فضل الله باقرزاده

The purpose of this study was the effect of a course of aerobic exercises with different volumes on BDNF of autistic children. In this semi-experimental study, 36 children from 7 to 10 years old with autism disorder in Tehran were selected as available to participate in the present study, and they were randomly assigned to three groups: aerobic exercise with high volume, aerobic exercise with low volume and control. they got. The study included pre-test, intervention and post-test stages. 24 hours before and after the start of the exercises, in the pre-test and post-test stages, fasting blood was taken from the participants. The intervention phase was carried out for fifteen weeks and 5 sessions each week, where the respective groups did their respective exercises and the control group did their usual daily activities. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and univariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that high-volume aerobic exercises have a significant effect on the increase of BDNF in children with autism; While aerobic exercise with low volume has no significant effect on BDNF in autistic children. In general, the results of the present study emphasize the importance of the amount of aerobic exercise on the BDNF of autistic children.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity are the two early symptoms in children with Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Mindfulness–based interventions are among the strategies used in various studies in recent years to treat this disorder. Despite promising evidence of their efficacy, no consistent results have been obtained regarding the possible treatment outcome. A recent meta–analysis on the effectiveness of mindfulness–based therapies has shown a moderate reduction in ADHD symptoms. Recent studies highlight the relevance of noninvasive brain stimulation for modulating cortical excitability. On the other hand, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a brain stimulation technique by which a weak direct current applied on the scalp modulates cortical excitability by shifting resting neuronal membrane potential. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions and transcranial direct electrical stimulation on symptoms of children with ADHD.

This quasi–experimental study employs a pretest–posttest with a 1.5–year follow–up design. It was conducted among children aged 7 to 10 years with ADHD referred to the Children's Psychiatry Clinic in Kermanshah City, Iran. A total of 45 boys and girls were selected to participate in the present study and were randomly assigned to three groups: tDSC stimulation, mindfulness training, and sham stimulation. In the pretest phase, parents completed the standard questionnaire on attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder. The intervention phase was carried out in 15 sessions where the training groups dealt with the desired interventions. Immediately after the 15th stimulation session, the posttest stage and follow–up were conducted in 1 and 6 months. The data was analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements (composite analysis of variance) and post hoc Bonferroni test in SPSS version 24 software at a significance level of 0.05.

Analysis of variance with repeated measurement (3 groups x 4 measurement steps) was used to analyze attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms. Results showed that the main effect of time and group were significant for attention deficit and hyperactivity (p≤0.001). The post hoc Bonferroni test results showed that in both intervention groups, the scores of attention deficit and hyperactivity in the posttest and follow–up stages significantly decreased compared to the pretest (p≤0.001). This decrease was significantly higher in the transcranial brain direct electrical stimulation group than in the mindfulness program group (p≤0.001).

According to the research findings, direct transcranial electrical stimulation of the brain in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) region of the brain was superior to the mindfulness program in improving and perpetuating the symptoms of attention deficit. DLPFC hypoactivity is hypothesized to underlie attention deficits, impaired inhibitory control, and executive dysfunction in ADHD. Therefore, the pathophysiological rationale for therapeutic tDCS is to increase DLPFC activation by anodal stimulation.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of training interventions using the Virtual Reality (VR) approach on the proprioceptive function of elbow joints in children with hemiplegia.

Twenty boys with cerebral palsy, aged 7 to 12 years, were selected based on available sampling by referring to special schools in Tehran and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Kinect Xbox 360 device (Microsoft, New York, USA) was used as a therapeutic tool for VR interventions. A gyroscope device was used to measure the elbow’s joint position sense. The experimental group participated in the VR program, but the control group continued their traditional therapy program. Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used at the P<0.05 level of significance using SPSS version 18 software.

In pre-test phase, no significant difference was found in the joint position sense (t=0.07, df=18, p=0.944). In post-test phase, VR training led to better scores for the experimental group (t=2.3, df = 18, p=0.03). Based on the results of the paired sample t-test, VR training resulted in significant improvement in the joint position sense of experimental group (t=4.061, df = 9, p=0.003).

