivational factors) with 11 items. Cronbach alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was calculated greater than 0.81, that indicated the appropriate internal consistency and temporal reliability of questionnaire. Therefore, the Persian Version of Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports can be used as a valid and reliable tool to measure functions of self-talk among Iranian athletes.

The purpose of present study was to examine the effects of action observation and motor imagery on mu rhythm suppression in basketball free throw shot.
10 novice male students (mean age: 23.2±1.5 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The observation and imagery’ order was counterbalanced. Participants’ Brain Waves were recorded by electroencephalograph in four conditions, open and closed eye resting, observing and imagery of free throw shot in external perspective. Mu rhythm Suppression was calculated as a ratio of the alpha power during observation and imagery relative to the alpha power in the baseline conditions (open and closed eyes rest).
Findings: Results of ANOVA (2×3) with the within-subject factors of condition (Observation, Imagery) and brain area (C3,CZ,C4) relative to the resting period with open and closed eyes showed that only the main effect of the condition were significant (P ≥0.01), so that, there were significant differences between mu rhythm suppression in observation and imagery conditions. In other words, mu rhythm in observation condition was more significantly suppressed compared to the imagery condition (P ≥0.01), but the main effect of brain area and the interaction of both variables were not significant.
Results of present study suggest that more mu rhythm suppression in action observation compared to imagery condition reflects more reactivity of mirror neurons to action observation. It appears that observation is more effective strategy in educational situation.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits and incidence of injury in Iranian elite wrestlers. 60Iranian elite athletes participated in this study. Data were collected with injury report form and NEO personality questionnaire. The descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient at a significance level of 95% were used for data analysis.Results showed that all of the wrestlers suffered from at least two injuries during one season. The results showed a significant relationshipbetween personality traits includingneuroticism (P≤0.005), extraversion (P≤0.003), openness to experience (P≤0.047), agreeableness (P≤0.0001) and conscientiousness (P≤0.0001).Overall, findings indicated that personality traits such as low neuroticism, high extraversion, low openness to experience, high agreeableness and highconscientiousness helped elite athletes to better handle stressful situations in sports andto confront harmful psychological factors such as stress and anxiety through enhancing self-confidence and finally decrease injury incidence. Thus, officials, coaches, physicians and sport psychologists are recommended to plan to evaluate elite athlete's personality traits so that injury incidence can reduce and be prevented through a selection of those athletes with suitable personality traits.

The aim of this study was comparing the mental health and its subscales between elderly men in athletes, active and passive groups. Therefore we have taken 150 elderly men in three groups of athletes active and passive and proceed to complete questionnaires. This is a correlation study and for comparing the mental health we have chosen the GHQ-28 questionnaire. Also to assign aging people in two groups of active and passive, we have used the Yale physical activity questionnaire and beacke questionnaire and also the athletes aged group has been separately selected from the veteran's soccer teams above 60 years. For comparing the group's mean we have used ANOVA. The results of this study revealed that there is a significant difference between three groups in physical activity levels, mental health and it's two subscales as depression symptoms, and social function (P<0.01), Also there was a significant difference between active and passive groups and between athletes and passive groups in physical symptoms, and anxiety and sleep disorder subscales (P<0.01), but the difference was not significant between the athletes and active groups. CONCLUTION: The results of the study suggest that adapted physical activity programs to the structural and psychological characteristics of elderly men can improve their mental health and lifestyle as much as their physical health.

This study is to investigate the effects of mental imagery on acquisition and learning of dart throwing skill and comparison of novice male students. Therefore, among right-handed novice male students (20-24 yr.) from Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, 33 students were selected randomly based on Imagery Movement Ability (according to revised questionnaire of Martin & Hall,1997;Revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire) and allocated to 3 matched groups (males active imagery, imagery, males passive imagery, and males control) based on pretest average (10 dart throw). Participants of each imagery group were performed 6 sessions imagery (20 throws with imagery and 20 throws without imagery in each session). Active imagery groups were in sport shoes and clothes behind the throwing line and passive imagery groups were in sitting pose in a room imagined dart throwing skill. Control groups had 20 dart throws. Two days after last session, retention test was performed without imagery (10 dart throws) and transfer test was performed without imagery and increasing throwing distance (10 dart throws). Data of acquisition phase was analyzed by one-way ANOVA with repeated measures and data of retention and transfer tests were analyzed by two-way ANOVA in significance level p≤0.05. According to results, main effect of acquisition was significant, but effect of interaction between acquisition and imagery type was not significant. Also, in retention and transfer test, the main effect of imagery type was not significant. According to results, mental imagery without considering its type is recommended.