فهیمه علیزاده

Climate change is one of the most important and vital threats that humanity is facing today, and the performance of many plants, including corn (Zea mays L.); affects. In terms of global production, corn ranks third after wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.); and according to the recent climate changes and the warming of the air, it seems that the cultivation of this plant as a species with the C4 photosynthetic pathway has become more important.Currently, Iran, with its dry climate and consecutive droughts and increasing temperature, needs to choose strategies to adapt to climate change. For this purpose, the researchers investigated the effects of climate change on the production of agricultural plants in the future climate conditions and 2050, using the general circulation model.Considering the increase in population and the establishment of food security and the cultivation of crops facing agricultural challenges with the problem of climate change; the present study was conducted to simulate the effects of climate change on the corn plant and to provide adaptation solutions for this plant to deal with the effects of climate change. In the present study, used SSM-iCrop2 model in two periods (2025) 2010-2039 and (2055) 2069-2040 and under two release scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in 23 meteorological stations of the country. The SSM-iCrop2 model simulates growth, development and yield on a daily basis as a function of weather conditions, soil properties and crop management. Also, this model has the ability to simulate the stages of phenology, leaf expansion and aging, the effect of air dryness, salinity and CO2 on dry matter production, dry matter distribution, the effect of extreme temperatures on the leaf surface, yield formation and soil water balance.Considering the increase in temperature and CO2 in the future, to improve the yield of corn, there are three strategies to adapt to the change in the date of planting, processing and combining the two strategies of delaying and accelerating the planting, which increase the yield; is considered. The results showed that the use of the late arrival strategy in both periods and the strategy of accelerating planting in the middle period (2055) and also the combination of these two strategies have increased the yield of the corn plant; this increase in 10% lateness with 20 days acceleration in planting was shown more strongly than other strategies. In general, it can be recommended that in order to deal with the effects of climate change in the corn plant, this plant should be of late type and should be planted 20 days earlier than the common planting date; so that the sensitive stages of growth such as flowering, pod filling and maturity are not faced with environmental stresses to have the best performance.

One of the strategies to increase the yield per unit area is to use suitable cultivars that are compatible with the climatic conditions of each region at the appropriate planting density, so that there is minimal competition between plants. Determining the appropriate crop density for rapeseed cultivars is very important and plays a decisive role in achieving the desired yield. Planting the crop for each plant and cultivar should be done in a density where the plant is well emerge, establish and in each stage of growth, has enough space to maximize the use of environmental factors and not face unfavorable conditions as much as possible.

This factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in research farm of Gharakhil Agricultural Research Center, Ghaemshahr in 2017-2018. Treatments included: densities of 42, 66, 88, 114 and 133 plants m-2 and four rapeseed cultivars including: Hyola 401, Agamax, Hyola 4815 and Trapper which were performed in three replications. The evaluated traits included growth indices such as total dry matter content, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net photosynthesis rate as well as yield.

The results showed that the interaction effect of cultivar and plant density was significantly different only for total dry matter and leaf area index. Maximum amount of total dry matter (910 g m-2) and leaf area index (3.53) was observed in Hayola 401 cultivar and density of 88 plants m-2 and minimum amount of total dry matter (393 g m-2) and leaf area index (2.26) was observed in Trapper cultivar at a density of 42 plants m-2. According to the results, the only simple effect of density was significant on crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net photosynthesis rate, according to which the highest crop growth rate with an average of 11.36 g m-2 d-1 was related to the density of 88 plants m-2 and the lowest one was obtained with an average of 5.91 g m-2 d-1 from a density of 42 plants m-2. Also, the maximum relative growth rate and net photosynthesis rate with an average of 0.0580 g g-1 d-1 and 3.49 g m-2 were obtained at a density of 88 plants m-2, respectively, and their minimum ones with an average of 0.0530 g g-1 d-1 and 2.99 g m-2 was seen from the density of 42 plants m-2. The highest grain yield with an average of 7031.8 kg ha-1 was related to Hayola 401 cultivar in a density of 88 plants m-2.