VR can be used as a suitable therapy method to improve the proprioceptive sense in hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. This type of therapy resulted in a significant improvement in the joint position sense of hemiplegic cerebral palsy children, as it lets them explore new experiences that would be difficult or dangerous for them under normal situation.

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) display slowness, inaccuracy, and insufficient coordination in the performance of motor skills. Compared to children with normal development, they generally have poorer performance in tasks that require visual-motor integration. We evaluated the effect of tDCS stimulation on visual-motor integration in children with DCD. In this quasi-experimental study, featuring a pre-test-post-test design, 40 students with DCD aged 7-10 years were selected according to the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned into two groups: tDCS stimulation and artificial stimulation. In the pre-test, participants took a visual-motor integration test. The intervention phase was administered for 5 consecutive days. Each day, the subjects underwent either electrical stimulation in the motor cortex (anode at C3 and cathode at Fp2) or artificial stimulation. The post-test was administered in the last session. Short-term and long-term follow-ups were performed 1 day and 42 days after the post-test, respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The results showed that electrical stimulation of the motor cortex significantly improves the visual-motor integration of children with DCD. The follow-up results supported the persistence of motor-visual integration in these children. In general, the results emphasized the effectiveness of tDCS exercises on motor-visual integration in children with DCD.

This research aimed to examine the gesture production ability of motor praxis among children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and children on the verge of developing DCD and compare it to typical children of the same age and younger.

For this reason, 91 boys (6-12 years old) were selected as sample size and divided into five groups (20 children with typical development, 14 children with DCD, 17 children on the verge of developing DCD, 20 typically-developed children aged 8-9 years, and 20 typically-developed children aged 6-7 years). To find the children with DCD, we employed the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire 7th edition (DCDQ-7) and the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor Proficiency. The Dewey gesture production test was performed to investigate motor praxis. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis and an independent t test.

Comparing the subjects’ performance in different conditions showed that their performance in transitive motor praxis was better than intransitive one (P<0.05). Also, the comparison of verbal command and imitation position showed that between the two DCD groups, the performance in the imitation movements was significantly better (P<0.05). While in the same age control group, no significant difference was seen between motor praxis in two conditions (P>0.05). The between-group comparisons showed that the performance of two DCD groups was disrupted compared to that of the control group at the same age. The performance of the DCD group compared to lower-age children with typical development (8-9 years old) was not different at the verbal command condition. In the imitation position condition, the DCD group performed significantly better than the lower-age children groups (P<0.05).

These results show that DCD subjects have developmental delays in performing motor praxis under verbal command.

Sports injuries are often associated with emotional and psychological challenges. Psychologists and team physicians should examine emotional reactions in addition to assessing physical factors. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on anxiety, depression, and anger caused by the psychological trauma of injury in injured athletes.

The statistical sample of the research was 32 professional athletes injured due to psychological trauma who were selected conveniently, purposively, and with the approval of the experts from the Sports Medicine Federation. The athletes were randomly assigned into two groups of 16 people consisting of a treatment group and a control group. After applying the treatment, a post-test and a two-month follow-up test were conducted. The measurement tools in this research were Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory–2 (STAXI-2), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II). The data were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance statistical method (P<0.05).

The results showed that the difference between the experimental and control groups in reducing behavioral problems in the post-test and follow-up phase was significant. The follow-up results after two months also showed that there was a difference between the experimental and control groups in the amount of psychological reactions and the effectiveness of the treatment remained after 2 months.

The results indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on psychological trauma reduces the psychological problems of athletes such as anxiety and depression, but does not affect anger control.

