فریبا حسینی

Most start-ups are in the early stages of their work with There are problems in attracting foreign capital because they can not convince potential investors of their ideas. What distinguishes collective financing from other financing methods is the use of a massive population of ordinary people instead of professional participants in financial markets. This research is to explain the ways of collective financing for innovation in the start-up business of IP in the economic plans of the clients.This research is practical nature and interms of how it is implemented,it is descriptive analytical. The statistical population of the research is the existing startups in the country that have used the method of mass financing and the research tool has been interviews. The purpose of explaining this research develop employment and entrepreneurship and attract open innovation and Inject it into start-ups and Support to for the creation and growth of start-ups and It is a good platform for crowdfunding Which is done through the aggregation of people's micro-funds under the web environment.

Today, one of the main challenges of modern world is the emergence of environmental crises resulting from human behavior. The environmental issues, in recent years has caught the attention and sensitivity of scholars in different areas, especially sociologists.Furthermore, sociologists believe that the analysis of environmental issues calls for sociological studies and presentation of social solutions.The present research seeks to explain the effect of consumerism culture on environmentally destructive behavior from a sociological perspective. To do so, a quantitative approach and survey method have been adopted. The statistical research population consisted of 18-35 years old individuals living in Tehran, from whom 435 people were selected from 6 regions based on the level of regional development using quota sampling method. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire. Data analysis comprised both descriptive and inferential methods. Descriptive findings indicate the relatively desirable environmental behavior among study subjects. The inferential findings suggest that consumerism variable can moderately explain variance in environmentally destructive behavior variable in subjects and it has a direct and significant  impact on such a behavior. As to the effect of dimensions of this variable on environmental destructive behavior, it should be noted that the dimensions of individualism, pleasure, luxurism and fantasizing have a direct and significant bearing on environmental behavior but the effect of pluralism is not significant. Finally, it should be stated that gender and the level of regional development in terms of consumerism variable have no effect on environmentally destructive behavior.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of quality of life therapy on the quality of parent-adolescent interaction and adolescent adjustment. A quasi-experimental design comprising a pretest, posttest, control group, and a two-month follow-up period was utilized for the study. The statistical population of the survey comprised second-year high school female adolescents residing in Isfahan during the 2020-2021 academic year. By means of purposive sampling, 35 adolescents were chosen at random and divided into experimental and control groups,with 18 adolescents assigned to the experimental group and 17 to the control group. Over the course of two months, mothers of adolescents in the experimental group participated in eighty-five-minute quality of life therapy sessions. A pre-test was administered prior to the intervention, and a post-test was conducted subsequent to the intervention. Following a gap of two months, the follow-up phase was conducted. Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (PCRQ) and California Individual-Social Adjustment Questionnaire (CISAQ) were utilized in this research. The data obtained from the research were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS-23 software. The results showed that quality of life therapy significantly influences the character of parent-adolescent interaction and adolescent adjustment (p<0.001). According to the findings of the present study’s findings, it is possible to conclude that quality of life therapy can be an effective method for enhancing parent-adolescent interaction and adolescent adjustment via training in adolescent communication with family members, support and acceptance of family members, and the substitution of irrational thoughts with logical ones.

The present study was conducted to developing a counseling package based on parent-adolescent relationship and determining its effectiveness on the quality of parent-adolescent interaction and adolescent adjustment. The research method was qualitative, phenomenological, and the research method in the quantitative part was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included adolescents in Isfahan in the academic year 2020-2021 who are studying in the second year of high school. In the qualitative part, the sample consisted of 19 teenagers who were purposefully selected and subjected to in-depth interviews. In the quantitative part, in this research 35 adolescent were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (18 in the experimental and 17 in the control group). The mothers of the adolescent in the experimental group received the counseling package based on the parent-teenage relationship during 9 weeks in 9 sessions of 75 minutes. Pre-test was performed before the intervention and post-test was performed after the intervention. Two months later, the follow-up phase was carried out. The applied questionnaires in this study included Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (Fine, Moreland & Schwebel, 1983) and California Individual-Social Adjustment Questionnaire (Clark et al, 1953). The results showed that the counseling package based on the parent-adolescent relationship has sufficient content validity according to experts. Also, this counseling package had an impact on the quality of parent-adolescent interaction (P<0001; Eta=0.69; F=74.01) and individual (P>0001; Eta=0.59; F=47.73) and social adjustment.

The Covid-19 pandemic doubled the need for creative interventions to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of intervention based on family empowerment on preventive lifestyle of cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle-aged women.

In this randomized clinical trial study, 74 middle-aged women covered by comprehensive health service centers in the south of Tehran were selected based on inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups and were investigated. The family-centered empowerment program based on the preventive lifestyle of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases was conducted for the intervention group during 6 sessions and each session lasted for 30 minutes virtually and through the WhatsApp application. After 8 weeks, the questionnaires were re-completed and the data were collected using demographic information, Food Frequency questionnaire, Baecke and metabolic health questionnaires and descriptive statistics methods (frequency distribution tables - index numerical values calculation) and inferential statistics (chi-square test, independent t, paired t and Fisher) were used and analyzed in SPSS statistical software version 20.