With increasing density of 42 plants m-2, dry matter production and leaf area increased; when the highest amount of dry matter and leaf area index in cultivar Hayola 401 in density of 88 plants m-2 had the best results and the highest rate of crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net photosynthesis rate were obtained at density of 88 plants m-2. Therefore, in low densities, due to the lack of complete canopy closure and low surface for radiation absorbance (leaves), dry matter production had decreased, while with increasing density more than 88 plants.m-2 due to increase intra specific competition, dry matter production and leaf area index decreased. Therefore, according to the results, planting cultivars Hayola 401 at a density of 88 plants m-2 is recommended to achieve high yields in the climate of Mazandaran.

The brain in exposure to irritating factors may lead to production of some chemical factors and proinflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation. Over time, the chronic neuroinflammation will cause some cognitive disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The present study studied the effect of acetyl L -carnitine on cognitive and cellular disorders derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced inflammation, with emphasis on cellular pathways in the hippocampus of male rat.

In this study, we used LPS with dose of 500 μg/kg of animal’s weight regarding to the previous studies. Acetyl L carnitine was prescribed with three doses of 30, 60 and 100 mg/kg among rats received LPS. Passive avoidance behavior was used to assess learning and memory, and biochemical and molecular methods were used for mTOR, p-AKT, and inflammatory factors.

Acetyl L carnitine improved passive avoidance memory as well as working memory in a dose-dependent manner. It also prevented the death of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting neuroinflammation by reducing the expression of IL-6 and IL-1B and increasing the levels of mTOR and AKT-p.

The present study showed that acetyl L-carnitine can reduce the destructive effects of lipopolysaccharide, which appears to be through increased levels of mTOR and AKT.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. Early diagnosis of this disease can reduce mortality among patients. So, women's screening is very important. One of the most common screening methods in this field is Pap smear screening and human papillomavirus test. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to compare these two methods in cervical cancer screening.

In this systematic review of systematic review research, for finding the systematic review and meta-analysis articles about cervical cancer screening, the databases of pubmed, Scopus, science direct and Cochrane were searched using the keywords of " Cervical cancer screening", " Pap Test", "HPV Test " and " cotest " from 2015 to 2018. The quality of the included studies was assessment by the AMSTAR checklist.

sensitivity of HPV in two studied researches was 94% and 89.9%, and its specificity was 90% and 89.9%, while the sensitivity of Pap smear was 70% and 72.9% and its specifity was 95 % and 95.3 %. In the Cotest experiment in comparison to the cytology test, false positives results ranged 5.8 to 19.9 versus 6.2 to 10.9.

According to the results of the studies, it seems that HPV test had more sensitivity, less specificity and more false positive results than Pap smear. However, regarding the great importance of this issue in clinical decisions, the final conclusion needs to more evaluation.

Increasing the world's population and improving living standards is one of the reasons for increasing the production of oily crops for arable consumption. In this regard, rapeseed is superior to other oilseed crops in the country due to its positive traits such as resistant to cold weather and drought stress, salt tolerance and higher yield per unit area. The factors affecting the yield of plants are the use of suitable cultivars adapted to the climatic conditions of each area in appropriate planting density, in such a way that there is at least a destructive competition between the plants. Regarding the fact that each plant, or, in a better way, indicates a specific reaction to environmental factors, and also due to the high capacity of rapeseed for improving the yield as a result of environmental factors, this study aimed to determine the most suitable plant density and variety for improving yield and yield components of rapeseed.

In order to investigate the effect of different densities on yield and yield components of different rapeseed varieties, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in a research farm of Gharakhil Agricultural Research Center in Ghaemshahr in 2017-2018, The treatments consisted of five intervals on rows of 3, 3.5, 4.5, 6 and 9.5 cm, respectively, with densities of 66.67, 57.14, 44.44, 33.33 and 21.05 plant, respectively. Second factor for this experiment was included four canola cultivars: Hayola 401, Agamaks, Hayola 4815 and Terrap, which were performed in three replications.