The trade-off between speed and accuracy in process-oriented tests of fundamental motor skills development has always been a challenge in motor development screening plans. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using wearable inertial sensors (IMUs) based on artificial intelligence algorithms to assess kicking skill. Thirteen children aged 4 to 10 years (age = 8±1.37) (boys = 58%) participated in this study. The subjects were asked to do at least ten repetitions of the kicking skill according to the TGMD-3. Trials were captured with video recording and three wearable inertial sensors installed on the ankles and lower back. K-Nearest Neighbor artificial intelligence algorithms automatically classified the linear acceleration and angular velocity signals. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated between expert scores and the artificial intelligence algorithm. All tests were done at a 95% confidence interval. The classification accuracy of the KNN algorithm (k=7) for kicking was 95%, ICC =0.90 (CI=0.86-0.95). The scoring time was reduced from 5 minutes per trial (in an expert-oriented way) to less than 30 seconds (using artificial intelligence). As a result, this method was a reliable and practical way to assess the fundamental motor skills. Also, by maintaining relative accuracy, it was possible to reduce test time for research, clinical, sports, and educational purposes.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of mindfulness intervention on perceived stress and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels of elite wrestlers during the competition period.

20 male elite freestyle wrestlers (age: 22.36±2.38) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to experimental (mindfulness-based intervention) and control groups. Two official competitions were used as pre-test and post-test. Perceived stress was measured by the short version of Perceived stress scale. Awakening and competitive levels of salivary immunoglobulin A were evaluated using the ELISA method. The experimental group participated in 8-week mindfulness intervention (two sessions per week). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and independent t-test.

The results showed that after the 8 weeks of intervention, perceived stress was reduced in the experimental group. Hoewer, the awakening and competitive levels of immunoglobulin A did not show a significant difference compared to the control group from pre-test to post-test.

In general, it can be concluded that mindfulness intervention can be a strategy to reduce the perceived stress in elite wrestlers during the competition period. Future studies with larger samples with other disciplines can better demonstrate the comprehensiveness of the results.

In recent studies, balance and postural instability have been reported as a common motor disorder in Parkinson's patients, which leads to frequent falls, decreased quality of life, and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, evidence has shown that training is effective in treating motor and cognitive symptoms of neurodegenerative patients.

For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight rats including Healthy Control, Parkinson’s Control, and Parkinson’s Training. The animals in the training group were placed on a treadmill for four weeks. At the end of the course, motor disorders (balance and motor behavior) were evaluated using Rotarod and Open-Field tests, and biochemical factors were assessed by ELISA method. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level of P<0.05, via SPSS version 19 software.

The results showed that although the Parkinson's group without training was significantly lower in terms of motor performance than the other groups (P<0.05), four weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training increased the balance (P<0.05), and improved the motor disorders in Parkinson's rats (P<0.05). Also, training significantly increased the amount of serotonin (P<0.05), and tyrosine hydroxylase (P<0.05).

In general, the findings of this study showed that moderate-intensity aerobic training can reduce the biochemical and motor disorders induced by 6-hydroxydopamine injections in rats’ models of Parkinson's disease.

Recently, the matter of the influence of mental skills on sports skills performance has become very important. The current research aimed to evaluate and compare the mental preparation of the male fencers of the Iranian national team and the elite male fencers of the world.

The current research method was experimental. The statistical population of this research included the fencers of the national teams of Iran, Hungary, America, Russia, France, and Ukraine. The research samples were 58 fencers from selected countries. To measure the mental skills of fencers, the original version of the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3) questionnaire was used. To compare the mental skills of athletes from different countries, the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used.

The results showed that all elite male fencers achieved the highest scores in foundation mental skills including self-confidence, goal setting, and commitment, and the lowest scores were related to refocusing, focusing, and stress control skills. Also, the highest and the lowest scores of mental skills in this research were related to self-confidence and refocusing skills, respectively. Russian fencers scored the highest in all mental skills and Iranian fencers scored the lowest in the stress control skill.

Based on the results of the research, fencers have less proficiency in two sub-skills of cognitive psychological and psychosomatic skills compared with the foundation mental skills. The fencers had lower strength in terms of the mental skill of focusing, refocusing, and stress control. Iranian and non-Iranian fencers were weaker in mental skills of stress control and refocusing.