The findings of this study showed that the average age in the control group was 44.03 ± 2.35 in the intervention group was 46.65 ± 3.29 and the intervention and control groups were homogenous in terms of demographic variables, eating habits, physical activity, and metabolic health, and there were no significant differences (P<0.001). After the intervention in metabolic health (control of blood sugar, blood pressure, blood cholesterol and smoking), physical activity and eating habits, there was a significant difference between the two groups, which indicates the effectiveness of the intended intervention (P<0.001).

Family empowerment is one of the most effective methods to prevent modifiable risk factors in chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. The covid-19 pandemic created a good opportunity for families to participate in the implementation of the above programs. Programs that focus on the foundation of the family leads positive effects in the direction of educating people, especially older people in the family, in relation to changing behavior, and it can be used as a safe and effective method for cardiovascular disease prevention.

Nowadays, environmental issues are considered a general and global challenge. Human environmental behavior as one of most important factors influencing the environment has attracted the attention of many philosophers, researchers, and environmentalists. Furthermore, sociologists believe that analysis of environmental issues require sociological studies and social solutions. This quantitative study was done to explain the environmental behaviors of young individuals of Tehran. The method used in this research is survey and questionnaire was used as the tool to collect data. Statistical population includes young individuals of Tehran in the range of 18-35 years old among which 453 people, from different districts of Tehran and considering the level of development of these districts, were selected.  Quota sampling method was used. Data analysis was done in descriptive and inferential levels. Descriptive findings of research indicated relatively desirable conditions of environmental behavior among the participants under study. Inferential findings indicate that independent variables of research (social class, cultural capital, level of religiosity, consumerism, and environmental awareness) totally (26 percent) have the ability to explain the variable variance of environmental behavior among participants. The effect of all independent variables except cultural capital on environmental destructive behavior is statistically significant. Moreover, the effect of social class and environmental awareness on environmental destructive behavior is inverse and the effect of consumerism and level of generosity variables on this variable is direct. Social class variable indirectly, and mediated by level of generosity variable, influences environmental destructive behavior inversely.

The trend of environmental degradation and natural resources’ loss, all around the world, is considered a major fact of our current time. Nowadays, environmental issues have social concepts. Environmental degradation is related to lots of factor the most important of which are social and cultural factors. Present research has been accomplished with the purpose of studying the influence of social cultural factors on Tehran environmental degradation. Present research is applied form objective point of view and the method used is from survey type. The statistical population of present research includes young individuals in the range of 18-35 year-old living in districts (17-13-10-6-2) of Tehran Metropolitan area. The least sample size for answering questionnaires of present research is 453 young individuals selected by quota sampling method and questionnaires were distributed among them. Data analysis was made by sample power software. Results indicate a significant relation among all research independent variables with environmental degradation variable (sig≤0.05). Considering Pearson coefficient values, it may be stated that the relation of social class, environmental knowledge and cultural capital with environmental degradation variable is estimated to be poor and inverse, while the relationship of consumerism and level of being religious variables with environmental degradation is average, poor and direct respectively.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the emotional, behavioral problems, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in siblings of children with cancer and a control group.

 This study is a causal-comparative study. The sample consisted of 30 siblings aged 11 to 18 years old in children with cancer, 30 controls, who were matched for age and sex. The data was collected through availability sampling. In this study, a self-report questionnaire of adolescents and symptom scales of post-traumatic stress disorder-self-report form was used to assess the internalization, externalization, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. 

 The results showed that there is a significant difference between internalization problems, extraversion problems, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescents with cancer and the control group. 

 According to the results, the siblings of children with cancer had more behavioral emotional behaviors than the control group that these findings revealed a greater vulnerability in this group and a guide for appropriate interventions.

Tension headache is one of the psychosomatic disorders and it is very common in throughout the world. Stress and bad moods are among the aggravating factors of tension headaches. The purpose of the study is to compare effectiveness of quality of life therapy and treatment based on Islamic spiritualty on distress tolerance, stress, anxiety, and depression in women with tension headaches.
This is an experimental study with pre-test, post-test, follow-up and control group. The study population included all the female patients with tension headaches in Kermanshah city in 2014. 39 subjects were selected by random sampling method and inclusion-exclusion criteria, and randomly were divided into two experimental groups and one control group (n=13). The experimental group of quality of life therapy was under treatment within 8 sessions of 90-minute and the experimental group of spiritual therapy was also treated within 8 sessions of 100-minute while the control group received no treatment. The research tools included Distress Tolerance Scale, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales which were conducted in pre-test, post-test, and follow-up.
Data analysis by using multivariate covariance method and post hoc tests showed that both treatments; the quality of life therapy and treatment based on Islamic spirituality had significant effects on improving distress, stress, anxiety, and depression tolerance in post-test and follow-up. But the efficiency of spiritual treatment in reducing anxiety and depression in post-test was more significant compared to quality of life therapy. Hence, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the post-test regarding improvement of distress and depression tolerance. In the follow-up stage, the effect of spiritual therapy was more than quality of life therapy in all variables.
According to the findings both treatments, the quality of life therapy and treatment based on Islamic spirituality are effective interventions for patients with tension headaches. But the long-term impacts of treatment based on Islamic spirituality are more significant.