The results showed that the highest biological yield and seed yield (11150 and 2942 kg ha-1) were related to Hyola 401 cultivar with 44.44 plant m-2. The main effect of density and variety on harvest index, 1000 seed weight, number of pods, number of seeds per pod and number of branches were significant. The density of 44.44 plants per square meter was the highest in pod (21.58), 1000 grain weight (4.24 gr) and harvest index (59.16 percent). The results also showed that the highest number of branches and pods per plant was related to density with density 33.33 plant / m2. In all studied traits in this study, except for the number of branches, the Hyola 401 cultivar showed better performance than other cultivars.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between plant densities and different cultivars for all measured traits. The results of this study showed that Hyola 401 cultivar with 44.44 plants m-2 had the best result in terms of biological yield and grain yield. Therefore, according to the results, Hyola 401 cultivar and 44.44 plants m-2are recommended for achieving high yield in rapeseed.

The occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing bacteria is an important public health issue. The aim of this study was to investigate phenotypic and genotypic characteristics regarding the presence of extended spectrum β-lactamase ctx-m, per and ver producing Escherichia coli isolated from raw dairy samples. For this purpose, E. coli were isolated from 247 raw dairy samples (milk and cheese) in Yasooj in 2015-2017, and the isolates were screened for antibiotic resistance, extended spectrum β-lactamase and the presence of ctx-m, per and ver. In total, 200 isolates were selected. The highest frequency of resistance in isolates was against tetracycline (96.5%) and ampicillin (95.5%) antibiotics and the lowest against imipenem (12.5%), In addition, multidrug resistance against four or more antibiotics was observed in some isolates. Extended spectrum β-lactamase resistance was detected in 86 isolates (43%) and ctx-m, per and ver genes were detected in 82, 0 and 7 E. coli isolates, respectively. These findings demonstrated that raw dairy products may be reservoirs for the dissemination of β-lactam antibiotics and that resistance genes could be transmitted to humans through the food chain.

Various maternal obstetrical complications may occur following each type of delivery. One of these rare but important and problematic complications is orogenital fistula. The incidence of different types of orogenital fistula following delivery is more common in cesarean section and only few cases have been reported following normal vaginal delivery. In this article, a case of vesicouterine fistula after normal vagina delivery is reported.

The patient was a 31-year-old woman with third pregnancy and history of two previous normal vaginal deliveries without complication who had referred to the emergency ward of Mashhad Imam Reza hospital because of labor pain at gestational age of 38 weeks. Delivery progressed from the initial dilation 5 cm and effacement 60% within 2 hours of admission by spontaneous contractions. After delivery of head and shoulders, dystocia occurred during expulsion of abdomen due to large palpable abdominal mass in the fetus; and delivery was done with difficultly. Approximately 10 days after delivery, the patient referred with complaint of malodor watery discharge from vagina. After performing the methylene blue test, diagnosis of the vesicouterine fistula was confirmed by cystography. Urinary foley catheterization was inserted for the patient for 3 months and after re-performing cystography, vesicouterine fistula was completely repaired without need to surgery.

Vesicouterine fistula is of the rarest types of urogenital fistula which is often occurred following cesarean section and sometimes after normal vaginal delivery. One of the risk factors of vesicouterine fistula following vaginal delivery is “labor dystocia”. Many cases of vesicouterine fistula are treated by conservative management and surgery is not needed.

The purpose of this study was exploring the process of Anti-elitism in a public organization based on interpretive mapping design of grounded theory. In this regard, 32 employees of mentioned organization selected as interviewees using theory sampling. In order to data analysis and theory mapping Maxqda and Decision Explorer were used. Based on research findings the preface of anti-elitisn in organization of interest were three factors: good performance of elites, the assumption of homogeneity in organizational culture, and weakness of organization top managers’ monitoring system. Anti-elitists were two categories of jealousy against elites. First, organization toxic leader who was fallowed shadow-stagnant management style and antagonistic approach against elites in the shadow of weakness in monitoring management performance from legal authorities. Second, toxic employees as colluders and shield of leader in line of their mutual interests. Backing of their good performance and popularity, elites resisted to changes as reformist protestors against dysfunctional climate of organization. So, the anti-elitists’ antagonistic approach invigorated and they tended to silent treatments against elites. Finally, due to the immoral climate of organization and elites’ lack of support, anti-elitists turned to privative actions against elites.