The purpose of this study was to develop strategies for the Iranian Fencing Federation based on the AHP-SCORE approach. The present research is purpose-based, applied; Based on strategy, it is a combination (qualitative-quantitative) and based on implementation path, it is based on strategic studies. Using library studies, review of upstream documents and opinions of the Strategic Council of the Fencing Federation, key areas of performance for the Fencing Federation were identified. Using library methods and the views of the Strategic Council, the internal and external environment of the federation was analyzed separately for key areas. Then, for each of the key areas of performance, the quality expectations or goals of the federation in each area were identified and prioritized. Based on the obtained environmental analysis, the strategies were identified and all of them were prioritized using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method.

The trade-off between speed and accuracy in scoring process-oriented tests for fundamental movement skills (FMS) has always been challenging for a screening project. The aim of this study was the feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMU) and artificial intelligence algorithms to automatically assessment of FMS. 123 overhand throwings were performed by children aged 4 to 10 years (age = 7±1.84) (53% = boys). Three IMU (Shokofa Tavan Vira) sent signals of angular velocity, linear acceleration of the preferred hand, non-predominant ankle, and lumbar region of the children. Each performance was scored according to the criteria of the third edition test of The Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) by reviewing the video of the performed skills. The "k nearest neighbor" algorithm was used for automatic data classification. The minimum difference between test signals and training signals was calculated and classified. Two issues were assessed: false acceptance, in which an “incorrect” performance was classified as “correct”; and false rejection where a “correct” performance was classified as “incorrect”. The classification accuracy of the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm was 85%. The automatic scoring algorithm also correctly classified 93%, 78%, 93%, and 76% in criteria 1 to 4, respectively. Low-back IMU data analysis shows the model's accuracy of 75%. Further, the total scoring time was reduced from 5 minutes to less than 30 seconds. The use of artificial intelligence in the signal processing of only three IMU was a reliable and practical method for the assessment of FMS. This approach means the monitoring and evaluation of children's movement skills can be objective. In addition, while maintaining relative accuracy, the time involved in the process-oriented analysis of FMS for research, clinical, sports, and educational purposes was reduced entirely.

Investigating the factors affecting motor development is very important in identifying the causes of motor developmental delay for parents and occupational therapists in the development of pediatric treatment. This study aims to model dynamic factors affecting fine motor development milestones of 9-12 months old infants.

in this study 283 children were screened by age and stage scale which included providing the home environment for motor development-infant scale, parental postpartum attachment scale, Beak habitual physical activity questionnaire, and general health questioner. Factors affecting motor development were classified into three parts: individual, maternal and environmental factors.

Structural equation model showed that according to the fitting indexes reported, the conceptual model of this research does not have an acceptable fitting level. Regression results showed that none of the factors had a significant contribution to the prediction of fine movements in the maternal factors group. Linear regression in the individual factors group showed that age with an effective coefficient of -0.15 and motivation with an effective coefficient of 0.14 had a significant contribution to the prediction of fine movements. And in the environmental factor group, the number of siblings with an effective coefficient of -0.17 and parents' encouragement with an effective coefficient of 0.15 had a significant contribution to the prediction of fine movements.

The present results showed that the present predictive variables had poor predictive power, so more research is needed to identify stronger predictors of fine motor development.

This research aimed to investigate the effect of physical training and selective and compulsory observational pattern on the intrinsic motivation and cognitive learning of basketball jump shot skill with the approach of basic psychological demands.

Eighty male students (18-22 years old) were selected voluntarily and based on their pre-test scores, were randomly divided into four Self-Control, Paired, Experimenter-Control, and Control groups (20 people in each group). To examine the motivation level, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI), and to examine the cognitive learning level, Recall Questionnaire (adapted from Knudson, 1993) was used. An educational video of the expert model that showed the movement components was presented to the participants. A retention test was conducted 24 hours later. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the data (p≤0.05).

The results showed that in the acquisition phase, the level of intrinsic motivation of the participants to learn the basketball jump shot skill in the Self-Control observation condition was significantly higher than the participants in the Paired and Control conditions. Also, in the retention phase, the level of intrinsic motivation in the Self-Control observation condition was significantly higher than in other experimental conditions. In addition, in the acquisition and retention phases of cognitive learning (recall success), the participants in the Self-Control observation condition scored significantly higher than the participants in the Paired and Control conditions.