Obesity has been increasing around the world and this phenomenon is creating many physical and psychological problems. Hence, this study considered the effectiveness of Buckroyd’s group-based therapeutic approach on increasing self-esteem and improving eating attitude of obese 20- to 30-year-old females in Esfahan.
This study was semi-experimental, statistical society of which involved all obese females referred to Sepahan Salamat Clinic in Esfahan, during year 2014. Overall, 30 over-weight females, who had a Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 35, a minimum education of diploma, and age of 20 to 30 years old were selected purposefully and divided randomly to two equal groups. Buckroyd’s therapy was performed in sixteen sessions and each session lasted two hours twice per week. Research measurements included body mass index, demographic form, self-esteem and eating attitude questionnaires. Variance analysis and frequency measurement were performed with the SPSS-20 software and were used for confirming the hypothesis.
Results showed that Buckroyd’s group therapy increased self-esteem (P 0.05).
The findings showed that Buckroyd’s therapy approach can be used for increasing self-esteem but cannot be used for improving eating attitude of obese females.

From a theoretical perspective, creativity has been defined as the production or generation of novel and valuable ideas, products, or processes by an individual or group. Creativity is a function of available time and is negatively related to time pressure experienced.

This research was conducted to determine the relation between perceived control of time, tenacity, preference for disorganization with creativity of students at the Tabriz University.

Some 240 students from Tabriz University were selected by random cluster sampling method. Data was gathered through Torrance tests of creative thinking and Time management attitude and motivational aspects scale. Data was analyzed by AMOS software and with path analysis.

The results showed that creativity was predicted directly by perceived control of time (β=0/22) and preference for disorganization (β= -0/18). In addition, results showed although direct effects of the tenacity on creativity were not significant, but it had indirect effect on creativity by perceived control of time (β= -0/09).

The results suggest that perceived control of time and preference for organization may be necessary for the effective exploitation of creative ideas.

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is a plasma biomarker recently associated with the obesity. Exercise training may reduce the adipose tissue، although it is not truly known whether exercise–induced change in adipose tissue، decreases A-FABP concentrations or not; therefore the aim of this study was to investigate A-FABP concentrations in middle-aged men after 8 weeks high intensity aerobic training. Twenty two sedentary obese middle-aged men (age: 46. 4±2. 3 years، body mass index (BMI): 32. 8±2. 0 kg/m2 and maximum oxygen uptake: 34. 4±2. 6 ml. kg-1. min-1; mean±SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to the training group (n=11) or control group (n=11). The training group performed high intensity aerobic training 3 days a week for 8 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min. The results showed that the BMI and body fat percentage were decreased in the training group compared to the control group (p<0. 05). After 8 weeks of HIT، the training group resulted in a significant decrease (p<0. 05) in the A-FABP and insulin resistance compared with the control group. The results suggest aerobic training with the specific intensity and duration utilized in this study decreases A-FABP concentrations in obese middle-aged men.

This article is focused on four issues. The first issue is related to the speaker's external appearance including the beauty of face, the power of his voice, moves and signals by hand, the stick and eyebrow as well as the height. Such characteristics could have an important effect on the audience. The second issue is related to internal features of the speaker. These include the ethics of the preacher, his/her piety and intention on the speakers based on their personalities, habits and emotions, knowledge and culture, and speed of learning. The third issue is concerned with the appearance of the lecture. Words should be clear enough as well as being mixed with Quranic verses, poetry and proverbs. The final issue is related to the content. It is argued that the subject of the talk should be in accordance with the level of understanding of listeners as well as being new and interesting for them. 3 - A phenomenon rhetoric: It was noted in this section How to give words and phrases so that these words and phrases are clear, correct, mixed in parables, governance and Quranic verses, and appropriate their meaning. 4 - the content of Oratory: It was noted in this section to the topic of Oratory and say that the Oratory should be the theme commensurate with the minds of audiences and also should mean that agree with the case may be, then I say: that the rhetoric if the theme was innovative and new is affecting more and more on the audience.

The present article puts forward three arguments:1. Implication of meaning from letterHere, the attempt is to study the relation between meaning and letter, how the Arab critics have tackled the issue and considering their ability, what results they have come. Moreover, we try to investigate some of their studies over the tone of the letters which are similar to the sound of verbs. In this regard, we turn to discuss the issue of "implication of meaning from letter" comprehensively.2. Implication of meaning from wordWord, meaning and the relation between the two or in other words, the relation between form and content of the words is discussed. In this line and in order to analyze the relation between the word and meaning, some critics involved in the subject such as Jahez, Ibn-e Rashigh Alghirvani, Ibn-e Jenni, Abu Helal Askari and the like are discussed. 3. Implication of meaning from poetical metersIn this part, the effort is to investigate the relevance of meter and meaning that might improve the attention of the literary texts readers along with the criticisms and opinions of the critics in this regard.