 The incidence of biofilm-related infections caused by Candida albicans has increased dramatically. C. albicans biofilm-related infections are more resistant to antifungal medications. This work was an attempt to examine inhibitory effects of fluconazole in combination with amphotericin B on fluconazole-resistant C. albicans biofilm.

 Fluconazole-resistant C. albicans was identified among colonized clinical isolates of C. albicans obtained from the patients at Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Yasooj, Iran, between September 2016 and January 2017. The MICs of fluconazole alone and in combination with amphotericin B were determined on fluconazole-resistant C. albicans by broth microdilution method based on the CLSI document M27-A3 and the synergistic effects were interpreted by the FIC index. To address the inhibitory effects of drug combinations, we investigated the anti-biofilm activities of fluconazole alone and in combination with amphotericin B against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans using crystal violet staining, light field microscopy and expression analysis of HWP1 using RT-PCR.

 Ten percent of the colonizing clinical isolates of C. albicans were found to be fluconazole-resistant. The fluconazole combined with amphotericin B exhibited synergistic and partial synergistic effects against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates with FIC index ranging from 0.50 to 0.75. Our findings demonstrated that fluconazole combined with amphotericin B exerted a significant reduction and inhibition on biomass, biofilm formation and the expression levels of HWP1 (P<0.05).

 Fluconazole combined with amphotericin B showed potent inhibitory activity against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans biofilm formation. Other measures are important to determine the effectiveness of the drug combinations against C. albicans biofilm.

Ovarian fibroma is the most common benign solid tumor of the ovary. The most common symptoms are abdominal discomfort and pain. Ovarian fibroids are associated with Meigs syndrome in 1% to 10% of cases. The aim of study is report of a case of Meigs syndrome A 65-year-old menopausal woman who complained of abdominal pain was referred to our academic hospital of Mashhad, Iran, in April 2018. In abdominal examination, a soft mass with size of 200×100 mm, was detected. Also leukocytosis and increase in CRP was observed. Marker CA125 was higher than 200. In CT scan in right adnexa heterogeneous mass 170×100 mm with enhancement was reveled. pleural effusion was reported in the both lungs and collapse of underlying lung tissue in Chest X-ray. Explorative laparotomy was performed. Ascites and inflamed omentum covered the surface of right ovary was detected. The huge solid-cystic hemorrhagic, irregular mass with a specific pedicle that enclosed in the capsule in right adnexa was seen. Right salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. The result of final pathologic was benign proliferative lesions of mitotic fibroblasts were reported according to ovarian fibroma. In case of accompanying ovarian mass with ascites and pleural effusion, after the exclude of ovarian malignancies, Meigs syndrome should be considered in differential diagnosis.

Candida albicans infection is a problem of growing clinical importance, particularly in immunocompromised populations. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of carvacrol on the hyphae formation and expression of C. albicans HWP1. This cross-sectional study was done over a 6-month period in 2016-2017. Vaginal, mouth and skin surface swabs were obtained from immunocompromised patients. Colonizing clinical isolates of C. albicans were identified and drug susceptible isolates detected using WHONET software. The susceptibility test for carvacrol (range 6.25–300 μg/ml) were carried out with a broth microdilution according to the CLSI guidelines against drug susceptible C. albicans. The time kill assay of carvacrol (range 2 × MIC to ¼ × MIC) was determined. Hyphae inhibition was evaluated by light microscopy. We determined the expression levels of HWP1 implicated in hyphae formation of C. albicans ATCC 14053 cells by quantitative RT-PCR.
FINDINGS: Ten colonizing clinical isolates of drug susceptible C. albicans were identified. Carvacrol was inhibited the growth of all drugs susceptible isolates of C. albicans (MIC range, 25-200 µg/ml). Time kill curve assay demonstrated that carvacrol could significantly inhibit the growth of C. albicans (p≤0.05). Carvacrol efficiently prevented hyphae formation in drug susceptible C. albicans. The expression levels of HWP1 gene were down-regulated by 1.82- and 1.62-fold at concentrations of 2 × MIC and 1 × MIC of carvacrol, respectively. These results suggest that carvacrol could provide an improved and safe clinical approach in treating Candida infections by prevention of hyphae formation