In general, the results of this study show that motivation affects learning. Also, task demonstration as a whole-part-whole is an effective and efficient method in the cognitive phase.

Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder exhibit a variety of aggressive behaviors such as physical and verbal aggression. Despite the growing prevalence of this disorder, research on horse therapy is limited for these individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of eight weeks of horse therapy on the types of aggression in ASD adolescents using The Children's Scale of Hostility and Aggression – Reactive/ Proactive (C- SHARP). For this purpose, 24 adolescents with autism spectrum disorder participated in the present study using the available sampling method. Then, based on the variables of age, gender and the degree of disorder in autism, they were matched in an experimental group (n = 12) and a control group (n = 12). Each participant in the experimental group was individually treated by a trainer for eight weeks (five days in week). Changes in aggression were assessed through The Children's Scale of Hostility and Aggression – Reactive/ Proactive (C- SHARP). The results showed that the horse therapy training program had a significant effect on improving and reducing the aggressive behaviors of the experimental group compared to the control group (p <0.05). Thus, with appropriate intervention, this group of people have the opportunity to express their emotions, emotions through appropriate treatment, in a social way, so they show less aggression. As a result, horse therapy interventions can be used as an effective way to control the aggressive behavior of adolescents with ASD.

The aim of this study was survey effect of perceptual motor training on motor praxis of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD).

For this aim, 34 children (10 – 12 years old) selected as sample size and divided into two control and experimental group (20 people were in the control group and 14 people were in the experimental group) and participated in the current tests study. For recognize of DCD problem, Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire- Edition 7 (DCDQ-7) and Bruininks– Oseretsky Test of motor Proficiency was performed. For investigating of motor praxis, the Dewey gesture production test, Praxis imagery questionnaire and knowledge of object use test was performed. The participants of experimental group participates in perceptual motor training for 8 weeks.

the results of MANCOVA test show that the performance of experimental group in relation to control group was improved significantly at gesture production test after perceptual motor training (P<0/05). On the other hands, in other tests (Praxis imagery test and knowledge of object use test) was no significant difference between pre and posttest in participants of experimental group (P> 0/05).

These results of current study show that perceptual motor training have significant effect on gesture production and performance of motor praxis, but this training skills haven’t effect on motor planning and programing of praxis actions in DCD children.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a cognitive training intervention leads to significant improvements on measures of balance and gait in schizophrenia inpatient with depression disorder. This non-randomized clinical trial with a control group examined the effect of cognitive training over 12 weeks on balance and gait in 20 man schizophrenia inpatients with depression disorder. Patients were homogeneously(based on age, score of MMSE, scor of depression) assigned to groups of intervention and control . Participations enrolled in intervention group attended in cognitive rehabilitation of memory and attention(ARAM( sessions for 45–60 minutes three times weekly for 12 weeks (36 total sessions). Data of Pre-test and post-test resulting from the test of standing on dominant leg with opened and closed eyes ,10-meter gait speed, 10-meter gait speed under gait-visuospatial dual-task condition and 10-meter gait speed under gait-motor dual-task condition were analyzed by using pair- samples t- test and comparing the post-test of the two groups analyzed by using independent t-test. Results showed the cognitive training intervention group had significant increase in static balance with opened and closed eyes and gait speed under single and dual-task condition from pre-test to post-test (p≤0.05). the cognitive training intervention group had significant improve in static balance with opened and closed eyes, gait speed under single and dual-task condition rather than the control group.