Chavill, Ferulago carduchorum Boiss, a member of Apiaceae family, has been extensively used from ancient times. The present study aimed at evaluating the inhibitory effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of chavill leaf and stem on aspartyl proteinase secreted from Candida albicans.
The current cross sectional study was conducted on 10 C. albicans species isolated from immunocompromised patients in Yasooj, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. The anticandidal activities of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of chevill leaf and stem were evaluated using the 24-hour broth microdilution CLSI (the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) method. In addition, time-kill test was carried out to evaluate anticandidal activities of the extracts. Also, hyphal formation, Sap enzyme activity, and SAP1gene expression were investigated on the best plant extract tested.
The current study data indicated that ethanolic extract of chavill leaf represented the highest antifungal activity compared with those of the other extracts (P The results of the current study indicated that ethanolic extract of chavill leaf has an inhibitory effect on aspartyl proteinase secreted from C. albicans. In addition, the ethanolic extract of chavill leaf can significantly reduce the expression of virulence genes such as SAP1 in C. albicans.

Biofilm formation represents one of the major virulence factors of Candida albican. However, the number of antifungal drugs is limited for the treatment of candidiasis. Combination therapy is one of the most frequently used techniques to alleviate this problem. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of fluconazole and terbinafine alone and in combination on C. albicans biofilm inhibition.
In this cross- sectional study, 10 clinical isolates of C. albicans were identified from the immunocompromised patients. Antifungal susceptibilities were performed using the CLSI standard reference method. The crystal violet colorimetric method, direct microscopic observation and expression of HWP1 gene at different concentrations based on MICs were carried out to investigate inhibition of biofilm formation in C. albicans treated alone and in combination with fluconazole and terbinafine.
The data indicated that combination of fluconazole with terbinafine exerted synergistic effects with fractional inhibitory concentration index ranged from 0.375 to 1.5. The combination of fluconazole with terbinafine reduced the number of yeast form and inhibited the biofilm formation. Finally, the expression level of HWP1 was down regulated (p These results suggest the possibility of fluconazole/ terbinafine to treat candidiasis with a higher efficiency. In addition, HWP1 gene could be probable target in synergistic interaction of fluconazole/ terbinafine against C. albicans biofilm.

Diseases caused by opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans are usually treated with antifungal drugs, but treatment failure is not uncommon especially in profoundly immunocompromised hosts. The aim of this study was to compare erg gene expression profiles of Candida albicans treated with Thymus vulgaris extracts alone and in combination with Mentha spicata.
In this cross- sectional study, using volume based analyses we have conducted a gene expression profiling of ERG11 gene in C. albicans treated with Thymus vulgaris extracts alone and in combination with Mentha spicata.
Analysis of gene expression profiles revealed the decrease of ERG11 in C. albicans treated with Thymus vulgaris extracts in combination with Mentha spicata. Incubation with Thymus vulgaris and Mentha spicata extracts alone, however, resulted in a decrease in ERG11 RNA levels less than combination.
Discussion and These data suggest a common mechanism to find the probable targets e.g., in response to ergosterol depletion in C. albicans treated with Thymus vulgaris extracts alone and in combination with Mentha spicata.

Recurrent miscarriage, which is defined as 3 or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 20 weeks of gestation, affects 1-5% of woman in the reproductive age group. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is an enzyme that influences placental human chorionic gonadotropin production during gestation. Previous studies have indicated an association between eNOS activity, implantation, and maintenance of pregnancy, but proposed associations between polymorphisms of the eNOS gene and recurrent miscarriage (RM) are controversial. In this study was examined the association between rs1177443, rs1799983 and VNTR in intron 4 polymorphisms of eNOS gene and abortion in Iranian patients.
We performed a study of 80 women with two or more pregnancy losses who did not have any other known risk factors as a case group and the control group who were 80 women with at least two healthy children and no RPL in their reproductive history. DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood following written consent. The presence or absence of the mutation for these factors was assessed by PCR and RFLP analysis, using Mnl1 and BanII restriction enzyme, respectively. The data were statistically analyzed using chi square test and SPSS 18.
The results showed that no significant associated between rs1177443 (P=0.16), rs1799983 (P=0.15) and VNTR in intron 4 (P=0.48) polymorphisms of eNOS gene and recurrent miscarriage in case and control group.
In conclusion, there is no significant difference between mentioned polymorphisms of eNOS gene and recurrent miscarriage.

The incidence of candidiasis has been increased in immune compromised patients. Biofilm formation is counted as the main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Candida albicans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects extractions of Lamiaceae family in quantification of HWP1 gene expression responsible for inhibition of biofilm formation in C. albicans.
In this cross- sectional study, the antifungal effect of aqueous and ethanolic extractions of leaf, stem and root of Mentha spicata, Mentha pulegium and Thymus vulgar, commercially purchased from Yasooj, was analyzed against C. albicans using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The crystal violet colorimetric method, morphological response and expression pattern of hypha-specific gene HWP1were carried out to investigate the biofilm-inhibitory properties of the best plant extract tested.
The data indicated that aqueous root extracts of Thymus vulgaris exhibits high antifungal activity against C. albicans. The aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris root-treated cells exhibited significant reduction in biofilm growth. In addition, morphological observation of extract of Thymus vulgaris and fluconazole-treated cells confirmed decreases in fungal reproduction. Finally, aqueous root extractions of Thymus vulgaris was shown to down-regulate the expression of HWP1.
The results of this study showed the possible molecular mechanism of effects of aqueous root extraction of Thymus vulgaris root in C. albicans on biofilm formation.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death in men and women in world wide. In molecular biology of lung cancer, different genes particularly telomerase gene expression seems to be under regulation of variety of factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of Zn, Cu, and their ratio and telomerase gene expression in lung cancer patients. In this cross sectional study, 50 subjects with lung cancer and 20 patients with lung disease were recruited. The concentration of Zn and Cu were measured by atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Telomerase gene expression was carried out using TRAP Assay. The mean serum levels of Cu and the ration of Cu/Zn were significantly higher in lung cancer patients than non tumor lung disease (120.8 ± 5.70 vs. 107.20± 6.50 ug/dl) and (1.6 ±0.4 vs. 1.1 ±0.2) respectively (p<0.05). The mean serum levels of Zn were not significant between two groups. The Mean relative activity of telomerase as indirect telomerase gene expression, was significantly higher in lung cancer subjects than controls (32.80 ±16.10 vs. 0.00 percent) (p<0.01). There was a relatively positive correlation between telomerase activity and Cu concentration in lung cancer patients(r = 0.36, p<0.05). There was a positive and significant correlation between Cu levels and age (r = 0.39, p<0.01) and the Cu/Zn ratio and Cu concentration (r = 0.36, p<0.05). However, there was a reverse and highly significant correlation between Cu/Zn ration and Zn concentration (r = -0.72, p 0.01). In categorized lung carcinomas, the mean concentration of Cu was higher in small cell lung carcinoma (123.70 ±2.8 ug/dl) than in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (117.60 ±4.8 ug /dl) and this difference was significant (p<0.05). Telomerase activity was significantly higher in small cell lung carcinoma (112 ±0.57 percent) than non-small cell lung carcinoma (6.4 ±2.5 percent) (p<0.05). There was no difference in Zn and Cu/Zn ration in categorized lung cancer patients. It is speculated that evaluation of Zn, Cu in lung tumors could have some biological function in telomerase gene expression which indicate initiation and progression of tumor tissues.