Defects such as spasm, concurrent muscle activity, muscle weakness, and range of motion affect the fine and fine motor function of children with cerebral palsy and lead to movement limitations. Despite the potential of using virtual reality in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy, few studies have been conducted in this area.The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of movement practices in virtual reality environment on range of motion in cerebral palsy children. Twenty children 7-12 years old with cerebral palsy were selected by a convenience sampling method. Participants were homogeneously placed in experimental and control groups based on the average scores. The experimental group performed bowling practice in virtual environment for 3 weeks, but the control group continued their traditional therapy program. Xbox device and universal goniometer were used as instruments. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and Analyze of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used at p < 0.05 level. Based on MACNOVA test results, there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups at least in one dependent variable (shoulder, elbow, & wrist range of motion) (F = 96/43, p= 0/001). Based on the results of ANCOVA test, experimental group achieved higher averages in shoulder, elbow and wrist range of motion than control group. Virtual reality technology can be used as a treatment approach for improving upper extremity range of motion in children with hemiplegic cerebral Palsy.

Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, in addition to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and alertness problems, show the the lowest level of social activity and they have more trouble finding and keeping friends.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor and computer games on the attention and social communications of male students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder aged 10-12 years.

The statistical population of the present study was all elementary male students aged 10-12 years with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder in District 4 of Tehran in 2021 and 36 of them were purposefully and accessibly selected. Motor and computer games were performed in 8 weeks and in each session in 3 sessions of 60 minutes. The Connors questionnaire of the parents' version and the Zebov questionnaire were filled out by the parents in the pre-test and post-test. Repeated measure analysis and paired t-test were used to analyze the data using SPSS software version 23.

Motor and computer games had a significant positive effect on attention and social communication; also, motor and computer games have a significant positive effect on the perceptual-motor skills of male inactive students (P≤0.05), but there was no significant difference between the effects of these two interventions on any of the research variables (P≥0.05).

Motor and computer games improve attention and social communications in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder; therefore, it is recommended that these games be used to help children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two methods of motor practice and computer games on motor skills in children with Down syndrome disorder. For this purpose, 30 students who were studying in exceptional schools in Mazandaran were selected with available sampling method. After homogenizing the scores in the pretest, participants were divided into three groups of 10 people including two experimental groups (motor practice and computer game groups) and one control group. Experimental groups participated in selective games for 8 weeks, three 45-minute sessions a week. The control group did not received any treatment and lived their daily life. At the end of the training interventions, a post-test was conducted. Bruininks Oseretsky test was selected to evaluate motor activity. Dependent t-test, Covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for data analysis at P0.5 level. The results showed that there is a significant difference between computer games and control groups as well as the training program and control group (P =0.013 and P= 0.001, respectively). However, there was no significant difference between the groups of computer games and the training program (P = 0.479). Therefore, it seems that despite some ideas that make computer games ineffective in improving motor development, its proper use is to improve the motor development of children with Down syndrome; also training program can also perform important role in improving their motor skills.

The ability to walk and perform cognitive tasks simultaneously is a key aspect of daily life. Performance declines in these dual-tasks may be associated with early signs of neurodegenerative disease and increased risk of falls. Thus, interventions to improve dual-task walking performance are of great interest. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on dual-task walking performance in in Man Schizophrenia patients with Depressive Disorder

This non-rMSE, score of depression) assigned to groups of intervention and control.  The aerobic exercise group participated in aerobic exercise program for 12 weeks, three sessions per week for one hour (totally, 36 sessions, 2160 minutes). Data of Pre-test and post-test resulting from the test of 10-meter gait speed under dual-task conditions were analyzed by Univariate analysis of covariance. Data of Pre-test and post-test resulting from the tests of N-back and Wisconsin card sorting analyzed by multiple analysis of covariance

Results showed that the two groups had significant differences in gait speed under dual-task conditions (p≤0.05). The Results of multiple analysis of covariance indicated that there was a significant difference between the aerobic exercise group and control group in post test scores of working memory and shifting attention.

According to the results of this study, aerobic exercise enhances executive functions and improves gait speed under dual task conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to include aerobic exercise in the rehabilitation programs of schizophrenic patients.

In order to be successful in sports and international affairs, federations must adjust their programs and goals to achieve the highest sports positions in world and Asia, and avoid immediate, tasteful, and random decisions. To this end, identifying the environment of the federation is the first and most necessary step to develop appropriate and efficient strategies. Here in this study, the critical areas of Islamic Republic of IRAN Fencing Federation performance were determined and an internal and external environmental analysis were done to predict the federation expectations for the future orientations and strategies. Accordingly, seven critical areas of performance were determined including, in order of priority, public and international relations, talent identification and heroism, human resource development, structure and organization, sporting events, facilities and equipment, and marketing and financial resources. Then, the internal and external environment of the federation for each of the identified key areas were analyzed and discussed. The strengths and limitations were identified with the aid of SCORE model.Macro and micro external environment analysis were done at two levels including; opportunities and risks environment analysis. Critical performance, expectations, or qualitative goals of the federation were developed for each of the critical areas. The obtained results can be later applied to develop future prospective of Islamic Republic of IRAN Fencing Federation strategies and operational plans.

Despite the few years that physical literacy has been introduced and developed globally, physical literacy structures have been different in various sources. Lack of a comprehensive and clear structure of physical literacy and its related characteristics can affect people's perception of participation and activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a clear framework of the physical literacy model based on the views of experts in Iranian society. Interviews were conducted with 14 experts, and the Strauss-Corbin model of grounded theory was used to analyze data in three stages of coding. Findings showed that physical literacy is the ability/capacity affected by growth in multiple dimensions (cognitive, psychological, physical, and behavioral) in the form of an active lifestyle. The findings also showed that conditions such as gender, disorders, age, and participation in physical activity are areas for outbreak physical literacy, as well as factors such as the Ministry of education, Sports and Health, Welfare and municipalities, politico-economic factors. Socio-cultural, media, and family influence physical literacy. Also, physical education, interventions in childhood and adolescence, providing facilities, experts, and appropriate policies can help develop physical literacy. Findings showed that the consequences of physical literacy could be improving lifestyle, maintaining health and well-being, increasing participation in physical activity, and community health. The present study's results identified a comprehensive and transparent model of the physical literacy framework and can help professionals, researchers, and policymakers provide physical literacy to society.

Attention to motor skill training approach shows that the type and nature of teaching is one of the most important effective variables in motor skills training. The purpose of this study was the effect of two methods of child-centered and teacher-centered on the development of gross motor skill of third grade elementary students. 53 students of beginner girls volunteered to conduct research with an average age 11.9±.16 that after peforming pre-test, were randomly divided into three experimental groups (deliberate play, deliberate practice, organized competition) and one control group. The groups practiced in accordance with the educational method for 12 weeks and two sessions per week. Was performed mid test at the end of the sixth week and post test at the end of the twelfth week. To collect information, the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (1978) and to analyse the data, at the significant level of P≤0.05, analysis of variance with repeated measures were employed. The results showed that the teaching method has been effective in improving the gross motor skill of the students and its effectiveness in the organized competition group more than the rest of the groups. There was also no significant difference between subscales of the running, balance, bilateral coordination and upper limb coordination in mid and post test and was higher level of strength in the organized competition group from the rest of the groups in post test.

Children in preschool are at an optimal time for the development of gross and fine motor skills. Visual-motor integration is an important perceptual-motor skill that children need to acquire in order to function successfully before formal schooling commences. In this study were investigated the effect of three motor intervention programs (gross, fine, & gross-fine)on visual-motor integration in 80 children who presented below average VMI skills scores. From these participants three experimental (n=60)and a control group (n=20)were randomly selected. The experimental groups participated in a 12 week intervention program of three 45 minutes sessions per week. The Beery- Buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration 6th edition was used to measure the participants VMI skills. Mixed ANOVA with repeated measures and LSD post hoc test was used to analyze effects of motor intervention programs (P<0.05). The resulting pretest-posttest mean scores showed a statistically difference in the experimental and control groups (F(76,3)=2.831, P=0.044). The results of post hoc test showed that there are significant difference between fine and gross-fine intervention program groups with control group (P=0.038, P=0.014). So fine motor intervention program both alone and combining with gross motor skills cause to improve VMI in pre-school children. This study suggested that kindergartens and pre- schools teachers must be used targeted motor skills that included fine and gross motor skills to improve VMI in children before formal schooling.